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1606. Comminution in vacuo
Classified
abstracts
1598-1610
37 1598. Effect of casting conditions and melting atmosphere on the fluidity of air- and vacuum-melted alloys. (USA) The effects of pouring, mould and superheat temperature on the fluidity of iron, Ni, and Co rich air-melted alloys, and on Ni-rich vacuum melted alloys are investigated. I D Olliff, et al, Foundry Trade J, 119, 1965, 469-478. 1599. Melthtg stainless steel under vacuum.
37
37
: 53
1600. Influence of small amounts of boron and zirconium on hot working characteristics and creep rupture properties of some vacuum melted nickel base alloys. (India) Boron contents of 0.0002 to 0.0090 per cent and zirconium contents of 0.01 to 0.19 per cent were obtained by vacuum remelting of nickel-base superalloys containing 20 per cent chromium, 15 per cent cobalt, 4 per cent molybdenum and 3 per cent aluminium in refractory crucibles of magnesia, alumina or zirconia. Mechanical testing of the cast metal showed that the boron and zirconium additions, whether considered separately or together, had a profound influence on surface cracking and internal rupture during rolling at 2000°F and on stress rupture life. The boron and zirconium atoms filled the grain boundary vacancies, blocking diffusion processes and hence decreasing the minimum creep rate of the steady state creep. This effect is particularly desirable in the precipitation hardening of these superalloys, giving a microstructure of superior creep rupture ductility. The same mechanism may be expected to result in greater resistance to overageing and increased stress rupture life at a given temperature level. V N Madhav Rao and R V Tamhankar, Paper from “Symposium on NML,
Jamshedpur,
India,
29 Mar-l
Apr 1965, 31
: 41
(Germany) The interaction of metal and oxygen contained in adjacent atmospheres is analyzed thermodynamically for several elements including transition metals, light metals, silicon, beryllium and thorium. The analysis is extended to include interaction with carbon monoxide/ carbon dioxide mixtures and steam. Evaporation kinetics in vacua at 950-1100°C are discussed. Laboratory and production furnaces are reviewed with practical examples of vacuum heat treatments covering the austenitizing, quenching and tempering of several alloy steels. Finally, a cost comparison of the heat treatment for high speed steel parts by the salt bath and the vacuum methods is presented. G Ogiermann, Harterei Tech Mitt, 20 (3), Ott 1965, 180-186, (in German),
organic
chemistry,
isotopic
gas analysis 38
1602. Increase vacuum column capacity. (USA) H H Forbes, PetrolChem Eng, 37 (13), 1965, 37-39. 1603. Vaporization rate of beat-resistant alloys in vacuum.
Oborud,
I, 1965,
249-261,
in a temsame Inst
(in Russian).
38 1604. Design of packed columns for the vacuum rectification of binary mixtures. (USSR)
Eauations are derived for the hydraulic resistance and number of separation stages in packed vacuum-rectification columns for binary mixtures, and the design of a column for the separation of PhCHCl 1PhCCl 3 mixtures is treated as an illustrative example. R A Krivenko, Khim Prom, 41 (IZ), 1965, 913-917, (in Russian). 38
1605. Solar-vacuum sea water distillation apparatus. (USA) Distillation is performed in a vertical tower, with a heat-insulated base, a closed condenser space at the top and several vertically spaced condensate collecting troughs on the interior side walls. The tower is maintained under vacuum, sealed at the bottom by the sea water and 474
39. Miscellaneous
291.
applications
39 : 18 Vacuum as an insulator: a bibliography. See abstract number 1244. 39 : 33 Method of preparing cellular grids for electrovacuum equipment. See abstract number 1501. 39 : 34 Adhesion and fatigue properties of materials in vacuum. See abstract number 1503. 39 1606. Comminution in vacua. (USA) Preliminary remarks concerning experimental investigations that involve, essentially, a more realistic simulation of “lunar soils” (in terms of ‘clean surfaces’ interactions) than hitherto attempted are made. The important difference that could exist between previously contaminated soils outgassed in vacua and those originally produced in vacua is stressed. It is found that comminution in vacua will lead to more meaningful laboratory investigations of “clean soils” likely to exist on the moon and greater understanding of problems in soil-to-soil or vehicle-to-soil interactions that could be encountered on the moon. J D Halajian, Grumman Aircraft Eng, Co, Bethpage, New York, USA, Sept 1965,
20 pages. 39
: 41
Generation of long time creep data of refractory alloys at elevated temperatures. (USA) Ultrahigh vacuum creep data are presented for tungsten, tungsten25 per cent TZM and TZC molvbdenum alloys. and AS-30 columbium alloys. TZC alloy exhibits the greatest creep strength of the turbine alloys examined. J C Sawyer and C H Pbilleo, Rep NASA-CR-54393, Apr 1965, (Thompson
Ramo
Wooldridge,
Inc, Cleveland,
Ohio). 39
Study of the mechanism of atmospheric interaction with the fatigue of metals. (USA) Results of a study designed to determine the effect of outer space environment on the physical and mechanical properties of engineering materials are presented. The fatigue behaviour of structural materials were studied as a function of applied stress, cyclic frequency and vacuum level. Vacuum level extended from atmospheric to lo-’ torr. Supplementary investigations at vacuum levels up to lo-lo torr were also performed. M J Hordon and M E Reed, NASA-CR-68036, 1965, (National 1608.
