- Email: [email protected]
208. Interaction of petroleum pitch and petroleum coke with coals during co-carbonizations
Abstracts wedge disclinations (+?T, -or, t2r,-274 at the free surface of carbonaceous mesophase have been observed dynamically on a hot stage. The response of the disclinations to mechanical deformation is illustrated and discussed. 199. Mimeddisclmatfons J. E. Zimmer (Acurex Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94042). Optical micrographic evidence has been obtained for mixed disclinations, with both wedge and twist character. These mixed disclinations are notable in conjunction with disclination loops in the morphology of bubble walls. An assessment has been made of the relative density of pure and mixed disclinations in typical mesophase microstructures. u)o. Dilatometrieand structural changes of cokes derived from tbe extruded mesopbase J. C. Jenkins and G. M. Jenkins (Department of Metallurgy and Materials Technology, University College of Swansea, Swansea, Wales). Pitches derived from
petroleum fractions have been heated to produce complete transformation to the mesophase which is then extruded. Preferred orientation in the extrudate is recorded optically and using X-ray diffraction. The morphology in extrudate and final coke is related to dilatometric measurements of contraction during calcining and changes in the coefficient of thermal expansion. 201. Correlation of lab coke CTE with feedstock characteristics G. H. Stecker, F. E. McCown, K. W. Tucker and L. A. Joo’ (Great Lakes Research Corporation, Elizabethton, TN 37643). Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) characteristics of lab coke have been correlated with nuclear magnetic resonance data of premium coke feedstocks. Useful multiple regression equations with high significance levels and low standard errors of estimate for coke CTE have been developed by this statistical technique. 202. Thermal desulpburizationof petroleum coke Z. Vrbanovic, (INA-Inzenjering, OOUR Konzalting, Radna jedinica Sisak, 44lXIO Sisak, B. Kidrica bb, Yugoslavia). Dependence of petroleum coke thermal
desulphurization effect upon aromatic bound sulphur content in coking feedstocks was investigated (Feedstocks without other contaminants). The results indicated, that green petroleum coke basic sulphur content is the direct function of aromatic bound sulphur of coking feedstocks, and, that temperatures applied (800, 1000, 1200, 1400) are too low for efficient desulphurization of petroleum coke produced from feedstocks of emphasized aromatic sulphur content (residence time 30 and 180min). 203. An in situ electron spin resonanceinvestigationof the free radicals in coal depolymerization L. Petrakis and D. W. Grandy (Gulf Research & Development Company, P.O. Drawer 2038, Pittsburgh, PA 15230). It is widely accepted that free radicals play a
147
key role in the depolymerization and subsequent reaction of coal, including gasification and liquefaction. We will summarize our recent studies using a uniquely designed high temperature and high pressure ESR cavity for in situ investigation of free radicals under realistic process conditions. 204. ESR study on the formation of coke texture Mitsuhiro Sakawa, Takeo Uno and Yukiaki Hara (Fundamental Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 1618 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan). The formation of the coke optical
textures was studied by ESR in a high temperature cavity. Increase of the spins during carbonization leads to development of the anisotropic optical texture for both the organic compounds and coals. 205. Influence of aluminum chloride on the carbonfzatfon of coal Mitsuhiro Sakawa, Takeo Uno and Yukiaki Hara (Fundamental Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 1618 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan). The carbonization process of some
organic compounds and coals adding AIC13 was investigated by ESR with a high temperature cavity. Adding AICl, to the organic compounds with less than three aromatic rings causes spin increase during carbonization. But organic compounds with more than four aromatic rings decrease spin. 206. Development of the mesopbase and coke-carbon forms during coal carbouizatfon S. Mehta, J. J. Friel, G. D. Mitchell and J. M. Karpinski (Research Department, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, PA 18016). The development of the mesophase during the coal-to-coke transformation was investigated by direct observation during in situ carbonization of various ranks of coal in a transmission electron microscope. The results are discussed in terms of the role of coal composition in mesophase development, the relationship between the mesophase and cokecarbon forms, and the link between the mesophase and properties of coke. 207. A scanning electron microscope study of fractured and etched metallurgicalcoke surfaces D. Hays, J. W. Patrick and A. Walker (British Carbonization Research Association, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, S42 6Js, England). Vitrinite derived features
visible in tensile fractured coke surfaces can be identified with textural units visible in polished or etched surfaces. Fracture surfaces vary so widely as to imply that the nature of the cell wall material may make some contribution to the variation in tensile strength of cokes. 208. Interaction of petroleum pitch and petroleum coke with coals during co-carbonizations S. Ragan and H. Marsh (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England). Interfaces between petroleum-coke and coal-
148
Abstracts
coke were examined before and after etching with chromic acid by optical microscopy and SEM. Optically distinct interfaces between pitch- and coal-cokes are physically discontinuous and poorly bonded. Formation of a continuous diffuse interface of various sizes of mosaics results in a mechanically strong interface between the cokes. 209. Co-carbonization of American coals with Ashland petroleumpitch S. Regan and H. Marsh (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RV, England) and W. Hibbart and A. M. Squires (Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061). Cokes from oxidised U.S. caking coals have
smaller optical texture than cokes from fresh coals as a result of the oxidation, Co-carbonization of the oxidised coals with Ashland A240 removed the effects of oxidation. Coking coal co-operates with pitch in modifying the optical textures of cokes from the caking coals.
