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3D atlas of the human brain from MR data: a new teaching and research resource
SATURDAY,, MAY 21
ratings of sulcal prominence most robustly distinguish patients from controis, and that other morphologic markers (ventricular volume, mesiotemporal volume, and hemisphere asymmetries) account for additional variance between the groups. These findings support the hypothesis that different morphologic abnormalities may mark independent pathologic processes in schizophrenia.
381. BASAL GANGLIA VOLUME IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: AN MR STUDY H. Hokama t, M.E. Shenton I, R. Kikinis 2, F.A. Jolesz 2, & R.W. McCarley t tThe Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brockton VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and, 2The Surgical Planning Laboratory, MR! Division, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School MR scans were obtained from 15 schizophrenics (SZ) and 15 normal controis (NCL) who were matched for sex, age, handedness, and social class of origin (male, right-handed, mean age-38 years). These subjects had been part of a previous study that had shown no overall differences in whole gray matter, white matter, or CSF but localized volume reductions in schizophrenics: !) a 19% decrease in left anterior hippocampus/ amygdala; 2) a 13% decrease in volume in left parahippocampal gyms (vs. 8 % on the fight); and 3) a 15 % decrease in volume in the left superior temporal gyms (STG). The MR scans were obtained from a 1.5 Tesla magnet using a 3D Fourier-transform (3DFF) spoiled-gradient-recalled acquisition (SPGR). Voxel dimensions were 0.9 by 0.9 by ! .5 and the data were stored as 1241.5-mm coronal slices. Automated segmentation methods, 3D slice editing techniques which allow reformatting of slices in three different planes, and 3D surface rendering techniques were then applied to these data sets to create 3D representations of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. A significant overall increase in basal ganglia volume was noted in schizophrenics (F (I, 11.57)- 16.03, p _< 0.001; mean - 19.77+2.57 for NCL; mean22.79-~.2.56 for SZ). A statistically significant group X tissue interaction (subdivisions of the basal ganglia- caudate, potamen, and globus pallidus) was also observed (F (2, 2.90)-6.22, p<0.01). The potamen was the subdivision with the largest SZ-NCL difference (mean- 8.55mi +1.15 for NCL, mean- 10.24m1:1:i.01 SZ). A significant laterality effect (left>right) was observed (F (i, 9.20)-25.57, p<0.001)for both groups. These results are consistent with recent reports of basal ganglia abnormalities in schizophrenia based on MR (e.g., Jemigan et al., 1991; Lieberman et al., 1993) and post-mortem (e.g., Heekers et al., 1991) data. However, mechanisms related to increased tissue volumes are still unknown although these resuits suggest volume changes may be related to a disturbance in neuronal development or possibly to the chronic effect of neuroleptics.
382. USE OF 3D MR SURFACE RENDERINGS FOR MEASURING PLANUM TEMPORALE M.E. Shenton l, H. Hokama 1, R. Kikinis 2, M. Ballard l, D.P. Holinger 3, A. Galaburda 3, F.A. Jolesz 2, & R.W. McCarley ! 1The Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brockton VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry; 2The Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Department of Radiology; and 3Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School We here report a novel technology to evaluate the planum temporale (IT).
BIOL PSYCHIATRY 721 1994;35:615-747
MR scans were obtained from ! 5 schizophrenics and 15 normal controls who were matched for sex, age, handedness, and social class of origin (male, right-handed, mean age-38 years). These subjects had been part of a previous study that showed: !) a 19% decrease in left anterior hip. pocampus/amygdala; 2) a i 3 % decrease in volume in left parahippocampal gyms (vs. 8 % on the right); and 3) a 15% decrease in volume in the left superior temporal gyms ($TG), with decreases in the latter being correlated r--0.8 ! with amount of thought disorder, in this study, we focused on the PT in order to delineate further abnormalities within the temporal lobe. The MR scans were obtained from a !.5 Tesla magnet using a 3D Fourier transform (3DFT) spoiled-gradient-recalled acquisition (SPGR). Voxel dimensions were 0.9 by 0.9 by i.5 and the data were stored as 124 1.5-mm coronal slices. Automated segmentation methods, 3D slice editing techniques which allow reformatting of slices in three different planes, and 3D surface rendering techniques were then applied to these data sets to create 3D representations of the temporal lobe. We then used a novel computerized "surgical cutting instrument" (pointing instrument-guided lines on surface rendered image) to cut the surface of the 3D rendered PT. While the entire data set has not yet been assessed, prelimi. nary data on I ! schizophrenics and ! i normal controls suggest differences in these structures between groups and indicate the utility of this method.
