3-A Sanitary Standards for Dairy Equipment1

OUR ASSOCIATION

lin, Smith and E m e r y (14) showed that considerable amounts of the drug remained in the rumen contents at 4 hr. after feeding. A f t e r 3 wk. of feeding 100 nig. of penicillin daily, no penicillin remained in rumen ingesta 3 hr. a f t e r feeding. The r a p i d destruction in the rumen with time may explain why penicillin-feeding is effective in the control of bloat at first and then becomes ineffective later. These findings may also explain the absence of penicillin in milk following large oral doses. Tranquilizers

Several of the tranquilizers used in human medicine are being fed experimentally as sup~ plements to dairy cattle rations, in an attempt to increase milk production by reducing activity or excitement. The action of runien microbes on these compounds is not known. Some Problems in Use of Drugs in Feeds

As has been pointed out in connection with certain pesticides and penicillin, drugs in feeds m a y be destroyed or changed to other compounds in the rumen. The end-products of rumen fernientation may be toxic to the aninml a n d / o r pass into the tissues or milk. This points out the need for methods for the determination of these end-products. I n toxicity studies with drugs, experiments of long-time duration are desirable to insure safety. The possibility of placental t r a n s f e r of these drugs needs to be checked to insure against reproductive failure and weak calves at birth. Usually, toxicity experiments with pesticides are carried out with cattle in good condition and free f r o m disease. Yet these compounds are fed to animals suffering from nutritional deficiencies and diseases of various kinds. Certainly, the drugs should be tested on emaciated cattle as well as normal ones, to insure a wide niargin of safety. REFERENCES (1) CooK, J. W. Action of Rumen Fluids on Pesticides. In Vitro Destruction of Some Organophosphate Pesticides by Bovine Rumen Fluid. J. Agr. and Food Chem., 5 : 859. 1957. (2) DAtIM, P. A., AND JACOBSON,N. L. Effect of Feeding Systox-Treated Alfalfa Hay to

3-A SANITARY

STANDARDS

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Dairy Cows. J Agr. a~d Food Chem., 4: 150. 1956. (3) DELANEY, L. T., JR., SCHMIDT, H. W., AND STROEBEL, C. F. Silo-Filler's Disease. Proc. Staff Meet~tgs, Mayo Clinic, 31: 189. 1956. (4) ELLISO.X~, T., AND TODD, A. C. The Metabolism

of Phenothiazine N.F. in Dairy Calves. I. Chronological Distribution of Drug in Digestive Tract Contents. Am. J. Vet. tte~earch, 18: 519. 1957. (5) E.X[ERY, :R. S., S5IITH, C. K., AND HUFFMAN, C. F. Feeding Penicillin for Control of Bloat in Grazing Cattle, and Its Effect on Milk Production. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., Quart. Bull., 40: 460. 1958. (6) JOItNS, A. T., REID, C. S. W., AND MANGAN,

L . L . Some Aspects of Research on Pasture Bloat in New Zealand. See Reference No. 9, p. 29. (7) L.~.SSITEI~, C. A. Antibiotics as Growth Stimulants for Dairy Cattle: A Review. J. Dairy Sci., 38: 1102. 1955. (8) LEE, A. 5[. Hyperkeratosis. Yearbook of Agctdt~re. 1956. (9) MARSTON, I~I. W. Report of Conference on

Rumen F u n c t i o n . Agr. R e s e a r c h Serv., UDSA, Washington, D. C. Held in Chicago, Illinois, Dee. 4-5, 1957. (10) ~IETCALF,R. L., AND MARCH, R. B. The Isom-

erization of Organic Thionophosphate Insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol., 46: 288. 1953. (1]) PETERSON, W. H., BUI~RIS, R. H., SANT, R., AND LITTLE, H. N. Production of Toxic Gas (Nitrogen Oxides) in Silage Making. J : Agr. and Food Chem., 6: 121. 1958. (12) RADELEFF, R. D., ~rOODWARD, G. T., AND BUS}ILAND, R. C. Toxicity of Insecticides. Yearbook: of Ag.ric~dt~*re, Animal Disease,

p. 131. 1956. (13) RAU~-, E. S., A.X'D HERIClCK, J. B. Feedlot Tests on the Efficiency of Dow ET-57 (Trolene) for Control of:Cattle Grubs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 131.: 421. 1957. (14) SMITH, C. K., AND E.~IERY, R. S. The Effects of Penicillin on the Activities of Rumen Microflora. See Reference No. 9, p. 26. (15) SYKES, J. F., A~'D KLEIN, A. K. Fumigant Residue-in-Milk Study. Chlo-organic Residues in Milk of Cows Orally Administered E t h y l e n e D i c h l o r i d e . Symposium, etc., J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 40, No. 1. 203. 1957. (16) W~ITEHE:~D, E. I., A-
FOR

