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232 Fuzzy logic controllers: A knowledge based system view
410
Abstracts
The deviation of the sequenced operation timings from the scheduled timings, quantified by some cost. is used to trigger the re-acheduling loop.
223 Integration of Action Planning and Configuration in Assembly System Planning A. K6hne, pp 276-280 This paper considers the integration of action planning and configuration in planning flexible assembly systems. The principal goal is to combine action planning (cortstrueting the course of actions to be performed) and configuration (determining the system components, and their interrelations) in a knowledge:based integrated planning system. This allows systematic treatment of the interrelations between these two tasks, achieving a higher quality of the overall planning result. To deal with the complexity of assembly system planning, planning guidance (using explicit meta-knowledge about decomposing and sequencing the planning steps) is distinguished from plan analysis, which observes the compliance of the system design with the overall requirements and constraints.
224 Distributed Expert Systems in Flexible Manufacturing R. Schockenhoff, M. Mfiiler, L.K. Mlkhallov, H.A. Nour Eldln, pp 281-286 As flexible manufacturing systems become more complex, it is necessary to decompose them into networks of subsystems, implemented on distributed, dedicated hardware. This paper states the requirements for subsystems. DESys is introduced as a tool for design and composition of heterogeneous networks of cooperating autonomous expert systems based on the concept of "activity cells", and providing flexibility, simplicity and uniformity of structure and communication. Its basic structure is a frame to be filled from component libraries. DESys is implemented under Microsoft-Windows on IBMcompatible PCs and can be used to build an efficient and robust distributed FMS in a transparent way.
225 A Rule Based 2-D Vision System to Determine Part Orientation D. Furtado, F.T. Ray, Jr., pp 287-293 A simple method to determine part orientation is discussed. The degree of orientation of a part is defined as the angle of intersection between a vector a and the X axis of the vision system, where a is the shortest side of a scalene triangle formed from three system-generated points. The system triangle is constructed using either selected vertices from the orthogonal view of the part, or centroids of the internal features in the view. The procedure works well with parts having a wide variety of shapes. However, the system has some problems determining the orientations of parts that are highly symmetrical about the axis of insertion.
226 On-Line Measuring Device of Hot Steel Shapes K. Inoue, T. lnoue, pp 294-297 In order to improve productivity of the Large Shape Mill at Kashima Steel Works, an on-line, laser-based profilemeasuring system for hot steel shapes has been developed. The profile-measuring time after a roll change has been shortened to approximately one-tenth. Because it took a lot of time to measure the section dimensions of a shape by hand, it was difficult to measure the section dimensions many times after a roll change. This device can measure four kinds of products, (made in 288 size grades, H shapes having the wider variety of sizes) as quickly as required.
227 On Development of Robotic Measuring Cells Z. Nagy, P. Jerr.sabek, pp 298-302 This paper describes the main structure and three applications of a general-purpose SQC software. The different types of modules and the user interface are briefly described, then three applications: In'st a cell to measure the static compliance of a robot arm, secondly a cell to test the repetitive accuracy of industrial robots and thirdly a module of a complete assembly line. The focus is on the structure and the information network of the systems. In the conclusions the most important directions of development are enumerated.
228 A General Purpo~ Machine Vision Prototyper for Investigating the Inspection of Planar Webs C.T. Ng, R.W. Conners, P.A. Araman, pp 303-307 A common problem in the design of machine vision systems for industrial inspection is the specialized nature of their design. This results in a lack of flexibility in their utility. It would be useful if a mechanism could be found for designing machine vision systems without having to design a completely new system for each new application. In this paper, a general-purpose machine vision prototype is described for attacking planar web inspection problems. The objective of the machine vision prototyper is to aid in the rapid development of machine vision systems using the rapid-prototyping approach to complex system design.
229 Model Based Detection of Tool Breakage for Machine Tools T. Relss, R. Isermann, pp 308-312 The early detection and localization of faults in machine tools is of primary interest to further improve reliability and availability. The conventional method is by inspection by an operator and occasionally by monitoring some sensor signals. However, developing faults of the working tool or the workpiece are only detected at a rather late stage or after the work has been performed. Especially tool breakage must be detected immediately it occurs. This contribution describes a new approach for the detection of tool breakage on machining centres. Based on a dynamic process model, only existing sensors are used to supervise the cutting process. Experimental results are shown for drilling.
230 An Integrated Rule-Based/Algorithmic Architecture for On-Line Process Monitoring and Reactive Control B.H. Kragh, C.J. Paul, Dwo-Wen Yah, J.K. Strosnider, L.E. Holloway pp 313-317 Automation of on-line monitoring and reactive control of complex manufacturing processes requires intelligent integration of process-specific knowledge with numerical methods for simulation and optimization. This paper presents an architecture for integrating these functions in the real-time control system. Process monitoring and fault detection are based on behavioural models of the process and equipment dynamics. Reactive scheduling is carried out by an interaction of operating rules and numerical optimization managed by a real-time production system, CROPS5 (Concurrent Real-Time OPS5). The paper presents an overview of the architecture and experimental results from a prototype implementation for scheduling heats for electric arc furnaces in continuons-caster steel mills.
