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219 Effect of tortilla processing on fumonisin B1 destruction
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Poster Session P8. Food safety NATURAL CO-OCCURRENCE OF DEOXYNIVALENOL AND OCHRATOXIN A IN BEER
E.K. Tangni, Y. Larondelle. Unité de Biochimie de la Nutrition, Place Croix du Sud 2 Bte 8, Faculté d’Ingénierie biologique, agronomique et environnementale, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are field and storage fungal produced toxins involved in brewing products. They may be detected along the barley-malt-beer chain. The preliminary survey presented here refers to the simultaneous occurrence of DON and OTA in domestic (20) and imported (20) beers commercialized in Belgium, the European country with the greatest diversity of beers. DON and OTA contents were assayed by means of immunoaffinity (OchraTest™ and DONTest™) clean-up and liquid chromatography. DON and OTA were found in 45% and 100% of the tested beers at the mean levels of 40.7 µg/l and 36.7 ng/l, respectively. Considering a daily intake of 0.3 l of beer per capita, these mean levels of contamination contribute in average to 20.5% and 3.7% of the estimated tolerable daily intake of DON and OTA, established at 1 µg/kg and 5 ng/kg body weight by the Joint FAO/WHO Committee on food additives and contaminants and the scientific committee on food of the European Commission, respectively. Interestingly, DON and OTA were simultaneously detected in 45 % of the tested beers with a significant positive correlation coefficient (r = +0.417, p = 0.007) found between DON and OTA levels in all tested beers, highlighting thus the possibility of the co-contamination of beers consumed in Belgium by DON and OTA. The question of the multi – contamination of beers should thus not be underestimated since interactive effects of mycotoxins may occur in the human body, even at low levels. We therefore recommend performing comprehensive studies on the deleterious effects of the natural co-occurrence of these mycotoxins. 217
AN IN VITRO INVESTIGATION ON THE VARIABLES CONTROLING THE BIOACCESSIBILITY AND ADSORPTION OF CADMIUM TO/FROM LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L. CV. OSTINATA): HELPFUL FOR PREDICTING BIOAVAILABLE CD IN FOODS?
M. Waisberg 1 , W.D. Black 2 , B. Hale 1 . 1 Department of Land Resource Science, and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON This study evaluated the influence of diverse variables in the effectiveness of in vitro digestion protocols, which have been used to determine bioaccessibility of metals from the diet. The protocols consisted of two phases, gastric and intestinal, where ground lettuce was mixed respectively with pepsin (at pHs from 1 to 3) followed by the addition of pancreatin and bile extracts (pHs from 4.5 to 6.5). The percentage of solubilized metal was measured in the digestates in relation to digestion time, pH of each digestion phase and the dietary source of the metal in the diet. Because it would be convenient to add the metal to the diet before digestion instead of growing contaminated vegetables, the importance of metal incorporation in the plant in comparison to amendment through foliar spraying after harvesting was also studied. From our results we concluded that the dietary source of metal in the protocols we tested doesn’t seem to be a significant factor if we compare the group sprayed with cadmium with the group that had cadmium incorporated in it, but that time affects the quality of the digestion in different ways depending of the dietary source of cadmium. On the other hand, pH on both intestinal and gastric phases is a relevant factor and should be taken into consideration when analyzing the results from experiments using this kind of protocols. Since the intestinal phase in our experiments did not improve the quality of the digestion but actually decreased the soluble fraction of cadmium, we investigated the effect of pH on the adsorption of this metal to lettuce and found that there is an increased binding of cadmium at pHs above 3. Therefore we suggest that part of the observed response in our in vitro digestion esperiments could be explained by an increase in adsorption of metal to the plant material at higher pHs. The fact that lettuce binds cadmium in alkaline pHs similar to the pHs encoutered in human intestines suggests that this dietary component may act as a sink for cadmium, and possibly other
heavy metals, therefore helping to reduce the risk posed by other diet constituents that might be contaminated (ex. wheat, rice, etc). Also, because dry lettuce is capable of binding high quantities of heavy metals it could possibly be used as a biosorbent for clean-up of metals in contaminated waters. Results from our latest in vivo experiment studying the effect of gastric pH on the absorption of cadmium will also be presented. 218
THE NECESSITY OF ADDITIVES DETERMINATION IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
