- Email: [email protected]
345 Effects of participation level, apparatus and training phase on training load of young female gymnasts
Spinal cord injuries in South African rugby union: new incidence data and implications for injury prevention.
343
C. Draper1*, F. Hermanus2, N. Wilson1 & T. Noakes1 UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Of Cape Town 2 School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
1
In response to a growing concern about the apparent increase in catastrophic rugby-related injuries in recent years in South Africa, a research study was commission by the Chris Burger / Petro Jackson Players’ Fund to further investigate these injuries. Although injury data on Players’ Fund recipients have been collected, there are presently no incidence data on rugby-related spinal cord injuries in South Africa. The aims of the study was to 1) establish a database of these injuries that have occurred in South Africa since 1980, and 2) use this database to identify players’ demographics; and the distribution and determinants of spinal cord injuries. Guided by research conducted in other countries, a questionnaire was designed in consultation with key informants involved in sports medicine and rugby. This questionnaire is collecting the following data: player’s demographics, level of play, pre-conditioning, circumstances of and other factors contributing to the injury, medical treatment received, and pathology and mechanism of injury. Statistical analyses will be performed to identify associations between these factors. These associations along with general injury data (n=105) will be presented, and injury trends will be identified. These findings will be discussed in light of existing rugby injury prevention strategies in South Africa, in particular the Players’ Fund ‘Power of Prevention’ programme. Implications for the development of these and possible new prevention strategies will be discussed. Due to the lack of previous research in this area, this presentation will contribute new insight from one of the world’s biggest rugby playing nations.
Surveillance of injury and injury prevention behaviour in New Zealand amateur soccer
344
B. McNoe1* & D. Chalmers1 1 Injury Prevention Research Unit, University Of Otago
Monday 15 October
Soccer is a popular sport in New Zealand with high levels of participation among young people but where some players continue to play into their 40’s and 50’s. SoccerSmart is a national injury prevention programme, that is being implemented by New Zealand Soccer. To monitor the effectiveness of this programme, a valid and reliable means for routinely measuring the incidence, nature and circumstances of soccer injury, and measuring adherence by players to injury prevention measures promoted by New Zealand Soccer is essential. This paper describes implementation of a surveillance system designed for this purpose. A cohort of 880 amateur players sampled from two of seven soccer federations were recruited prior to commencement of competition and then followed up weekly through the season by means of telephone interviews. Data were collected on training sessions, matches, injury prevention behaviour and injuries. The incidence rate was 50.2 injury events per 1,000 match hours and 9.0 injury events per 1,000 training hours. 93% of players reported warming up before training sessions and 97% before matches. 53% of players reported cooling down after training and 39% after matches. In 15% of games, players reported being the victim of foul play and approximately one quarter of game injuries were the result of foul play. Shin pads were worn in 99% of matches and 64% of training sessions. While players demonstrated appropriate behaviour in a number of areas, there is room for increased adherence to other aspects of SoccerSmart.
Effects of participation level, apparatus and training phase on training load of young female gymnasts
345
L. Burt1*, G. Naughton1, R. Landeo1 & D. Higham1 1 Centre of Physical Activity Across the Lifespan, Australian Catholic University
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of participation level (international and national), apparatus (beam and floor) and training phase (pre-competition and competition) on estimates of training load in young, female gymnasts. Twenty-five gymnasts from an international [n=12; age = 9.3 years (7-12 years)] and national [n=13; age = 9.8 years (9-13 years)] levels program were assessed during two training sessions in both pre-competition and competition training phases on the balance beam and floor apparatus. Video analysis was used to determine the frequency of observed gymnastic-specific movements including estimates of, ankle and wrist impacts, landings, balance-related skills, and rotations. Additional movement analysis for vertical acceleration and total steps was provided by an accelerometer. To further estimate training load, 16 gymnasts performed additional skills, common to both groups, on a force platform. Three-way interactions were observed between participation level, apparatus and training phase for ankle impacts (p<0.0001) and landings (p=0.006). Two-way interactions were strongest for group by phase interactions as significance was achieved for all dependent variables with the exception of acceleration. Group was the strongest main effect variable as it was statistically different for all variables. Force platform data revealed no differences between forces of both participation levels across all skills. This study has shown that many factors must be considered when evaluating training load and periodisation effects of gymnastics participation. The high mechanical loading of the lower body must be closely monitored to ensure the longevity of athletes and minimise the risk of injuries.
346
Suitability of FIFA’s ‘The 11’ injury prevention programme for young football players - impact on physical performance and potential injury risk H. Tunstall1* 1 New Zealand Football
“The 11” injury prevention programme was developed by FIFA’s medical research centre (F-MARC) to help reduce the risk of injury in football players aged 14 years and over. Improvement in physical condition has been associated with reduced incidence and severity of injury. As such, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of “The 11” and it’s suitability for younger football players. Twenty-four [12 experimental (EXP), 12 control (CON)] young football players (age 10.4 ± 1.4 yr) participated. The EXP group followed “The 11” training programme 5 days per week, for 6 weeks, completing all but one of the 10 exercises, Prior to and after the intervention, both EXP and CON groups performed a battery of football-specific physical tests. Changes in performance scores within each group were compared using independent t-tests (P≤0.05). No injuries occurred during the study in either group. Compliance to the intervention was 70%. Measures of leg power (3 step jump and counter-movement jump) increased significantly (3.9 and 5.9% respectively, P<0.05 and P<0.01). Speed over 20 m improved by 2% (P=0.008). Qualitatively, most players considered “The 11” beneficial, but not enjoyable in the prescribed format. Given the observed improvements in the physical abilities and the perceived benefits of “The 11”, it would appear that a modified version of “The 11” programme is appropriate and should be included in the training of young football players for performance enhancement and potential injury prevention purposes.