during carbonization process, specially in the range of temperature of mesophase formation, were examined. Characteristic changes of the mesophase formation are related to changes of the elemental composition, helium density and structural ordering. 213. Carbonization and graphitization processes of the extract from ortho-eoking coal. Part II. GraphItIzatfon process of cokes from ortho-coking coal extract and its group components Urszula Swietlik and Stefan Jasienko (Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Coal Technical University of WrocAaw, WrocAaw, ul. Gdanska 7/9, Poland). The properties and structure of cokes from
ortho-coking coal extract and its group components and graphitization products obtained from them at 3273K were examined. Cokes from the extract and its group components belong to the graphitizing substances; graphitizability increases in the following way: BI, BS, extract cokes. X. CARBON AND GRAPHITE
FIBERS
AND THEIR COMPOSITES
210. The role of mesophase in upgrading inert-rich oxidied coal for combustion B. N. Nandi, J. A. MacPhee and L. A. Ciavaglia
214. Preparation, structural and physical propertfes of CVD carbon composites P. Delhaes and M. Trinquecoste (Centre de recherche
(Energy Research Laboratories, Ottowa, Ontario KIA OGl, Canada) and E. Chornet and R. Arsenault (Department of Chemical Engineering, Sherbrooke Vniversity, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada). Oxidized and in-
Paul Pascal, Domaine France). Carbon-carbon
ert maceral rich coals are very uneconomical for the generation of thermal power because a very high proportion of unburnt carbon is left over in the fly ash and residue after combustion. Initial development of mesophase during the treatment of low grade coals with carbon monoxide under certain conditions restores the combustion propensities by reducing unburnt carbon during combustion thereby allowing efficient utilization of these coals. 211. Carbonization of solvent refined coal Yoshio Yamada, Robert G. Jenkins and Philip L. Walker, Jr. (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Vniversity Park, PA 16802). An investigation has been made
into the carbonization of solvent refined coals (SRC) by use of hydrothermally pressurized gold tubes. Kinetics of pyridine insolubles production have been measured for an Illinois No. 6 SRC in the presence/absence of tetralin. Propensity for coking of other SRC’s, SRC component fractions and mixtures has also been examined. 212. Carbonization and graphitixatfon processes of the extract from ortho-cokfngcoal. Part I. Carbonization process of the ortho-cokhtgcoal extract Stefan Jasienko and Urszula Swietlik (Znstitut of Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Coal, Technical University of WrocIaw, Wroc.kaw, ul. Gdariska 7/9, Poland). Changes of the properties and structure of
the ortho-coking coal extract obtained by anthracene oil
Vniversitaire,
33405 Talence,
composites are prepared by carbon vapour phase deposition on a carbon cloth. The deposition technique is analyzed, the different microstructures and their physical properties are presented in relation with the experimental constraints. 215. Structure of matrix carbon in carbon/carbon fibre composites H. Marsh and M. Forrest (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RV, England). The structure and orientation of the basal
planes of the matrix carbon in carbon/carbon fibre composites is investigated using techniques of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy before and after oxidation in chromic acid respectively. The effects of CVD coatings on fibres when used in composites upon the orientation of basal planes of matrix carbon is also investigated. 216. Aspects of formation of carbon/carbon fibre composites by co-carbonizationof PAN fibres and matric precursor V. Markovic and S. Marinkovic (Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Vinca, Materials Science Department, P.O. Box 522, I1001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia) and H. Marsh (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RV, England). Unidirec-
tional composites prepared from oxidised PAN fibres and phenolic resin, carbonized to 1173K and etched in chromic acid solution, using SEM to monitor the etching, show the identity of materials. Etching occurs at the curved interfaces of the two carbons. There is a
