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228. Residual gas pressure in electron tubes
292
Abstracts 2 2 7 ~ 2 3 5
response The two partml pressure g a u g e s ~ t h e O m e g a t r o n and the Farvttron (see paper gwen by W Tretner, D a r m s t a d t ) ~ d e a l t wath m the present paper are matching each other m an adeal manner Whale the O m e g a t r o n having high sensitivity and good resolwng power allows only the subsequent measuring of single partial pressures, the Farvltron gtves a complete survey of the c o m p o s m o n of partml pressures o n an oscdlograph For th~s reason the Farvatron having less resolving power and lower sensmvaty as highly statable for m d m a t m g partaal pressures especially during rapidly varying processes an the pressure range between 10 -s and 10 -s Torr G Retch and F Flecken, Vacuum, 10, 35-39, 1960 11 12 31 33 227 Residual Gases in Vacuum Systems, Germany lnvestlgatmns o f the gas compos~tmn m sealed-off high and ultra-h~gh v a c u u m systems wath the aad of the omegatron have shown that the gas evolutmn of the materials and mteracttons between the gases and the surfaces determine the kind of gases whach are present Such mteractmns are adsorptmn, chemmal and exchange reactmns The results obtained on r a d m tubes, TV picture tubes and systems consastmg of glass and metal only are gtven m thus paper It appears possable to classify the composltton of resadual gases on the basis of the c o n d m o n s prevadmg m the systems m questmn A Klopfer, S Garbe and W Schmtdt, Vacuum, 10, 7-12, 1960 11 12 228 Resadual Gas Pressure in Electron Tubes W Dahlke and H -J Schutze, Vacuum, 10, 3-4, 1960
31
33
11 12 31 33 229 Residual Gas Pressure an Electron Tubes Germany Results of m e a s u r e m e n t of the residual gas pressure m electron tubes are presented These results were obtained during the processing and the hfe-tests of sealed-off tubes The pressure as determined by using the electrode system of the tube ~tself as m m s a t m n gauge For easy observatmn of the pressure v a r m t m n s the collector current was recorded by an a u t o m a t m recorder having a sensltwtty of 10 -12 amperes per scale H -J Schutze and H -W Ehlbeck, Vacuum, 10, 5-6, 1960
I1 21 24 25 32 230 Htgh-Vacuum Pumps and Untts for Accelerators S A Vekshmsky, M I Menshlkov and I S R a b m o w c h , Vacuum, 9, 201-206, 1959 11 16 18 21 22 47 231 Electrical Clean-up of Gases in Hot Cathode Dascharge Tubes G Carter, Vacuum, 9, 120-200, 1959
11 20 32 232 Vacuum System for a Thirty Bdhon Electron Volt Particle Accelerator Umted States A v a c u u m system as being developed for a Thirty Bdhon Electron Volt Partmle Accelerator The v a c u u m chamber as a torus one-half male an mrcumference with a crosssection of 3 m by 7 m Approximately fifty getter-ran type p u m p s wdl be used on the rang to gwe the reqmred pressure of 2 x 10 6 m m H g A hnear accelerator ymldmg fifty m d h o n electron volts protons wdl be used as the rejector The v a c u u m chamber of thin accelerator is 110 ft long and 3 ft m daameter It wdl be evacuated to l × 10 -6 m m H g by eleven getter-ion p u m p s The chome of getter-ran p u m p s has permitted a departure from conventmnal v a c u u m system design and operanon Details of some new concepts o f unreal evacuatmn, steady state operatmn and slmphmty of control of a system of thus nature wdl be gtven C L Gould, Vacuum, 9, 63-68, 1959
I1 20 21 25 233 The Production of Ultra-high Vacua by Means of a DlffUStOU Pump Netherlands The result of a measurement of the so-called ultimate pressure of a dtffusmn p u m p is often not only determined by the p u m p itself, but also by the addxttonal apparatus necessary for m a k i n g thts measurement A n analysis wall be gaven of the gases whach m a y be present at the p u m p m o u t h and the factors determining the pressure of those gases wdl be treated A dascussmn of the m e t h o d s whtch can be used for making these pressures as small as possible results m a design of a p u m p apparatus A descrlptmn o f this apparatus, ~ h t c h includes a mercury dlffuston p u m p wtth coohng traps, wall be gtven Wtth the apparatus a p u m p speed at the remptent of 5-10 l/sec for the c o m m o n gases ~s obtained and an ultimate pressure lower than 10 12 m m H g is reached A Venema, Vacuum, 9, 54-57, 1959 11 21 The lrilstory of the Vacuum Pump Umted Kingdom The first m a n to make a v a c u u m p u m p was Guerlcke, somewhere about 1654 It was a crude pump, w~th joints kept atrtaght by water tmmersaon Soon after Boyle produced a m u c h amproved ptston p u m p , m a d e by Robert Hooke About the