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20 Efficacy of Carica papaya seeds for reducing equine strongyle fecal egg counts
390
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35 (2015) 383e391
temperatures affect a horse's body temperature when blanketed is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine changes in surface temperature of horses wearing winter blankets. Four mature stock type horses with heavy winter coats were utilized in a 4 4 Latin square design. Treatments included 3 different blanket weights (based on g of fiberfill): light-weight (0 g; LW), medium-weight (200 g; MW), heavy-weight (370 g; HW), and a non-blanketed control (CON). An infrared non-contact digital thermometer (Fluke Inc., Everett, WA) was used to measure surface temperature at the neck, abdomen, and hip before blanketing. Horses were blanketed and turned outside in a pen with no shelter and ad libitum access to grass hay and water. Blankets covered the chest, abdomen, and hip area. Weather conditions were clear with a mean temperature of 8.7 C and wind chill of 15.5 C. After 30 min, horses were brought inside (16.5 C) and surface temperatures were collected and recorded. Horses were allowed a 20 min equilibration period inside the barn between each sampling period. ANOVA was computed using the general linear model procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Model included treatment, period, and treatment x period interaction. Statistical significance was declared at P values ¼ 0.05. There was no difference in any of the pretreatment temperature measurements. Pretreatment temperatures for neck, abdomen, and hip were 75.4, 74.2, 75.3 C, respectively. There was an overall treatment effect for neck (P ¼ 0.05), abdomen (P < 0.01) and hip (P < 0.01) temperatures after horses were outside for 30 min. Post treatment neck temperatures were 67.0, 67.6, 70.7, and 73.6 C for CON, LW, MW, and HW, respectively. Post treatment abdomen temperatures were 59.0, 65.0, 71.4, and 74.4 C for CON, LW, MW, and HW, respectively. Post treatment hip temperatures were 52.4, 65.0, 71.3, and 73.0 C for CON, LW, MW, and HW respectively. Post treatment neck temperature was warmer (P ¼ 0.02) for HW compared with LW and CON which were not different. Post treatment abdomen temperature became progressively warmer with increasing blanket weight compared with CON (P ¼ 0.05). Post treatment hip temperature was colder (P ¼ 0.01) in CON compared with all blanketed groups. There was no difference in any of the areas measured between MW and HW during the environmental conditions tested. In conclusion, wearing a winter blanket can increase horse surface temperature during cold weather and surface temperature is influenced by blanket weight.
Table 1 Average fecal egg count by initial shedding classification Treatment Pre MOX IVE CON 4 Week Post MOX IVE CON
High
Moderate
Low
Average
1,275 1,117 600
219 281 213
3 6 14
315 302 157
0 0 588
0 0 1,525
0 0 68
0 0 427
per gram (EPG), as low (<200 EPG), moderate (200e500 EPG), or high (>500 EPG) shedders. Animals were then blocked by shedding classification (19% high, 24% moderate, 56% low) and assigned to one of 2 treatment groups (IVE or MOX) or to a control group (CON, untreated). Fecal samples were collected and evaluated for parasite eggs 4 weeks after treatment. At that time, horses in the CON group were moderate or high shedders while the egg count in horses that received either MOX or IVE were zero (low shedders). There was a difference at 4 weeks in fecal egg count between deworming groups as determined by a one-way ANOVA (P ¼ 0.006). A LSD post-hoc test revealed EPG was significantly lower for the horses that received IVE (P ¼ 0.004) or MOX (P ¼ 0.004) compared to the CON group. There were no statistically significant differences between the IVE and MOX groups. Of the 41 horses tested, 23 (56%) had a change in their EPG. In the animals that had an EPG change, it was found that IVE and MOX both achieved 100% fecal egg count reduction. After evaluating the egg count 4 weeks post-deworming, it was concluded that both anthelmintics were effective against the parasite population found in horses in western Kentucky.