383. 3D ATLAS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN FROM MR DATA: A NEW TEACHING AND RESEARCH RESOURCE M.E. Shenton I, H. Hokama I, R. Kikinis 2, C.G. Wible l, F.A. Jolesz 2, & R.W. McCarley I 1The Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brockton VA Mec~cal Center, Department of Psychiatry, and 2The Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School Magnetic resonance (MR) data sets consist of two-dimensional (2D) slices that contain three-dimensional (3D) information. Radiologists traditionally analyze these 2D slices and reconstruct them mentally into 3D shapes. Up to now, 3D visualization techniques have not been applied to MR scans because the data were not adequate. Currently, however, with new acquisition sequences and new computer graphics methods, it is pos. sible to analyze tomographic volume in 3D. We here present initial pilot data from a project creating a human brain atlas from MR data. MR scans were obtained on a !.5 Tesla magnet using a 3D Fourier-transform (3DFr) spoiled.gradient-recalled acquisition (SPGR). Voxel dimensions were 0.9 by 0.9 by !.5 and the data were stored as 124 1.5-mm coronal slices. Automated segmentation methods, 3D slice editing techniques which allow reformatting of slices in three different planes, and 3D surface rendering techniques were then applied to these data sets to show 3D representations of neuroanatomical regions of interest. Thus far, our human brain atlas depicts cerebral cortical gray matter (subdivided by lobe), cerebellum, brainstem structures including the ports and medulla, corpus caliosum, basal ganglia structures, limbic system structures, and the ventricular system. Part of the white matter structure, including the corticospinal and the optic radiations are also reconstructed in 3D to show the proximal relationships of these brain structures. This digitized human brain atlas and features will be illustrated in a videotape as well as in photographic images. This atlas will later be expanded and used to automatically register new MR data sets using non-linear techniques ("brain warping"). This atlas also has the possibility of serving as a basis for teaching neumanatomy, since the spatial relationships can be more readily grouped when the student is able to view and rotate the structures in 3D space.
ratings of sulcal prominence most robustly distinguish patients from controis, and that other morphologic markers (ventricular volume, mesiotemporal volume, and hemisphere asymmetries) account for additional variance between the groups. These findings support the hypothesis that different morphologic abnormalities may mark independent pathologic processes in schizophrenia.
381. BASAL GANGLIA VOLUME IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: AN MR STUDY H. Hokama t, M.E. Shenton I, R. Kikinis 2, F.A. Jolesz 2, & R.W. McCarley t tThe Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brockton VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and, 2The Surgical Planning Laboratory, MR! Division, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School MR scans were obtained from 15 schizophrenics (SZ) and 15 normal controis (NCL) who were matched for sex, age, handedness, and social class of origin (male, right-handed, mean age-38 years). These subjects had been part of a previous study that had shown no overall differences in whole gray matter, white matter, or CSF but localized volume reductions in schizophrenics: !) a 19% decrease in left anterior hippocampus/ amygdala; 2) a 13% decrease in volume in left parahippocampal gyms (vs. 8 % on the fight); and 3) a 15 % decrease in volume in the left superior temporal gyms (STG). The MR scans were obtained from a 1.5 Tesla magnet using a 3D Fourier-transform (3DFF) spoiled-gradient-recalled acquisition (SPGR). Voxel dimensions were 0.9 by 0.9 by ! .5 and the data were stored as 1241.5-mm coronal slices. Automated segmentation methods, 3D slice editing techniques which allow reformatting of slices in three different planes, and 3D surface rendering techniques were then applied to these data sets to create 3D representations of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. A significant overall increase in basal ganglia volume was noted in schizophrenics (F (I, 11.57)- 16.03, p _< 0.001; mean - 19.77+2.57 for NCL; mean22.79-~.2.56 for SZ). A statistically significant group X tissue interaction (subdivisions of the basal ganglia- caudate, potamen, and globus pallidus) was also observed (F (2, 2.90)-6.22, p<0.01). The potamen was the subdivision with the largest SZ-NCL difference (mean- 8.55mi +1.15 for NCL, mean- 10.24m1:1:i.01 SZ). A significant laterality effect (left>right) was observed (F (i, 9.20)-25.57, p<0.001)for both groups. These results are consistent with recent reports of basal ganglia abnormalities in schizophrenia based on MR (e.g., Jemigan et al., 1991; Lieberman et al., 1993) and post-mortem (e.g., Heekers et al., 1991) data. However, mechanisms related to increased tissue volumes are still unknown although these resuits suggest volume changes may be related to a disturbance in neuronal development or possibly to the chronic effect of neuroleptics.
