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1H NMR spectroscopy of the human brain in vivo: The hippocampus in schizophrenic patients and normals
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Occipito-frontal iomazenil ratios were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the BPRS total score (-0.46), BPRS-anergia (-0.51), and BPRS-formal thought disorders (-0.51). Following diazepam injection, occipito-frontal ratios increased from 0.88+0.05 to 0.91+0.06 (p<0.05), This effect was significantly (p<0.05) more pronounced in patients with a remitting than a chronic course (occipito-frontal ratio after diazepam: 0.94 ___0.06 and 0.88_ 0.06, respectively). These findings indicate that the benzodiazepine receptor system may be also involved in schizophrenia.
FUNCTIONAL MRI INDICATES SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX A N D SMA CHANGES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA J. S c h r r d e r ~'*, R. N i e t h a m m e r ~, F. Wenz b, K. Baudendistel b, L.R. Schad b, M.V. K n o p p b, A. Stockert a, G. v a n Kaick b
aDept, of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany, bGerman Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area (SMA) activation were investigated in ten DSM-III-R schizophrenics and healthy controls. All subjects were fight-handed. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 1.5 Tesla Siemens scanner using the technique described by Schad et al. (1994). Scans were obtained in a resting condition followed by an activation state (finger-to-thumb opposition) and the activities in the left and fight sensorimotor cortices and the SMA recorded. For each pixel, Student's ttests were calculated to compare the activities measured under activation and under rest for significant changes. On basis of the resulting t-values, statistical parametric maps were constructed. All subjects showed a significant activation of both, contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices, and of the SMA. In the controls, ipsilateral finger-to-thumb opposition lead to a greater left than right hemispheric sensorimotor cortex activation. This lateralization effect confirms earlier findings of Kim et al. (1993). When compared with the healthy controls, the schizophrenic patients showed a reversed lateralization effect and a significantly reduced activation of the SMA. Our findings indicate that sensorimotor cortex and SMA dysfunction may contribute to motor disturbances in schizophrenia.
*H NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE H U M A N BRAIN IN VIVO: THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS A N D NORMALS D. Schuepbach*, M . C . G . Merlo, R. Gruetter, C. Fusch, R. Kreis, J. Felblinger, C. Boesch
Department of Psychiatry, University of Berne, CH-3072 Ostermundigen, Switzerland
The hippocampus plays a key role in working memory, one of the cognitive functions which is impaired in schizophrenics. Whereas many recent reports focused on volume differences between the left and right hippocampus in schizophrenics, biochemical characterization with reproducible measurement methods are rare. 12 normal subjects (age 23-38) under resting condition by 1H NMR spectroscopy (1.5 T GE Signa) were investigated. Highly consistent metabolite profiles were evaluated from a volume of 1.7-2.6ml for the left and right hippocampus. The spectra obtained showed no significant difference between the left and right side. Differences were calculated to be below 0.3 pmol/g (3% of Creatine or N-AcetylAspartate (NAA); p>0.05) for normals. Preliminary data (acquired with a different technic) of seven male schizophrenic patients showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between sides < 10% i.e. < 1.0 Ftmol/g). Interindividual differences fell into the limits of noise. The in vivo metabolite profile of the hippocampus was characterized by high myo-inositol and trimethylamine concentrations. Metabolic differences under resting conditions between the left and fight hippocampus in schizophrenics and normals appear to be minimal in contrast to reported morphological asymmetries.
A 3D MRI STUDY OF THE PLANUM TEMPORALE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA M.E. Shenton*, H.H. H o k a m a , R. Kikinis, C. Dickey, W.E. Lorensen, M. Ballard, D. Holinger, A. G a l a b u r d a , F.A. Jolesz, R.W. M c C a r l e y
Departments of Psychiatry (VAMC-Brockton), and Radiology (MRI Division), Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02155, USA We report an MR study of the planum temporale (PT), an important substrate of language, based on 3D surface renderings from MR scans (1.5 Tesla, 3DFT SPGR images) obtained from 15 schizophrenics and 15 normal controls who were matched for sex, age, handedness, and social class of origin (male, right-handed, mean age = 38 years). We used segmentation procedures, 3D slice editing techniques, and 3D surface rendering techniques to create 3D representations of the cortical surface of the temporal lobe. A painting program was then used to determine the total surface topography of the PT; we also included a 2-dimensional surface area measure. ANOVA showed an increase in surface area in schizophrenic patients (F=5.19; df=l.28; p=0.031) which was most pronounced on the left. There was also a laterality effect for both groups ( L E F T > R I G H T ; F=4.13; df=l.28; p=0.05). Additionally, asymmetry was corrected with the left planum surface area in controls whereas asymmetry was correlated with right planum surface area in schizophrenics. These data suggest a different pattern of neurodevelopmental control in schizophrenia.