Abstracts
The deviation of the sequenced operation timings from the scheduled timings, quantified by some cost. is used to trigger the re-acheduling loop.
223 Integration of Action Planning and Configuration in Assembly System Planning A. K6hne, pp 276-280 This paper considers the integration of action planning and configuration in planning flexible assembly systems. The principal goal is to combine action planning (cortstrueting the course of actions to be performed) and configuration (determining the system components, and their interrelations) in a knowledge:based integrated planning system. This allows systematic treatment of the interrelations between these two tasks, achieving a higher quality of the overall planning result. To deal with the complexity of assembly system planning, planning guidance (using explicit meta-knowledge about decomposing and sequencing the planning steps) is distinguished from plan analysis, which observes the compliance of the system design with the overall requirements and constraints.
224 Distributed Expert Systems in Flexible Manufacturing R. Schockenhoff, M. Mfiiler, L.K. Mlkhallov, H.A. Nour Eldln, pp 281-286 As flexible manufacturing systems become more complex, it is necessary to decompose them into networks of subsystems, implemented on distributed, dedicated hardware. This paper states the requirements for subsystems. DESys is introduced as a tool for design and composition of heterogeneous networks of cooperating autonomous expert systems based on the concept of "activity cells", and providing flexibility, simplicity and uniformity of structure and communication. Its basic structure is a frame to be filled from component libraries. DESys is implemented under Microsoft-Windows on IBMcompatible PCs and can be used to build an efficient and robust distributed FMS in a transparent way.
225 A Rule Based 2-D Vision System to Determine Part Orientation D. Furtado, F.T. Ray, Jr., pp 287-293 A simple method to determine part orientation is discussed. The degree of orientation of a part is defined as the angle of intersection between a vector a and the X axis of the vision system, where a is the shortest side of a scalene triangle formed from three system-generated points. The system triangle is constructed using either selected vertices from the orthogonal view of the part, or centroids of the internal features in the view. The procedure works well with parts having a wide variety of shapes. However, the system has some problems determining the orientations of parts that are highly symmetrical about the axis of insertion.
226 On-Line Measuring Device of Hot Steel Shapes K. Inoue, T. lnoue, pp 294-297 In order to improve productivity of the Large Shape Mill at Kashima Steel Works, an on-line, laser-based profilemeasuring system for hot steel shapes has been developed. The profile-measuring time after a roll change has been shortened to approximately one-tenth. Because it took a lot of time to measure the section dimensions of a shape by hand, it was difficult to measure the section dimensions many times after a roll change. This device can measure four kinds of products, (made in 288 size grades, H shapes having the wider variety of sizes) as quickly as required.
227 On Development of Robotic Measuring Cells Z. Nagy, P. Jerr.sabek, pp 298-302 This paper describes the main structure and three applications of a general-purpose SQC software. The different types of modules and the user interface are briefly described, then three applications: In'st a cell to measure the static compliance of a robot arm, secondly a cell to test the repetitive accuracy of industrial robots and thirdly a module of a complete assembly line. The focus is on the structure and the information network of the systems. In the conclusions the most important directions of development are enumerated.
228 A General Purpo~ Machine Vision Prototyper for Investigating the Inspection of Planar Webs C.T. Ng, R.W. Conners, P.A. Araman, pp 303-307 A common problem in the design of machine vision systems for industrial inspection is the specialized nature of their design. This results in a lack of flexibility in their utility. It would be useful if a mechanism could be found for designing machine vision systems without having to design a completely new system for each new application. In this paper, a general-purpose machine vision prototype is described for attacking planar web inspection problems. The objective of the machine vision prototyper is to aid in the rapid development of machine vision systems using the rapid-prototyping approach to complex system design.
229 Model Based Detection of Tool Breakage for Machine Tools T. Relss, R. Isermann, pp 308-312 The early detection and localization of faults in machine tools is of primary interest to further improve reliability and availability. The conventional method is by inspection by an operator and occasionally by monitoring some sensor signals. However, developing faults of the working tool or the workpiece are only detected at a rather late stage or after the work has been performed. Especially tool breakage must be detected immediately it occurs. This contribution describes a new approach for the detection of tool breakage on machining centres. Based on a dynamic process model, only existing sensors are used to supervise the cutting process. Experimental results are shown for drilling.
230 An Integrated Rule-Based/Algorithmic Architecture for On-Line Process Monitoring and Reactive Control B.H. Kragh, C.J. Paul, Dwo-Wen Yah, J.K. Strosnider, L.E. Holloway pp 313-317 Automation of on-line monitoring and reactive control of complex manufacturing processes requires intelligent integration of process-specific knowledge with numerical methods for simulation and optimization. This paper presents an architecture for integrating these functions in the real-time control system. Process monitoring and fault detection are based on behavioural models of the process and equipment dynamics. Reactive scheduling is carried out by an interaction of operating rules and numerical optimization managed by a real-time production system, CROPS5 (Concurrent Real-Time OPS5). The paper presents an overview of the architecture and experimental results from a prototype implementation for scheduling heats for electric arc furnaces in continuons-caster steel mills.