Research 38 (USSR)
A procedure for studying the behaviour of iron-based alloys high vacuum during heating permits the determination of the perature dependences of vaporizability of several alloys at the time from results of one experiment. E N Manner and S G Muravannaya, Tr Vses Nauchn-Issled, EIectrochem
I Feb 1966,
1607.
1601. The heat treatment of metallic materials in vacua.
38. Distillation,
US Pat Off823(1),
(USA)
Effects of vacuum treatment are discussed and trials on X.5-18Cr9Ni and SlO-18Cr-1ONi with MO and Ni are described. W Stawicky, Ind Process Heating, 5, 1965, 16-19.
Micro-Metallurgy”, 5 pages.
at the top by the condensate. Supply of preheated sea water at the base of the tower is valve controlled and the condensate troughs are each emptied by exterior vertical standpipes which are greater in length than the manometric height of water at atmospheric pressure and fitted with check valves at the lower end to prevent the upward flow of air. H J Kimmerle, US Patent 3,232,846, Appl 22 Mar 1962, Off Gaz
Corp, Cambridge,
Mass).
39 : 41 1609. Determination of elevated temperature fatigue data on refractory alloys in ultrahigh vacuum. (USA)
Tests conducted on 4 inch diameter smooth specimens of titaniumzirconium-molybdenum (TZM) stressed to 25,600 psi did not produce failures either at ambient temperature of 22°C or 538°C after approximately 2 x 10’ cycles. The introduction of a notch having a theoretical stress concentration factor of 3, however, resulted in extremely rapid failure at a temperature of 1003°C in tensioncompression loading where the maximum stress on the unnotched cross sectional area was calculated as 16800 psi. C R Honeycutt and J C Sawyer, Rep NASA-CR-54458, Jul 1965, (Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc, Cleveland, Ohio). 39 1610. Damping characteristics of built-up cantilever beams in a vacuum environment. (USA) Damping measurements have been made on solid and built-up cantilever beams in a vacuum environment to determine the effect on structural damping. The changes in damping characteristics are noted for various values of clamping pressure. Results indicate no significant changes in structural damping characteristics as a result of exposure to pressure as low as 1 X 10-O torr.
abstracts
1598-1610
37 1598. Effect of casting conditions and melting atmosphere on the fluidity of air- and vacuum-melted alloys. (USA) The effects of pouring, mould and superheat temperature on the fluidity of iron, Ni, and Co rich air-melted alloys, and on Ni-rich vacuum melted alloys are investigated. I D Olliff, et al, Foundry Trade J, 119, 1965, 469-478. 1599. Melthtg stainless steel under vacuum.
37
37
: 53
1600. Influence of small amounts of boron and zirconium on hot working characteristics and creep rupture properties of some vacuum melted nickel base alloys. (India) Boron contents of 0.0002 to 0.0090 per cent and zirconium contents of 0.01 to 0.19 per cent were obtained by vacuum remelting of nickel-base superalloys containing 20 per cent chromium, 15 per cent cobalt, 4 per cent molybdenum and 3 per cent aluminium in refractory crucibles of magnesia, alumina or zirconia. Mechanical testing of the cast metal showed that the boron and zirconium additions, whether considered separately or together, had a profound influence on surface cracking and internal rupture during rolling at 2000°F and on stress rupture life. The boron and zirconium atoms filled the grain boundary vacancies, blocking diffusion processes and hence decreasing the minimum creep rate of the steady state creep. This effect is particularly desirable in the precipitation hardening of these superalloys, giving a microstructure of superior creep rupture ductility. The same mechanism may be expected to result in greater resistance to overageing and increased stress rupture life at a given temperature level. V N Madhav Rao and R V Tamhankar, Paper from “Symposium on NML,
Jamshedpur,
India,
29 Mar-l
Apr 1965, 31
: 41
(Germany) The interaction of metal and oxygen contained in adjacent atmospheres is analyzed thermodynamically for several elements including transition metals, light metals, silicon, beryllium and thorium. The analysis is extended to include interaction with carbon monoxide/ carbon dioxide mixtures and steam. Evaporation kinetics in vacua at 950-1100°C are discussed. Laboratory and production furnaces are reviewed with practical examples of vacuum heat treatments covering the austenitizing, quenching and tempering of several alloy steels. Finally, a cost comparison of the heat treatment for high speed steel parts by the salt bath and the vacuum methods is presented. G Ogiermann, Harterei Tech Mitt, 20 (3), Ott 1965, 180-186, (in German),
organic
chemistry,
isotopic
gas analysis 38
1602. Increase vacuum column capacity. (USA) H H Forbes, PetrolChem Eng, 37 (13), 1965, 37-39. 1603. Vaporization rate of beat-resistant alloys in vacuum.