Occipito-frontal iomazenil ratios were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the BPRS total score (-0.46), BPRS-anergia (-0.51), and BPRS-formal thought disorders (-0.51). Following diazepam injection, occipito-frontal ratios increased from 0.88+0.05 to 0.91+0.06 (p<0.05), This effect was significantly (p<0.05) more pronounced in patients with a remitting than a chronic course (occipito-frontal ratio after diazepam: 0.94 ___0.06 and 0.88_ 0.06, respectively). These findings indicate that the benzodiazepine receptor system may be also involved in schizophrenia.
FUNCTIONAL MRI INDICATES SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX A N D SMA CHANGES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA J. S c h r r d e r ~'*, R. N i e t h a m m e r ~, F. Wenz b, K. Baudendistel b, L.R. Schad b, M.V. K n o p p b, A. Stockert a, G. v a n Kaick b
aDept, of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany, bGerman Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area (SMA) activation were investigated in ten DSM-III-R schizophrenics and healthy controls. All subjects were fight-handed. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 1.5 Tesla Siemens scanner using the technique described by Schad et al. (1994). Scans were obtained in a resting condition followed by an activation state (finger-to-thumb opposition) and the activities in the left and fight sensorimotor cortices and the SMA recorded. For each pixel, Student's ttests were calculated to compare the activities measured under activation and under rest for significant changes. On basis of the resulting t-values, statistical parametric maps were constructed. All subjects showed a significant activation of both, contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices, and of the SMA. In the controls, ipsilateral finger-to-thumb opposition lead to a greater left than right hemispheric sensorimotor cortex activation. This lateralization effect confirms earlier findings of Kim et al. (1993). When compared with the healthy controls, the schizophrenic patients showed a reversed lateralization effect and a significantly reduced activation of the SMA. Our findings indicate that sensorimotor cortex and SMA dysfunction may contribute to motor disturbances in schizophrenia.
*H NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE H U M A N BRAIN IN VIVO: THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS A N D NORMALS D. Schuepbach*, M . C . G . Merlo, R. Gruetter, C. Fusch, R. Kreis, J. Felblinger, C. Boesch
Department of Psychiatry, University of Berne, CH-3072 Ostermundigen, Switzerland
The hippocampus plays a key role in working memory, one of the cognitive functions which is impaired in schizophrenics. Whereas many recent reports focused on volume differences between the left and right hippocampus in schizophrenics, biochemical characterization with reproducible measurement methods are rare. 12 normal subjects (age 23-38) under resting condition by 1H NMR spectroscopy (1.5 T GE Signa) were investigated. Highly consistent metabolite profiles were evaluated from a volume of 1.7-2.6ml for the left and right hippocampus. The spectra obtained showed no significant difference between the left and right side. Differences were calculated to be below 0.3 pmol/g (3% of Creatine or N-AcetylAspartate (NAA); p>0.05) for normals. Preliminary data (acquired with a different technic) of seven male schizophrenic patients showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between sides < 10% i.e. < 1.0 Ftmol/g). Interindividual differences fell into the limits of noise. The in vivo metabolite profile of the hippocampus was characterized by high myo-inositol and trimethylamine concentrations. Metabolic differences under resting conditions between the left and fight hippocampus in schizophrenics and normals appear to be minimal in contrast to reported morphological asymmetries.
A 3D MRI STUDY OF THE PLANUM TEMPORALE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA M.E. Shenton*, H.H. H o k a m a , R. Kikinis, C. Dickey, W.E. Lorensen, M. Ballard, D. Holinger, A. G a l a b u r d a , F.A. Jolesz, R.W. M c C a r l e y
Departments of Psychiatry (VAMC-Brockton), and Radiology (MRI Division), Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02155, USA We report an MR study of the planum temporale (PT), an important substrate of language, based on 3D surface renderings from MR scans (1.5 Tesla, 3DFT SPGR images) obtained from 15 schizophrenics and 15 normal controls who were matched for sex, age, handedness, and social class of origin (male, right-handed, mean age = 38 years). We used segmentation procedures, 3D slice editing techniques, and 3D surface rendering techniques to create 3D representations of the cortical surface of the temporal lobe. A painting program was then used to determine the total surface topography of the PT; we also included a 2-dimensional surface area measure. ANOVA showed an increase in surface area in schizophrenic patients (F=5.19; df=l.28; p=0.031) which was most pronounced on the left. There was also a laterality effect for both groups ( L E F T > R I G H T ; F=4.13; df=l.28; p=0.05). Additionally, asymmetry was corrected with the left planum surface area in controls whereas asymmetry was correlated with right planum surface area in schizophrenics. These data suggest a different pattern of neurodevelopmental control in schizophrenia.