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21 Rider energy expenditure during high-intensity horseback activity
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35 (2015) 392e397
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science journal homepage: www.j-evs.com
Exercise Physiology Graduate Student Competition 21 Rider energy expenditure during high-intensity horseback activity C.L. O'Reilly*, D.H. Sigler, J.D. Fluckey, M.M. Vogelsang, and J.E. Sawyer Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Despite the fact horseback riding is a popular sport, there is little information available on riding as a physical activity. The objective of this study was 2-fold; first to expand upon and provide more accurate measurements of human oxygen consumption and caloric expenditures during a typical “light” exercise ride using walk, trot, and canter. The second objective was to provide novel information for more intense disciplinespecific actions of reining and cow work and their contribution to the metabolic cost of horseback riding. Twenty subjects (17 female 3 male, age ¼ 22.4 ± 3.4 yrs, height ¼ 168.1 ± 7.3 cm, weight ¼ 67.5 ± 15.5 kg) with previous riding experience completed 3 riding tests, a 45 min walk-trot-canter ride (WTC), a reining pattern (~4.5 min) and a cutting pattern (~2.17 min) while wearing a telemetric gas analyzer. Anthropometric data were obtained for each subject through DEXA scans. Total energy expenditure (tEE), as well as mean and peak energy expenditure per minute (EE/min), metabolic equivalents of task (MET), heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF), pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2) and relative oxygen consumption (relVO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured. Because of time differences between tests, tEE of WTC (194.7 ± 3.84 kcal) was significantly higher (P ¼ 0.05) than reining (33.29 ± 1.9 kcal) or cutting (11.14 ± 1.9 kcal). Mean energy expenditure per minute indicated the riders in reining (6.96 ± 0.23 kcal/min) and cutting (4.97 ± 0.23 kcal/min) expended more kcal/min (P ¼ 0.05) than in WTC (4.27 ± 0.23 kcal/min). When WTC test was split by gaits, mean EE/min and MET increased as gait speed increased. Mean EE/min and MET were higher (P ¼ 0.05) for riders at long trot (6.9 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 6.19 ± 0.21 MET) and canter (6.93 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 5.95 ± 0.21 MET) gaits than during the walk (2.34 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 2.01 ± 0.21 MET) or trot (3.5 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 3.2 ± 0.21 MET) gaits. Similar patterns were observed when evaluating disciplines and gait components for RF, VE, VO2, VCO2, and RelVO2. Backward regression analyses were completed for tEE, mean EE/min and MET for all subjects (n ¼ 20) and for women subjects only (n ¼ 17). The results of this study provide insight into horseback activity and discipline differences as well as novel information
0737-0806/$ e see front matter.
about riders engaged in cutting and reining in comparison with a WTC ride. The data also indicate that it is possible, if riding at the more intense gaits such as long trot and canter, for health benefits to be achieved through accumulated horseback riding exercise.
Key Words: rider, energy, horseback 22 The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated fibroblastic synoviocytes: A preliminary study A.A. Millican*1, K.L. Vernon 1, H. Walker-Dunn 1, J.A. Coverdale 2, and W.C. Bridges 1 1 Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; 2 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of equine lameness and preventative methods are of particular interest to the equine industry. Cases of equine OA typically present clinically with synovitis. Inflammation in the synovium is regulated by cytokines and eicosanoids like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Research has shown that bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cytokines stimulate cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression in synoviocytes, driving PGE2 production. Anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated by dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pigs suggest potential use as a nutritional preventative of joint inflammation in horses. Our objective was to examine the effects of a CLA cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 isomer mixture (>99% purity; ~50:50 isomer ratio; Nu-Chek Prep, Elysian, MN) on Cox-2 production by rabbit fibroblastic synoviocytes, cell line HIG-82 (ATCC), in a LPS (Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5) inflammatory-induced model. A randomized complete block design with a 2 2 factorial structure was used to evaluate effects of CLA and LPS on Cox-2 mRNA production with n ¼ 5 in each treatment group allowing for a total sample size of n ¼ 20 cultures of HIG-82 cells. Cultures of HIG-82 cells were pretreated with media containing 50 mM CLA for 24 h before being challenged with 10 ng/mL of LPS for 4 h. Upon completion of LPS challenge, total RNA was isolated from each culture and stored at 20 C until utilized in RT-PCR. Images from RT-PCR were analyzed using ImageJ software (NIH; Bethesda, Maryland). ANOVA was performed using the SAS GLM Procedure (Research Triangle Park, NC) and revealed an overall treatment effect (P ¼ 0.028) on Cox-2 mRNA expression. Treatment with LPS