S. Honary. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy. Sari, Iran Plastics have become of increasing importance as packages for foodstuffs and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Polymer containers mainly consist different additives e.g antioxidants, antistatics, light stabilizers and lubricants, which are mainly added in small amounts in order to alter the properties of the polymers in the desired way and/or simplify their processing. Direct contact between plastic containers and their contents could result in the migration of the low molecular weight additives from the plastices into the packaged materials, which is called migration. Since theses materials may have toxic, teratogenic, allergenic or carcinogenic effect, so it is important to determine the additives. Armid® as a lubricant, Irganox 1010, 1076, 1330, Irgafos 168 and BHT as different antioxidants were used. The samples were made by hexan extraction of Armid and antioxidants from polymer sheet in 24 hours, amount of Armid in sheets were determined by plotting its standard curve at λmax = 232 nm Chromatography for antioxidants was performed on 10 cm x 20cm silica of 60 F254 HPTLC plates and hexan – methanol (1/4) as mobile phase. Recovery study was carried out by analyses of different thickness of polymer sheet including known amount of each additive. The results show the recovery percentage of additives is dependent on polymer sheet thickness and increased as the thickness decreased in all cases for Armid. Percent of recovery was calculated 64% for thickness = 150µm, 82% for 100 µm and 98% for 20µm. 219
EFFECT OF TORTILLA PROCESSING ON FUMONISIN B1 DESTRUCTION
H.A. Amra 1 , A. Aboul Enein 2 , A.A. Ragab 2 , A.M. Ayesh 1 , M.I. Mohamed 1 . 1 Food Toxicology and Contaminates Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; 2 Biochemistry Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo, University The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of tortilla processing on Fumonisin B1 in fermented corn. FB1 content after each process steps were determined in triplicate by HPLC. The average of percentage loss was 66.05% after alkaline cooking by calcium hydroxide, while it was 11.85, 53.94 and 29.27% after corn washing (naxitmal), cooking (mass) and tortilla bread (200 °C for 20 min) respectively. The average of initial FB1 in fermented corn and after tortilla processing were 250.6±5.65 and 24.47±3.66 mg /corn sample. The reduction of FB1 toxin was 90.23% in final product. The results indicated that the tortilla bread processing of fermented corn did not cause complete destruction of FB1 . 220
A STANDARDIZED AND RELIABLE APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF NUTRACEUTICALS.
F. Pizzocheri 1 , A. Conto 2 , N. Corsico 1 . 1 Pharmasafe sas, Milan – Italy, 2 Chemsafe sas Colleretto Giacosa-Italy Nutraceuticals is a general term that includes a variety of substances ranging from dietary supplements to functional foods and is extensively applied to any substance that enhances general well being. Nutraceuticals are playing an important role in therapy both by themselves and in association to conventional pharmacological treatments. In addition, these substances will be more and more used for minimizing the risk of diseases throughout the life-span. Regulatory requirements for marketing these substances are not well
Poster Session P8. Food safety NATURAL CO-OCCURRENCE OF DEOXYNIVALENOL AND OCHRATOXIN A IN BEER
E.K. Tangni, Y. Larondelle. Unité de Biochimie de la Nutrition, Place Croix du Sud 2 Bte 8, Faculté d’Ingénierie biologique, agronomique et environnementale, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are field and storage fungal produced toxins involved in brewing products. They may be detected along the barley-malt-beer chain. The preliminary survey presented here refers to the simultaneous occurrence of DON and OTA in domestic (20) and imported (20) beers commercialized in Belgium, the European country with the greatest diversity of beers. DON and OTA contents were assayed by means of immunoaffinity (OchraTest™ and DONTest™) clean-up and liquid chromatography. DON and OTA were found in 45% and 100% of the tested beers at the mean levels of 40.7 µg/l and 36.7 ng/l, respectively. Considering a daily intake of 0.3 l of beer per capita, these mean levels of contamination contribute in average to 20.5% and 3.7% of the estimated tolerable daily intake of DON and OTA, established at 1 µg/kg and 5 ng/kg body weight by the Joint FAO/WHO Committee on food additives and contaminants and the scientific committee on food of the European Commission, respectively. Interestingly, DON and OTA were simultaneously detected in 45 % of the tested beers with a significant positive correlation coefficient (r = +0.417, p = 0.007) found between DON and OTA levels in all tested beers, highlighting thus the possibility of the co-contamination of beers consumed in Belgium by DON and OTA. The question of the multi – contamination of beers should thus not be underestimated since interactive effects of mycotoxins may occur in the human body, even at low levels. We therefore recommend performing comprehensive studies on the deleterious effects of the natural co-occurrence of these mycotoxins. 217
AN IN VITRO INVESTIGATION ON THE VARIABLES CONTROLING THE BIOACCESSIBILITY AND ADSORPTION OF CADMIUM TO/FROM LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L. CV. OSTINATA): HELPFUL FOR PREDICTING BIOAVAILABLE CD IN FOODS?