same tame the Accademla del Ctmento used the vacuous space m the enlarged head of a mercury barometer to carry out experiments thts m a y be considered as a one-stroke mercury p u m p P u m p s on the Boyle pattern were made by Huygens, P a p m and Senguerd In 1682 Boyle described a twocyhnder pump, m which the pressure of the atmosphere on one ptston d~d most of the work reqmred to ratse the other A much improved p u m p of thus type was made by Haukesbee about 1705 and thus r e m a m e d essentmlly the pattern of cylinder v a c u u m p u m p s u n t d the end of the nmeteenth century, when Fleuss introduced the cyhnder od p u m p For producing high vacua for the classm research on dascharge m gases, p u m p s of the Grassier and Toepler type, based on continuous repetatton of Torrtcelh's experiment, were used, whmh were extremely slow m actmn A new era was unmated an 1905, when K a u f m a n n introduced a continuously rotating mercury pump, which was almost at once superseded by Gaede's m u c h speedter rotary mercury p u m p Fore p u m p s of box type, the prototypes of whmh were water-pumps of the stxteenth and seventeenth century, were brought m by Gaede and others In 1912 Gaede invented a p u m p based on a fundamentally new prmctple, that a surface moving rapadly parallel to itself drags with it gas molecules This so-called molecular p u m p produced extremely low pressures The last mventtve step was also made by Gaede, when m 1915 he utahzed the carrying along of gas molecules by a jet of mercury vapour to effect a htgh v a c u u m These vapourstream pumps, oil and mercury, have been developed on an e n o r m o u s scale of recent years (Author)
234
By E N da C Andrade, Vacuum, 9, 41--47, 1959 11 10 Recent Advances in Ultra-htgh Vacuum Technology N o 223
12.
12 20 21 See Abstr
Measurement of Low Pressures
12 22 235 A McLeod Manometer with Prescribed Volumes for Use as a Standard Instrument Netherland~ The McLeod m a n o m e t e r is one of the few instruments w~th whaeh tt is posstble to measure the actual values of low gas pressures (5-10 -5 m m H g ) without changing the composition of the gas The McLeod gauge is therefore indispensable for c a h b r a t m g the faster m d t e a t m g instruments which only regtster relattve pressure umts, e g lomzaUon gauges, heatconductavlty manometers, etc Since it is very cumbersome to
Abstracts 2 2 7 ~ 2 3 5
response The two partml pressure g a u g e s ~ t h e O m e g a t r o n and the Farvttron (see paper gwen by W Tretner, D a r m s t a d t ) ~ d e a l t wath m the present paper are matching each other m an adeal manner Whale the O m e g a t r o n having high sensitivity and good resolwng power allows only the subsequent measuring of single partial pressures, the Farvltron gtves a complete survey of the c o m p o s m o n of partml pressures o n an oscdlograph For th~s reason the Farvatron having less resolving power and lower sensmvaty as highly statable for m d m a t m g partaal pressures especially during rapidly varying processes an the pressure range between 10 -s and 10 -s Torr G Retch and F Flecken, Vacuum, 10, 35-39, 1960 11 12 31 33 227 Residual Gases in Vacuum Systems, Germany lnvestlgatmns o f the gas compos~tmn m sealed-off high and ultra-h~gh v a c u u m systems wath the aad of the omegatron have shown that the gas evolutmn of the materials and mteracttons between the gases and the surfaces determine the kind of gases whach are present Such mteractmns are adsorptmn, chemmal and exchange reactmns The results obtained on r a d m tubes, TV picture tubes and systems consastmg of glass and metal only are gtven m thus paper It appears possable to classify the composltton of resadual gases on the basis of the c o n d m o n s prevadmg m the systems m questmn A Klopfer, S Garbe and W Schmtdt, Vacuum, 10, 7-12, 1960 11 12 228 Resadual Gas Pressure in Electron Tubes W Dahlke and H -J Schutze, Vacuum, 10, 3-4, 1960
31
33
11 12 31 33 229 Residual Gas Pressure an Electron Tubes Germany Results of m e a s u r e m e n t of the residual gas pressure m electron tubes are presented These results were obtained during the processing and the hfe-tests of sealed-off tubes The pressure as determined by using the electrode system of the tube ~tself as m m s a t m n gauge For easy observatmn of the pressure v a r m t m n s the collector current was recorded by an a u t o m a t m recorder having a sensltwtty of 10 -12 amperes per scale H -J Schutze and H -W Ehlbeck, Vacuum, 10, 5-6, 1960
I1 21 24 25 32 230 Htgh-Vacuum Pumps and Untts for Accelerators S A Vekshmsky, M I Menshlkov and I S R a b m o w c h , Vacuum, 9, 201-206, 1959 11 16 18 21 22 47 231 Electrical Clean-up of Gases in Hot Cathode Dascharge Tubes G Carter, Vacuum, 9, 120-200, 1959