petroleum fractions have been heated to produce complete transformation to the mesophase which is then extruded. Preferred orientation in the extrudate is recorded optically and using X-ray diffraction. The morphology in extrudate and final coke is related to dilatometric measurements of contraction during calcining and changes in the coefficient of thermal expansion. 201. Correlation of lab coke CTE with feedstock characteristics G. H. Stecker, F. E. McCown, K. W. Tucker and L. A. Joo’ (Great Lakes Research Corporation, Elizabethton, TN 37643). Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) characteristics of lab coke have been correlated with nuclear magnetic resonance data of premium coke feedstocks. Useful multiple regression equations with high significance levels and low standard errors of estimate for coke CTE have been developed by this statistical technique. 202. Thermal desulpburizationof petroleum coke Z. Vrbanovic, (INA-Inzenjering, OOUR Konzalting, Radna jedinica Sisak, 44lXIO Sisak, B. Kidrica bb, Yugoslavia). Dependence of petroleum coke thermal
desulphurization effect upon aromatic bound sulphur content in coking feedstocks was investigated (Feedstocks without other contaminants). The results indicated, that green petroleum coke basic sulphur content is the direct function of aromatic bound sulphur of coking feedstocks, and, that temperatures applied (800, 1000, 1200, 1400) are too low for efficient desulphurization of petroleum coke produced from feedstocks of emphasized aromatic sulphur content (residence time 30 and 180min). 203. An in situ electron spin resonanceinvestigationof the free radicals in coal depolymerization L. Petrakis and D. W. Grandy (Gulf Research & Development Company, P.O. Drawer 2038, Pittsburgh, PA 15230). It is widely accepted that free radicals play a
147
key role in the depolymerization and subsequent reaction of coal, including gasification and liquefaction. We will summarize our recent studies using a uniquely designed high temperature and high pressure ESR cavity for in situ investigation of free radicals under realistic process conditions. 204. ESR study on the formation of coke texture Mitsuhiro Sakawa, Takeo Uno and Yukiaki Hara (Fundamental Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 1618 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan). The formation of the coke optical
textures was studied by ESR in a high temperature cavity. Increase of the spins during carbonization leads to development of the anisotropic optical texture for both the organic compounds and coals. 205. Influence of aluminum chloride on the carbonfzatfon of coal Mitsuhiro Sakawa, Takeo Uno and Yukiaki Hara (Fundamental Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 1618 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan). The carbonization process of some
organic compounds and coals adding AIC13 was investigated by ESR with a high temperature cavity. Adding AICl, to the organic compounds with less than three aromatic rings causes spin increase during carbonization. But organic compounds with more than four aromatic rings decrease spin. 206. Development of the mesopbase and coke-carbon forms during coal carbouizatfon S. Mehta, J. J. Friel, G. D. Mitchell and J. M. Karpinski (Research Department, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, PA 18016). The development of the mesophase during the coal-to-coke transformation was investigated by direct observation during in situ carbonization of various ranks of coal in a transmission electron microscope. The results are discussed in terms of the role of coal composition in mesophase development, the relationship between the mesophase and cokecarbon forms, and the link between the mesophase and properties of coke. 207. A scanning electron microscope study of fractured and etched metallurgicalcoke surfaces D. Hays, J. W. Patrick and A. Walker (British Carbonization Research Association, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, S42 6Js, England). Vitrinite derived features
visible in tensile fractured coke surfaces can be identified with textural units visible in polished or etched surfaces. Fracture surfaces vary so widely as to imply that the nature of the cell wall material may make some contribution to the variation in tensile strength of cokes. 208. Interaction of petroleum pitch and petroleum coke with coals during co-carbonizations S. Ragan and H. Marsh (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England). Interfaces between petroleum-coke and coal-
148
Abstracts
coke were examined before and after etching with chromic acid by optical microscopy and SEM. Optically distinct interfaces between pitch- and coal-cokes are physically discontinuous and poorly bonded. Formation of a continuous diffuse interface of various sizes of mosaics results in a mechanically strong interface between the cokes. 209. Co-carbonization of American coals with Ashland petroleumpitch S. Regan and H. Marsh (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RV, England) and W. Hibbart and A. M. Squires (Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061). Cokes from oxidised U.S. caking coals have
smaller optical texture than cokes from fresh coals as a result of the oxidation, Co-carbonization of the oxidised coals with Ashland A240 removed the effects of oxidation. Coking coal co-operates with pitch in modifying the optical textures of cokes from the caking coals.