115
343
C. Draper1*, F. Hermanus2, N. Wilson1 & T. Noakes1 UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Of Cape Town 2 School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
1
In response to a growing concern about the apparent increase in catastrophic rugby-related injuries in recent years in South Africa, a research study was commission by the Chris Burger / Petro Jackson Players’ Fund to further investigate these injuries. Although injury data on Players’ Fund recipients have been collected, there are presently no incidence data on rugby-related spinal cord injuries in South Africa. The aims of the study was to 1) establish a database of these injuries that have occurred in South Africa since 1980, and 2) use this database to identify players’ demographics; and the distribution and determinants of spinal cord injuries. Guided by research conducted in other countries, a questionnaire was designed in consultation with key informants involved in sports medicine and rugby. This questionnaire is collecting the following data: player’s demographics, level of play, pre-conditioning, circumstances of and other factors contributing to the injury, medical treatment received, and pathology and mechanism of injury. Statistical analyses will be performed to identify associations between these factors. These associations along with general injury data (n=105) will be presented, and injury trends will be identified. These findings will be discussed in light of existing rugby injury prevention strategies in South Africa, in particular the Players’ Fund ‘Power of Prevention’ programme. Implications for the development of these and possible new prevention strategies will be discussed. Due to the lack of previous research in this area, this presentation will contribute new insight from one of the world’s biggest rugby playing nations.
Surveillance of injury and injury prevention behaviour in New Zealand amateur soccer
344
B. McNoe1* & D. Chalmers1 1 Injury Prevention Research Unit, University Of Otago
Monday 15 October
Soccer is a popular sport in New Zealand with high levels of participation among young people but where some players continue to play into their 40’s and 50’s. SoccerSmart is a national injury prevention programme, that is being implemented by New Zealand Soccer. To monitor the effectiveness of this programme, a valid and reliable means for routinely measuring the incidence, nature and circumstances of soccer injury, and measuring adherence by players to injury prevention measures promoted by New Zealand Soccer is essential. This paper describes implementation of a surveillance system designed for this purpose. A cohort of 880 amateur players sampled from two of seven soccer federations were recruited prior to commencement of competition and then followed up weekly through the season by means of telephone interviews. Data were collected on training sessions, matches, injury prevention behaviour and injuries. The incidence rate was 50.2 injury events per 1,000 match hours and 9.0 injury events per 1,000 training hours. 93% of players reported warming up before training sessions and 97% before matches. 53% of players reported cooling down after training and 39% after matches. In 15% of games, players reported being the victim of foul play and approximately one quarter of game injuries were the result of foul play. Shin pads were worn in 99% of matches and 64% of training sessions. While players demonstrated appropriate behaviour in a number of areas, there is room for increased adherence to other aspects of SoccerSmart.
Effects of participation level, apparatus and training phase on training load of young female gymnasts
345
L. Burt1*, G. Naughton1, R. Landeo1 & D. Higham1 1 Centre of Physical Activity Across the Lifespan, Australian Catholic University
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of participation level (international and national), apparatus (beam and floor) and training phase (pre-competition and competition) on estimates of training load in young, female gymnasts. Twenty-five gymnasts from an international [n=12; age = 9.3 years (7-12 years)] and national [n=13; age = 9.8 years (9-13 years)] levels program were assessed during two training sessions in both pre-competition and competition training phases on the balance beam and floor apparatus. Video analysis was used to determine the frequency of observed gymnastic-specific movements including estimates of, ankle and wrist impacts, landings, balance-related skills, and rotations. Additional movement analysis for vertical acceleration and total steps was provided by an accelerometer. To further estimate training load, 16 gymnasts performed additional skills, common to both groups, on a force platform. Three-way interactions were observed between participation level, apparatus and training phase for ankle impacts (p<0.0001) and landings (p=0.006). Two-way interactions were strongest for group by phase interactions as significance was achieved for all dependent variables with the exception of acceleration. Group was the strongest main effect variable as it was statistically different for all variables. Force platform data revealed no differences between forces of both participation levels across all skills. This study has shown that many factors must be considered when evaluating training load and periodisation effects of gymnastics participation. The high mechanical loading of the lower body must be closely monitored to ensure the longevity of athletes and minimise the risk of injuries.
346
Suitability of FIFA’s ‘The 11’ injury prevention programme for young football players - impact on physical performance and potential injury risk H. Tunstall1* 1 New Zealand Football
“The 11” injury prevention programme was developed by FIFA’s medical research centre (F-MARC) to help reduce the risk of injury in football players aged 14 years and over. Improvement in physical condition has been associated with reduced incidence and severity of injury. As such, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of “The 11” and it’s suitability for younger football players. Twenty-four [12 experimental (EXP), 12 control (CON)] young football players (age 10.4 ± 1.4 yr) participated. The EXP group followed “The 11” training programme 5 days per week, for 6 weeks, completing all but one of the 10 exercises, Prior to and after the intervention, both EXP and CON groups performed a battery of football-specific physical tests. Changes in performance scores within each group were compared using independent t-tests (P≤0.05). No injuries occurred during the study in either group. Compliance to the intervention was 70%. Measures of leg power (3 step jump and counter-movement jump) increased significantly (3.9 and 5.9% respectively, P<0.05 and P<0.01). Speed over 20 m improved by 2% (P=0.008). Qualitatively, most players considered “The 11” beneficial, but not enjoyable in the prescribed format. Given the observed improvements in the physical abilities and the perceived benefits of “The 11”, it would appear that a modified version of “The 11” programme is appropriate and should be included in the training of young football players for performance enhancement and potential injury prevention purposes.
115