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1731. Skin absorption of phenylenediamines
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COSMETICS, TOILETRIES AND HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
the M L D to as much as 14 g/kg. The buffering agents acted by retarding the failure of the alkali reserve, but did not prevent the rise of serum K following a lethal dose of I. Almost all the injected I appeared post mortem in the free form, with little evidence of phosphorylation. Despite these findings, the only situation in which I is likely to exert troublesome toxic effects clinically is in a patient with impaired kidney function. In such patients administration should be undertaken with caution.
COSMETICS, TOILETRIES AND H O U S E H O L D PRODUCTS 1731. Skin absorption of phenylenediamines Kiese, M., Rachor, Marga & Rauscher, Elli (1968). The absorption of some phenylenediamines through the skin of dogs. Toxic. appl. Pharmac. 12, 495. Hair dyes containing phenylenediamine are known to cause skin sensitization in some people (Cited in F.C.T. 1966, 4, 245) and for this reason patch tests are recommended before use. In a recent study, m- and p-phenylenediamines (I and II) and 2,5-diaminotoluene (III) were applied to the abdominal skin of dogs and their absorption was estimated by determining the concentration of the diamines and their derivatives in the blood and urine. In the case of I, absorption was also demonstrated by the ferrihaemoglobin formation that followed its application to the skin. The conditions of the experiments, in respect of the concentrations and vehicles used, simulated as far as possible the application of these compounds in a hair dye. After application of 50 ml of a gel containing I- 5 g II to a skin area of 500 sq cm for 3 hr, 16 mg of the diamine was absorbed. When the gel was covered by aluminium foil immediately after its application to the skin, the amount absorbed was increased to 110 rag. When hydrogen peroxide was added to the gel, less than 2 mg II was absorbed. Hydrogen peroxide also reduced the amount of diamine absorbed from a gel containing 1.4 g III, less than 3 mg being absorbed after its addition compared with about 40 mg before. In tests on I, as much as 60 mg was absorbed from a gel containing 1.5 g. A greater proportion of applied II was found to be absorbed from fluid than from gel formulations. Trace amounts of unaltered II and III were found in the urine after application of these compounds to the skin. [In view of the extensive use of cosmetics, too little attention still seems to be paid to the possible skin irritancy and absorption of these materials. This is particularly pertinent where cosmetics applied to the orbital region are concerned; and at a time when fashion encourages women to wear heavy eye make-up, the problem is even more pressing.]
1732. Quaternary ammonium compounds compared Eickholt, T. H., Brashier, G. K., Higgins, M. D. & Martinez, U. B. (1968). Synthesis, purification, and influence of chain length on toxicity of two quaternary ammonium compounds. J. pharm. Sci. 57, 1431. Jahn, U. (1968). Zur Toxikologie der quatern~iren Ammoniumverbindung ~#-Dicyclopentylessigs~iure-di~ithylamino-iithylester-bromoctylat (Ug 767). Arzneimittel-Forsch. 18, 137. Unspecified quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds used to disinfect water for poultry
COSMETICS, TOILETRIES AND HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
the M L D to as much as 14 g/kg. The buffering agents acted by retarding the failure of the alkali reserve, but did not prevent the rise of serum K following a lethal dose of I. Almost all the injected I appeared post mortem in the free form, with little evidence of phosphorylation. Despite these findings, the only situation in which I is likely to exert troublesome toxic effects clinically is in a patient with impaired kidney function. In such patients administration should be undertaken with caution.
COSMETICS, TOILETRIES AND H O U S E H O L D PRODUCTS 1731. Skin absorption of phenylenediamines Kiese, M., Rachor, Marga & Rauscher, Elli (1968). The absorption of some phenylenediamines through the skin of dogs. Toxic. appl. Pharmac. 12, 495. Hair dyes containing phenylenediamine are known to cause skin sensitization in some people (Cited in F.C.T. 1966, 4, 245) and for this reason patch tests are recommended before use. In a recent study, m- and p-phenylenediamines (I and II) and 2,5-diaminotoluene (III) were applied to the abdominal skin of dogs and their absorption was estimated by determining the concentration of the diamines and their derivatives in the blood and urine. In the case of I, absorption was also demonstrated by the ferrihaemoglobin formation that followed its application to the skin. The conditions of the experiments, in respect of the concentrations and vehicles used, simulated as far as possible the application of these compounds in a hair dye. After application of 50 ml of a gel containing I- 5 g II to a skin area of 500 sq cm for 3 hr, 16 mg of the diamine was absorbed. When the gel was covered by aluminium foil immediately after its application to the skin, the amount absorbed was increased to 110 rag. When hydrogen peroxide was added to the gel, less than 2 mg II was absorbed. Hydrogen peroxide also reduced the amount of diamine absorbed from a gel containing 1.4 g III, less than 3 mg being absorbed after its addition compared with about 40 mg before. In tests on I, as much as 60 mg was absorbed from a gel containing 1.5 g. A greater proportion of applied II was found to be absorbed from fluid than from gel formulations. Trace amounts of unaltered II and III were found in the urine after application of these compounds to the skin. [In view of the extensive use of cosmetics, too little attention still seems to be paid to the possible skin irritancy and absorption of these materials. This is particularly pertinent where cosmetics applied to the orbital region are concerned; and at a time when fashion encourages women to wear heavy eye make-up, the problem is even more pressing.]
1732. Quaternary ammonium compounds compared Eickholt, T. H., Brashier, G. K., Higgins, M. D. & Martinez, U. B. (1968). Synthesis, purification, and influence of chain length on toxicity of two quaternary ammonium compounds. J. pharm. Sci. 57, 1431. Jahn, U. (1968). Zur Toxikologie der quatern~iren Ammoniumverbindung ~#-Dicyclopentylessigs~iure-di~ithylamino-iithylester-bromoctylat (Ug 767). Arzneimittel-Forsch. 18, 137. Unspecified quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds used to disinfect water for poultry