during carbonization process, specially in the range of temperature of mesophase formation, were examined. Characteristic changes of the mesophase formation are related to changes of the elemental composition, helium density and structural ordering. 213. Carbonization and graphitization processes of the extract from ortho-eoking coal. Part II. GraphItIzatfon process of cokes from ortho-coking coal extract and its group components Urszula Swietlik and Stefan Jasienko (Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Coal Technical University of WrocAaw, WrocAaw, ul. Gdanska 7/9, Poland). The properties and structure of cokes from
ortho-coking coal extract and its group components and graphitization products obtained from them at 3273K were examined. Cokes from the extract and its group components belong to the graphitizing substances; graphitizability increases in the following way: BI, BS, extract cokes. X. CARBON AND GRAPHITE
FIBERS
AND THEIR COMPOSITES
210. The role of mesophase in upgrading inert-rich oxidied coal for combustion B. N. Nandi, J. A. MacPhee and L. A. Ciavaglia
214. Preparation, structural and physical propertfes of CVD carbon composites P. Delhaes and M. Trinquecoste (Centre de recherche
(Energy Research Laboratories, Ottowa, Ontario KIA OGl, Canada) and E. Chornet and R. Arsenault (Department of Chemical Engineering, Sherbrooke Vniversity, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada). Oxidized and in-
Paul Pascal, Domaine France). Carbon-carbon
ert maceral rich coals are very uneconomical for the generation of thermal power because a very high proportion of unburnt carbon is left over in the fly ash and residue after combustion. Initial development of mesophase during the treatment of low grade coals with carbon monoxide under certain conditions restores the combustion propensities by reducing unburnt carbon during combustion thereby allowing efficient utilization of these coals. 211. Carbonization of solvent refined coal Yoshio Yamada, Robert G. Jenkins and Philip L. Walker, Jr. (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Vniversity Park, PA 16802). An investigation has been made
into the carbonization of solvent refined coals (SRC) by use of hydrothermally pressurized gold tubes. Kinetics of pyridine insolubles production have been measured for an Illinois No. 6 SRC in the presence/absence of tetralin. Propensity for coking of other SRC’s, SRC component fractions and mixtures has also been examined. 212. Carbonization and graphitixatfon processes of the extract from ortho-cokfngcoal. Part I. Carbonization process of the ortho-cokhtgcoal extract Stefan Jasienko and Urszula Swietlik (Znstitut of Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Coal, Technical University of WrocIaw, Wroc.kaw, ul. Gdariska 7/9, Poland). Changes of the properties and structure of
the ortho-coking coal extract obtained by anthracene oil
Vniversitaire,
33405 Talence,
composites are prepared by carbon vapour phase deposition on a carbon cloth. The deposition technique is analyzed, the different microstructures and their physical properties are presented in relation with the experimental constraints. 215. Structure of matrix carbon in carbon/carbon fibre composites H. Marsh and M. Forrest (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RV, England). The structure and orientation of the basal
planes of the matrix carbon in carbon/carbon fibre composites is investigated using techniques of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy before and after oxidation in chromic acid respectively. The effects of CVD coatings on fibres when used in composites upon the orientation of basal planes of matrix carbon is also investigated. 216. Aspects of formation of carbon/carbon fibre composites by co-carbonizationof PAN fibres and matric precursor V. Markovic and S. Marinkovic (Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Vinca, Materials Science Department, P.O. Box 522, I1001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia) and H. Marsh (Northern Carbon Research Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RV, England). Unidirec-
tional composites prepared from oxidised PAN fibres and phenolic resin, carbonized to 1173K and etched in chromic acid solution, using SEM to monitor the etching, show the identity of materials. Etching occurs at the curved interfaces of the two carbons. There is a