11 20 32 232 Vacuum System for a Thirty Bdhon Electron Volt Particle Accelerator Umted States A v a c u u m system as being developed for a Thirty Bdhon Electron Volt Partmle Accelerator The v a c u u m chamber as a torus one-half male an mrcumference with a crosssection of 3 m by 7 m Approximately fifty getter-ran type p u m p s wdl be used on the rang to gwe the reqmred pressure of 2 x 10 6 m m H g A hnear accelerator ymldmg fifty m d h o n electron volts protons wdl be used as the rejector The v a c u u m chamber of thin accelerator is 110 ft long and 3 ft m daameter It wdl be evacuated to l × 10 -6 m m H g by eleven getter-ion p u m p s The chome of getter-ran p u m p s has permitted a departure from conventmnal v a c u u m system design and operanon Details of some new concepts o f unreal evacuatmn, steady state operatmn and slmphmty of control of a system of thus nature wdl be gtven C L Gould, Vacuum, 9, 63-68, 1959
I1 20 21 25 233 The Production of Ultra-high Vacua by Means of a DlffUStOU Pump Netherlands The result of a measurement of the so-called ultimate pressure of a dtffusmn p u m p is often not only determined by the p u m p itself, but also by the addxttonal apparatus necessary for m a k i n g thts measurement A n analysis wall be gaven of the gases whach m a y be present at the p u m p m o u t h and the factors determining the pressure of those gases wdl be treated A dascussmn of the m e t h o d s whtch can be used for making these pressures as small as possible results m a design of a p u m p apparatus A descrlptmn o f this apparatus, ~ h t c h includes a mercury dlffuston p u m p wtth coohng traps, wall be gtven Wtth the apparatus a p u m p speed at the remptent of 5-10 l/sec for the c o m m o n gases ~s obtained and an ultimate pressure lower than 10 12 m m H g is reached A Venema, Vacuum, 9, 54-57, 1959 11 21 The lrilstory of the Vacuum Pump Umted Kingdom The first m a n to make a v a c u u m p u m p was Guerlcke, somewhere about 1654 It was a crude pump, w~th joints kept atrtaght by water tmmersaon Soon after Boyle produced a m u c h amproved ptston p u m p , m a d e by Robert Hooke About the same tame the Accademla del Ctmento used the vacuous space m the enlarged head of a mercury barometer to carry out experiments thts m a y be considered as a one-stroke mercury p u m p P u m p s on the Boyle pattern were made by Huygens, P a p m and Senguerd In 1682 Boyle described a twocyhnder pump, m which the pressure of the atmosphere on one ptston d~d most of the work reqmred to ratse the other A much improved p u m p of thus type was made by Haukesbee about 1705 and thus r e m a m e d essentmlly the pattern of cylinder v a c u u m p u m p s u n t d the end of the nmeteenth century, when Fleuss introduced the cyhnder od p u m p For producing high vacua for the classm research on dascharge m gases, p u m p s of the Grassier and Toepler type, based on continuous repetatton of Torrtcelh's experiment, were used, whmh were extremely slow m actmn A new era was unmated an 1905, when K a u f m a n n introduced a continuously rotating mercury pump, which was almost at once superseded by Gaede's m u c h speedter rotary mercury p u m p Fore p u m p s of box type, the prototypes of whmh were water-pumps of the stxteenth and seventeenth century, were brought m by Gaede and others In 1912 Gaede invented a p u m p based on a fundamentally new prmctple, that a surface moving rapadly parallel to itself drags with it gas molecules This so-called molecular p u m p produced extremely low pressures The last mventtve step was also made by Gaede, when m 1915 he utahzed the carrying along of gas molecules by a jet of mercury vapour to effect a htgh v a c u u m These vapourstream pumps, oil and mercury, have been developed on an e n o r m o u s scale of recent years (Author)
234
By E N da C Andrade, Vacuum, 9, 41--47, 1959 11 10 Recent Advances in Ultra-htgh Vacuum Technology N o 223
12.
12 20 21 See Abstr
Measurement of Low Pressures
12 22 235 A McLeod Manometer with Prescribed Volumes for Use as a Standard Instrument Netherland~ The McLeod m a n o m e t e r is one of the few instruments w~th whaeh tt is posstble to measure the actual values of low gas pressures (5-10 -5 m m H g ) without changing the composition of the gas The McLeod gauge is therefore indispensable for c a h b r a t m g the faster m d t e a t m g instruments which only regtster relattve pressure umts, e g lomzaUon gauges, heatconductavlty manometers, etc Since it is very cumbersome to