DAIRY

EQUIPMENT

1

C. A. ABELE

The Diversey Corporation, 1820 Roscoe St., Chicago, Illinois I n the course of the past 11 yr., the 3-A Sanit a r y Standards Committees have adopted 18 3-A S a n i t a r y Standards (16 of which have been published), and three 3-A Recommended Methods or Accepted Practices (two of which have 1 Report of the Public Health Committee of the American Dairy Science Association for 1958.

been published). These sanitary standards are published in the J o u r n a l of M i l k and F o o d Technology, and reprints are available. The published 3-A S a n i t a r y Standards which pertain to milk-processing or handling equipment normally found only in dairy plants include those a p p l y i n g to storage tanks, weigh-

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OF D A I R Y S C I E N C E

cans and receiving tanks, homogenizers and highpressure pumps, filters, plate-type and tubular heat exchangers, batch pasteurizer leak-protector valves, and evaporators and vacuum pans. The two published directions--3-A Standard Method for Determining the Holding Time of HighTemperature Short-Time Pasteurizers by the Salt Conductivity Test, and 3-A Suggested Method for Installation and Cleaning of Cleaning-in-place Sanitary Pipe Lines--also a p p l y to dairy plant equipment. The two published 3-A Sanitary Standards which a p p l y solely to dairy farm equipment are for can-type strainers and for bulk-milk cooling tanks. The one unpublished sanitary standard affecting milk production applies to portable bucket-type milking machines. Milk is currently being handled on dairy farms in such volumes, and so increasingly mechanically, that sanitary standards which initially pertained to equipment employed solely in dairy plants, now a p p l y both to plant and to dairy farm equipment. Examples are the 3-A Sanitary Standards pertaining to rotary pumps, autonmtive transport and pick-up tanks, electric motors, fittings used on equipment and on sanitary piping, thermometer fittings, and internal return tubular heat exchangers. One 3-A Sanitary Standard applies to manual bulk-milk dispensers, t~rom which milk is sold directly to consumers in places where food is served. Probably the most detailed sanitary standard ever undertaken has been the 3-A Accepted Practice for the Installation, Testing, Operation, and Cleaning of Plate-type High-Temperature, Short-Time Pasteurizers, which has been in the process of formulation for 5 yr., and undergoing refinement for nearly 2 yr. I~t should be printed soon. The applications of sanitary standards now being formulated include the foIlowing types of equipment or arrangements of equipment for dairy plants: Air under pressure, ice cream freezers, ice creanl package fillers, cottage cheese package fillers, batch pasteurizers, separators and clarifiers and dry milk processing equipment; for dairy farms: method for installation and cleaning-in-place of milker pipelines; and at points of sale: automatic bulk-milk vending machines.

Encouraging progress is also being made toward the development of specifications and criteria which rubber and rubber-like materials nmst meet in specified applications in dairy equipment. Equally encouraging progress is being made in the development of criteria which plastic materials, intended for use in dairy equipment, must meet. The nmmberships of professional organizations are quite intertwined. A considerable number of those participating in the activities of the 3-A Sanitary Standards Committees have also been active in the affairs of, or are members of, the American Dairy Science Association (A.D.S.A.). But, they have not represented themselves to be, nor were they recognized as, spokesmen for the A.D.S.A. Since April, 1957, however, the A.D.S.A. has been represented at the two meetings of the 3-A Sanitary Standards Committees by J. G. Leeder, of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., and J. R. Brunner, of Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. The impact upon the public heMth of these activities of the S-A Sanitary Standards Committees is an elusive intangi})le. With respect to metals having milk contact surfaces, the 3-A Sanitary Standards merely fix as the standard those which have been and would be used by most or all of the equipment fabricators. I t is in the reahn of new products, however, such as the great variety of plastics, that the 3-A Sanitary Standards Committees, by virtue of the universal acceptance of and guidance by 3-A Sanitala" Standards, is in position to become an extremely important force in the protection of the public health. By insisting that such materials meet F. and D. A. nontoxicity requirements, and withstand conventional washing and bactericidal treatments without loss of chemical components or physical deterioration, to be approved for use in dairy equipment, the Committees are performing a public health function, the value of which will rarely, if ever, be appraised. Adde~,da: The 3-A Sanitary Standards for Portable and Stationary, Suspended or Floor-Type, Pail or Cow-to-Can Milking Machines were adopted May 22, 1958, and will be published soon in the Journal of Milk and Food Technology.

Dr. J. R. Brunner, Michigan State University, served again as liaison between the A.D.S.A. and the 3-A Sanitary Standards Committees.