Key Words: equine, anthelmintic, resistance
20 Efficacy of Carica papaya seeds for reducing equine strongyle fecal egg counts S. Samuels*, N. Heskett, and S. Burk Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, USA
Key Words: horse, blanket, temperature
19 Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on equine parasites in horses in western Kentucky L.R. Hamm*, M.M. Ernst, M.L. Santiago, and C.A. Shea Porr Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA Internal parasites are a common health concern in horses. Parasitism can have a negative effect on equine health, including weight loss, higher incidence of intestinal ulcers and colic, and even death. Unfortunately, overuse of anthelmintics has resulted in parasite resistance to some commonly used drugs in the United States. The objective of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin (IVE) and moxidectin (MOX) on horses to test parasite resistance in western Kentucky. Based on a review of the literature, it was hypothesized that MOX would be more effective at controlling parasites than IVE. Fecal samples from 41 horses were collected and evaluated using the McMaster technique for the presence of parasite eggs. Horses had not been dewormed in at least 5 mo. The majority of parasite eggs were identified as strongyles. Horses were classified, based on the number of eggs
The objective of this study is to determine if a botanical anthelmintic (Carica papaya) can reduce equine strongyle fecal egg counts. Cyathostomes (small strongyles) are among the most prevalent equine parasites. They are responsible for more health problems in mature horses than any other parasite, and can actually lead to equine fatality. These nematodes are usually treated with anthelmintics such as fenbendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin, and pyrantel pamoate. The effects of these medications on the environment are unknown. Carica papaya seeds have been shown to be an effective natural treatment for certain ovine and poultry parasites. Given that cyathostome resistance to some standard anthelmintics is prevalent, a novel agent would be useful in treating this parasitic infection. All study horses belong to Otterbein University's equine program. High shedding horses were defined as those producing fecal egg counts ¼ 200 eggs/g, as measured by a modified Stoll technique. Seven (20%) of the screened horses were found to be high shedders of strongyle eggs and were included in the study. The mean weight of the 7 horses was 513.5 kg. Papaya seeds were ground into a fine powder. In the month of August, horses were administered 0.176 g papaya seed powder/100 kg of horse. For palatability, 14 mL water and 1 mL blackstrap molasses were added per 10 g of papaya seed. Papaya seeds were administered within 24 h of the initial fecal egg count.
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35 (2015) 383e391
Fecal egg counts were repeated 14 d after administration of papaya seeds. After confirming data normality via the ShapiroWilk W test, paired t-tests were conducted (SAS 9.3) to compare d 0 and d 14 fecal egg counts, as well as d 0 and d 28 fecal egg counts. The mean pre-treatment fecal egg count for these 7 horses was 720 ± 333 eggs/g (range 340e1,260). The mean fecal egg count 14 d after treatment was 240 ± 212.1 eggs/g (range 30e650). Fecal egg count reduction from d 0 to d 14 ranged from 34% to 96% in individual horses. The mean fecal egg count reduction was 68.8%. The d 14 fecal egg count values were
391
significantly lower than the d 0 values (P ¼ 0.0014, paired t-test). The mean fecal egg count 28 d post treatment was 461 ± 435 eggs/g (range 150e1,700). Paired t-test results for d 0 versus d 28 indicated a trend but not a significant reduction (P ¼ 0.0599). Preliminary data indicate Carica papaya treatment significantly decreased strongyle egg counts in adult horses 14 d after treatment. Carica papaya has potential as a primary or adjunct anthelmintic for treating this common equine parasite.
Key Words: cyathostomes, papaya, strongyle
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35 (2015) 383e391
temperatures affect a horse's body temperature when blanketed is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine changes in surface temperature of horses wearing winter blankets. Four mature stock type horses with heavy winter coats were utilized in a 4 4 Latin square design. Treatments included 3 different blanket weights (based on g of fiberfill): light-weight (0 g; LW), medium-weight (200 g; MW), heavy-weight (370 g; HW), and a non-blanketed control (CON). An infrared non-contact digital thermometer (Fluke Inc., Everett, WA) was used to measure surface temperature at the neck, abdomen, and hip before blanketing. Horses were blanketed and turned outside in a pen with no shelter and ad libitum access to grass hay and water. Blankets covered the chest, abdomen, and hip area. Weather conditions were clear with a mean temperature of 8.7 C and wind chill of 15.5 C. After 30 min, horses were brought inside (16.5 C) and surface temperatures were collected and recorded. Horses were allowed a 20 min equilibration period inside the barn between each sampling period. ANOVA was computed using the general linear model procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Model included treatment, period, and treatment x period interaction. Statistical significance was declared at P values ¼ 0.05. There was no difference in any of the pretreatment temperature measurements. Pretreatment temperatures for neck, abdomen, and hip were 75.4, 74.2, 75.3 C, respectively. There was an overall treatment effect for neck (P ¼ 0.05), abdomen (P < 0.01) and hip (P < 0.01) temperatures after horses were outside for 30 min. Post treatment neck temperatures were 67.0, 67.6, 70.7, and 73.6 C for CON, LW, MW, and HW, respectively. Post treatment abdomen temperatures were 59.0, 65.0, 71.4, and 74.4 C for CON, LW, MW, and HW, respectively. Post treatment hip temperatures were 52.4, 65.0, 71.3, and 73.0 C for CON, LW, MW, and HW respectively. Post treatment neck temperature was warmer (P ¼ 0.02) for HW compared with LW and CON which were not different. Post treatment abdomen temperature became progressively warmer with increasing blanket weight compared with CON (P ¼ 0.05). Post treatment hip temperature was colder (P ¼ 0.01) in CON compared with all blanketed groups. There was no difference in any of the areas measured between MW and HW during the environmental conditions tested. In conclusion, wearing a winter blanket can increase horse surface temperature during cold weather and surface temperature is influenced by blanket weight.