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science journal homepage: www.j-evs.com
Exercise Physiology Graduate Student Competition 21 Rider energy expenditure during high-intensity horseback activity C.L. O'Reilly*, D.H. Sigler, J.D. Fluckey, M.M. Vogelsang, and J.E. Sawyer Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Despite the fact horseback riding is a popular sport, there is little information available on riding as a physical activity. The objective of this study was 2-fold; first to expand upon and provide more accurate measurements of human oxygen consumption and caloric expenditures during a typical “light” exercise ride using walk, trot, and canter. The second objective was to provide novel information for more intense disciplinespecific actions of reining and cow work and their contribution to the metabolic cost of horseback riding. Twenty subjects (17 female 3 male, age ¼ 22.4 ± 3.4 yrs, height ¼ 168.1 ± 7.3 cm, weight ¼ 67.5 ± 15.5 kg) with previous riding experience completed 3 riding tests, a 45 min walk-trot-canter ride (WTC), a reining pattern (~4.5 min) and a cutting pattern (~2.17 min) while wearing a telemetric gas analyzer. Anthropometric data were obtained for each subject through DEXA scans. Total energy expenditure (tEE), as well as mean and peak energy expenditure per minute (EE/min), metabolic equivalents of task (MET), heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF), pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2) and relative oxygen consumption (relVO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured. Because of time differences between tests, tEE of WTC (194.7 ± 3.84 kcal) was significantly higher (P ¼ 0.05) than reining (33.29 ± 1.9 kcal) or cutting (11.14 ± 1.9 kcal). Mean energy expenditure per minute indicated the riders in reining (6.96 ± 0.23 kcal/min) and cutting (4.97 ± 0.23 kcal/min) expended more kcal/min (P ¼ 0.05) than in WTC (4.27 ± 0.23 kcal/min). When WTC test was split by gaits, mean EE/min and MET increased as gait speed increased. Mean EE/min and MET were higher (P ¼ 0.05) for riders at long trot (6.9 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 6.19 ± 0.21 MET) and canter (6.93 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 5.95 ± 0.21 MET) gaits than during the walk (2.34 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 2.01 ± 0.21 MET) or trot (3.5 ± 0.21 kcal/min, 3.2 ± 0.21 MET) gaits. Similar patterns were observed when evaluating disciplines and gait components for RF, VE, VO2, VCO2, and RelVO2. Backward regression analyses were completed for tEE, mean EE/min and MET for all subjects (n ¼ 20) and for women subjects only (n ¼ 17). The results of this study provide insight into horseback activity and discipline differences as well as novel information
0737-0806/$ e see front matter.
about riders engaged in cutting and reining in comparison with a WTC ride. The data also indicate that it is possible, if riding at the more intense gaits such as long trot and canter, for health benefits to be achieved through accumulated horseback riding exercise.
Key Words: rider, energy, horseback 22 The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated fibroblastic synoviocytes: A preliminary study A.A. Millican*1, K.L. Vernon 1, H. Walker-Dunn 1, J.A. Coverdale 2, and W.C. Bridges 1 1 Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; 2 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of equine lameness and preventative methods are of particular interest to the equine industry. Cases of equine OA typically present clinically with synovitis. Inflammation in the synovium is regulated by cytokines and eicosanoids like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Research has shown that bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cytokines stimulate cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression in synoviocytes, driving PGE2 production. Anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated by dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pigs suggest potential use as a nutritional preventative of joint inflammation in horses. Our objective was to examine the effects of a CLA cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 isomer mixture (>99% purity; ~50:50 isomer ratio; Nu-Chek Prep, Elysian, MN) on Cox-2 production by rabbit fibroblastic synoviocytes, cell line HIG-82 (ATCC), in a LPS (Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5) inflammatory-induced model. A randomized complete block design with a 2 2 factorial structure was used to evaluate effects of CLA and LPS on Cox-2 mRNA production with n ¼ 5 in each treatment group allowing for a total sample size of n ¼ 20 cultures of HIG-82 cells. Cultures of HIG-82 cells were pretreated with media containing 50 mM CLA for 24 h before being challenged with 10 ng/mL of LPS for 4 h. Upon completion of LPS challenge, total RNA was isolated from each culture and stored at 20 C until utilized in RT-PCR. Images from RT-PCR were analyzed using ImageJ software (NIH; Bethesda, Maryland). ANOVA was performed using the SAS GLM Procedure (Research Triangle Park, NC) and revealed an overall treatment effect (P ¼ 0.028) on Cox-2 mRNA expression. Treatment with LPS