382. USE OF 3D MR SURFACE RENDERINGS FOR MEASURING PLANUM TEMPORALE M.E. Shenton l, H. Hokama 1, R. Kikinis 2, M. Ballard l, D.P. Holinger 3, A. Galaburda 3, F.A. Jolesz 2, & R.W. McCarley ! 1The Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brockton VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry; 2The Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Department of Radiology; and 3Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School We here report a novel technology to evaluate the planum temporale (IT).
BIOL PSYCHIATRY 721 1994;35:615-747
MR scans were obtained from ! 5 schizophrenics and 15 normal controls who were matched for sex, age, handedness, and social class of origin (male, right-handed, mean age-38 years). These subjects had been part of a previous study that showed: !) a 19% decrease in left anterior hip. pocampus/amygdala; 2) a i 3 % decrease in volume in left parahippocampal gyms (vs. 8 % on the right); and 3) a 15% decrease in volume in the left superior temporal gyms ($TG), with decreases in the latter being correlated r--0.8 ! with amount of thought disorder, in this study, we focused on the PT in order to delineate further abnormalities within the temporal lobe. The MR scans were obtained from a !.5 Tesla magnet using a 3D Fourier transform (3DFT) spoiled-gradient-recalled acquisition (SPGR). Voxel dimensions were 0.9 by 0.9 by i.5 and the data were stored as 124 1.5-mm coronal slices. Automated segmentation methods, 3D slice editing techniques which allow reformatting of slices in three different planes, and 3D surface rendering techniques were then applied to these data sets to create 3D representations of the temporal lobe. We then used a novel computerized "surgical cutting instrument" (pointing instrument-guided lines on surface rendered image) to cut the surface of the 3D rendered PT. While the entire data set has not yet been assessed, prelimi. nary data on I ! schizophrenics and ! i normal controls suggest differences in these structures between groups and indicate the utility of this method.
383. 3D ATLAS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN FROM MR DATA: A NEW TEACHING AND RESEARCH RESOURCE M.E. Shenton I, H. Hokama I, R. Kikinis 2, C.G. Wible l, F.A. Jolesz 2, & R.W. McCarley I 1The Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brockton VA Mec~cal Center, Department of Psychiatry, and 2The Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School Magnetic resonance (MR) data sets consist of two-dimensional (2D) slices that contain three-dimensional (3D) information. Radiologists traditionally analyze these 2D slices and reconstruct them mentally into 3D shapes. Up to now, 3D visualization techniques have not been applied to MR scans because the data were not adequate. Currently, however, with new acquisition sequences and new computer graphics methods, it is pos. sible to analyze tomographic volume in 3D. We here present initial pilot data from a project creating a human brain atlas from MR data. MR scans were obtained on a !.5 Tesla magnet using a 3D Fourier-transform (3DFr) spoiled.gradient-recalled acquisition (SPGR). Voxel dimensions were 0.9 by 0.9 by !.5 and the data were stored as 124 1.5-mm coronal slices. Automated segmentation methods, 3D slice editing techniques which allow reformatting of slices in three different planes, and 3D surface rendering techniques were then applied to these data sets to show 3D representations of neuroanatomical regions of interest. Thus far, our human brain atlas depicts cerebral cortical gray matter (subdivided by lobe), cerebellum, brainstem structures including the ports and medulla, corpus caliosum, basal ganglia structures, limbic system structures, and the ventricular system. Part of the white matter structure, including the corticospinal and the optic radiations are also reconstructed in 3D to show the proximal relationships of these brain structures. This digitized human brain atlas and features will be illustrated in a videotape as well as in photographic images. This atlas will later be expanded and used to automatically register new MR data sets using non-linear techniques ("brain warping"). This atlas also has the possibility of serving as a basis for teaching neumanatomy, since the spatial relationships can be more readily grouped when the student is able to view and rotate the structures in 3D space.