Oborud,
I, 1965,
249-261,
in a temsame Inst
(in Russian).
38 1604. Design of packed columns for the vacuum rectification of binary mixtures. (USSR)
Eauations are derived for the hydraulic resistance and number of separation stages in packed vacuum-rectification columns for binary mixtures, and the design of a column for the separation of PhCHCl 1PhCCl 3 mixtures is treated as an illustrative example. R A Krivenko, Khim Prom, 41 (IZ), 1965, 913-917, (in Russian). 38
1605. Solar-vacuum sea water distillation apparatus. (USA) Distillation is performed in a vertical tower, with a heat-insulated base, a closed condenser space at the top and several vertically spaced condensate collecting troughs on the interior side walls. The tower is maintained under vacuum, sealed at the bottom by the sea water and 474
39. Miscellaneous
291.
applications
39 : 18 Vacuum as an insulator: a bibliography. See abstract number 1244. 39 : 33 Method of preparing cellular grids for electrovacuum equipment. See abstract number 1501. 39 : 34 Adhesion and fatigue properties of materials in vacuum. See abstract number 1503. 39 1606. Comminution in vacua. (USA) Preliminary remarks concerning experimental investigations that involve, essentially, a more realistic simulation of “lunar soils” (in terms of ‘clean surfaces’ interactions) than hitherto attempted are made. The important difference that could exist between previously contaminated soils outgassed in vacua and those originally produced in vacua is stressed. It is found that comminution in vacua will lead to more meaningful laboratory investigations of “clean soils” likely to exist on the moon and greater understanding of problems in soil-to-soil or vehicle-to-soil interactions that could be encountered on the moon. J D Halajian, Grumman Aircraft Eng, Co, Bethpage, New York, USA, Sept 1965,
20 pages. 39
: 41
Generation of long time creep data of refractory alloys at elevated temperatures. (USA) Ultrahigh vacuum creep data are presented for tungsten, tungsten25 per cent TZM and TZC molvbdenum alloys. and AS-30 columbium alloys. TZC alloy exhibits the greatest creep strength of the turbine alloys examined. J C Sawyer and C H Pbilleo, Rep NASA-CR-54393, Apr 1965, (Thompson
Ramo
Wooldridge,
Inc, Cleveland,
Ohio). 39
Study of the mechanism of atmospheric interaction with the fatigue of metals. (USA) Results of a study designed to determine the effect of outer space environment on the physical and mechanical properties of engineering materials are presented. The fatigue behaviour of structural materials were studied as a function of applied stress, cyclic frequency and vacuum level. Vacuum level extended from atmospheric to lo-’ torr. Supplementary investigations at vacuum levels up to lo-lo torr were also performed. M J Hordon and M E Reed, NASA-CR-68036, 1965, (National 1608.
Research 38 (USSR)
A procedure for studying the behaviour of iron-based alloys high vacuum during heating permits the determination of the perature dependences of vaporizability of several alloys at the time from results of one experiment. E N Manner and S G Muravannaya, Tr Vses Nauchn-Issled, EIectrochem
I Feb 1966,
1607.
1601. The heat treatment of metallic materials in vacua.
38. Distillation,
US Pat Off823(1),
(USA)
Effects of vacuum treatment are discussed and trials on X.5-18Cr9Ni and SlO-18Cr-1ONi with MO and Ni are described. W Stawicky, Ind Process Heating, 5, 1965, 16-19.
Micro-Metallurgy”, 5 pages.
at the top by the condensate. Supply of preheated sea water at the base of the tower is valve controlled and the condensate troughs are each emptied by exterior vertical standpipes which are greater in length than the manometric height of water at atmospheric pressure and fitted with check valves at the lower end to prevent the upward flow of air. H J Kimmerle, US Patent 3,232,846, Appl 22 Mar 1962, Off Gaz
Corp, Cambridge,
Mass).
39 : 41 1609. Determination of elevated temperature fatigue data on refractory alloys in ultrahigh vacuum. (USA)
Tests conducted on 4 inch diameter smooth specimens of titaniumzirconium-molybdenum (TZM) stressed to 25,600 psi did not produce failures either at ambient temperature of 22°C or 538°C after approximately 2 x 10’ cycles. The introduction of a notch having a theoretical stress concentration factor of 3, however, resulted in extremely rapid failure at a temperature of 1003°C in tensioncompression loading where the maximum stress on the unnotched cross sectional area was calculated as 16800 psi. C R Honeycutt and J C Sawyer, Rep NASA-CR-54458, Jul 1965, (Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc, Cleveland, Ohio). 39 1610. Damping characteristics of built-up cantilever beams in a vacuum environment. (USA) Damping measurements have been made on solid and built-up cantilever beams in a vacuum environment to determine the effect on structural damping. The changes in damping characteristics are noted for various values of clamping pressure. Results indicate no significant changes in structural damping characteristics as a result of exposure to pressure as low as 1 X 10-O torr.