Table 1 Average fecal egg count by initial shedding classification Treatment Pre MOX IVE CON 4 Week Post MOX IVE CON
High
Moderate
Low
Average
1,275 1,117 600
219 281 213
3 6 14
315 302 157
0 0 588
0 0 1,525
0 0 68
0 0 427
per gram (EPG), as low (<200 EPG), moderate (200e500 EPG), or high (>500 EPG) shedders. Animals were then blocked by shedding classification (19% high, 24% moderate, 56% low) and assigned to one of 2 treatment groups (IVE or MOX) or to a control group (CON, untreated). Fecal samples were collected and evaluated for parasite eggs 4 weeks after treatment. At that time, horses in the CON group were moderate or high shedders while the egg count in horses that received either MOX or IVE were zero (low shedders). There was a difference at 4 weeks in fecal egg count between deworming groups as determined by a one-way ANOVA (P ¼ 0.006). A LSD post-hoc test revealed EPG was significantly lower for the horses that received IVE (P ¼ 0.004) or MOX (P ¼ 0.004) compared to the CON group. There were no statistically significant differences between the IVE and MOX groups. Of the 41 horses tested, 23 (56%) had a change in their EPG. In the animals that had an EPG change, it was found that IVE and MOX both achieved 100% fecal egg count reduction. After evaluating the egg count 4 weeks post-deworming, it was concluded that both anthelmintics were effective against the parasite population found in horses in western Kentucky.
Key Words: equine, anthelmintic, resistance
20 Efficacy of Carica papaya seeds for reducing equine strongyle fecal egg counts S. Samuels*, N. Heskett, and S. Burk Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, USA
Key Words: horse, blanket, temperature
19 Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on equine parasites in horses in western Kentucky L.R. Hamm*, M.M. Ernst, M.L. Santiago, and C.A. Shea Porr Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA Internal parasites are a common health concern in horses. Parasitism can have a negative effect on equine health, including weight loss, higher incidence of intestinal ulcers and colic, and even death. Unfortunately, overuse of anthelmintics has resulted in parasite resistance to some commonly used drugs in the United States. The objective of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin (IVE) and moxidectin (MOX) on horses to test parasite resistance in western Kentucky. Based on a review of the literature, it was hypothesized that MOX would be more effective at controlling parasites than IVE. Fecal samples from 41 horses were collected and evaluated using the McMaster technique for the presence of parasite eggs. Horses had not been dewormed in at least 5 mo. The majority of parasite eggs were identified as strongyles. Horses were classified, based on the number of eggs
The objective of this study is to determine if a botanical anthelmintic (Carica papaya) can reduce equine strongyle fecal egg counts. Cyathostomes (small strongyles) are among the most prevalent equine parasites. They are responsible for more health problems in mature horses than any other parasite, and can actually lead to equine fatality. These nematodes are usually treated with anthelmintics such as fenbendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin, and pyrantel pamoate. The effects of these medications on the environment are unknown. Carica papaya seeds have been shown to be an effective natural treatment for certain ovine and poultry parasites. Given that cyathostome resistance to some standard anthelmintics is prevalent, a novel agent would be useful in treating this parasitic infection. All study horses belong to Otterbein University's equine program. High shedding horses were defined as those producing fecal egg counts ¼ 200 eggs/g, as measured by a modified Stoll technique. Seven (20%) of the screened horses were found to be high shedders of strongyle eggs and were included in the study. The mean weight of the 7 horses was 513.5 kg. Papaya seeds were ground into a fine powder. In the month of August, horses were administered 0.176 g papaya seed powder/100 kg of horse. For palatability, 14 mL water and 1 mL blackstrap molasses were added per 10 g of papaya seed. Papaya seeds were administered within 24 h of the initial fecal egg count.
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35 (2015) 383e391
Fecal egg counts were repeated 14 d after administration of papaya seeds. After confirming data normality via the ShapiroWilk W test, paired t-tests were conducted (SAS 9.3) to compare d 0 and d 14 fecal egg counts, as well as d 0 and d 28 fecal egg counts. The mean pre-treatment fecal egg count for these 7 horses was 720 ± 333 eggs/g (range 340e1,260). The mean fecal egg count 14 d after treatment was 240 ± 212.1 eggs/g (range 30e650). Fecal egg count reduction from d 0 to d 14 ranged from 34% to 96% in individual horses. The mean fecal egg count reduction was 68.8%. The d 14 fecal egg count values were
391
significantly lower than the d 0 values (P ¼ 0.0014, paired t-test). The mean fecal egg count 28 d post treatment was 461 ± 435 eggs/g (range 150e1,700). Paired t-test results for d 0 versus d 28 indicated a trend but not a significant reduction (P ¼ 0.0599). Preliminary data indicate Carica papaya treatment significantly decreased strongyle egg counts in adult horses 14 d after treatment. Carica papaya has potential as a primary or adjunct anthelmintic for treating this common equine parasite.
Key Words: cyathostomes, papaya, strongyle