M. Waisberg 1 , W.D. Black 2 , B. Hale 1 . 1 Department of Land Resource Science, and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON This study evaluated the influence of diverse variables in the effectiveness of in vitro digestion protocols, which have been used to determine bioaccessibility of metals from the diet. The protocols consisted of two phases, gastric and intestinal, where ground lettuce was mixed respectively with pepsin (at pHs from 1 to 3) followed by the addition of pancreatin and bile extracts (pHs from 4.5 to 6.5). The percentage of solubilized metal was measured in the digestates in relation to digestion time, pH of each digestion phase and the dietary source of the metal in the diet. Because it would be convenient to add the metal to the diet before digestion instead of growing contaminated vegetables, the importance of metal incorporation in the plant in comparison to amendment through foliar spraying after harvesting was also studied. From our results we concluded that the dietary source of metal in the protocols we tested doesn’t seem to be a significant factor if we compare the group sprayed with cadmium with the group that had cadmium incorporated in it, but that time affects the quality of the digestion in different ways depending of the dietary source of cadmium. On the other hand, pH on both intestinal and gastric phases is a relevant factor and should be taken into consideration when analyzing the results from experiments using this kind of protocols. Since the intestinal phase in our experiments did not improve the quality of the digestion but actually decreased the soluble fraction of cadmium, we investigated the effect of pH on the adsorption of this metal to lettuce and found that there is an increased binding of cadmium at pHs above 3. Therefore we suggest that part of the observed response in our in vitro digestion esperiments could be explained by an increase in adsorption of metal to the plant material at higher pHs. The fact that lettuce binds cadmium in alkaline pHs similar to the pHs encoutered in human intestines suggests that this dietary component may act as a sink for cadmium, and possibly other
heavy metals, therefore helping to reduce the risk posed by other diet constituents that might be contaminated (ex. wheat, rice, etc). Also, because dry lettuce is capable of binding high quantities of heavy metals it could possibly be used as a biosorbent for clean-up of metals in contaminated waters. Results from our latest in vivo experiment studying the effect of gastric pH on the absorption of cadmium will also be presented. 218
THE NECESSITY OF ADDITIVES DETERMINATION IN PLASTIC CONTAINERS
S. Honary. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy. Sari, Iran Plastics have become of increasing importance as packages for foodstuffs and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Polymer containers mainly consist different additives e.g antioxidants, antistatics, light stabilizers and lubricants, which are mainly added in small amounts in order to alter the properties of the polymers in the desired way and/or simplify their processing. Direct contact between plastic containers and their contents could result in the migration of the low molecular weight additives from the plastices into the packaged materials, which is called migration. Since theses materials may have toxic, teratogenic, allergenic or carcinogenic effect, so it is important to determine the additives. Armid® as a lubricant, Irganox 1010, 1076, 1330, Irgafos 168 and BHT as different antioxidants were used. The samples were made by hexan extraction of Armid and antioxidants from polymer sheet in 24 hours, amount of Armid in sheets were determined by plotting its standard curve at λmax = 232 nm Chromatography for antioxidants was performed on 10 cm x 20cm silica of 60 F254 HPTLC plates and hexan – methanol (1/4) as mobile phase. Recovery study was carried out by analyses of different thickness of polymer sheet including known amount of each additive. The results show the recovery percentage of additives is dependent on polymer sheet thickness and increased as the thickness decreased in all cases for Armid. Percent of recovery was calculated 64% for thickness = 150µm, 82% for 100 µm and 98% for 20µm. 219
EFFECT OF TORTILLA PROCESSING ON FUMONISIN B1 DESTRUCTION
H.A. Amra 1 , A. Aboul Enein 2 , A.A. Ragab 2 , A.M. Ayesh 1 , M.I. Mohamed 1 . 1 Food Toxicology and Contaminates Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; 2 Biochemistry Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo, University The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of tortilla processing on Fumonisin B1 in fermented corn. FB1 content after each process steps were determined in triplicate by HPLC. The average of percentage loss was 66.05% after alkaline cooking by calcium hydroxide, while it was 11.85, 53.94 and 29.27% after corn washing (naxitmal), cooking (mass) and tortilla bread (200 °C for 20 min) respectively. The average of initial FB1 in fermented corn and after tortilla processing were 250.6±5.65 and 24.47±3.66 mg /corn sample. The reduction of FB1 toxin was 90.23% in final product. The results indicated that the tortilla bread processing of fermented corn did not cause complete destruction of FB1 . 220
A STANDARDIZED AND RELIABLE APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF NUTRACEUTICALS.
F. Pizzocheri 1 , A. Conto 2 , N. Corsico 1 . 1 Pharmasafe sas, Milan – Italy, 2 Chemsafe sas Colleretto Giacosa-Italy Nutraceuticals is a general term that includes a variety of substances ranging from dietary supplements to functional foods and is extensively applied to any substance that enhances general well being. Nutraceuticals are playing an important role in therapy both by themselves and in association to conventional pharmacological treatments. In addition, these substances will be more and more used for minimizing the risk of diseases throughout the life-span. Regulatory requirements for marketing these substances are not well