4. Biokinetic data and models

4. BIOKINETIC DATA AND MODELS (137) The aim of this report is to give dose coefficients for the offspring following single (acute) or continuous (chronic) intakes of selected radionuclides by the mother either before or during pregnancy. (138) Table 4.1 summarises the elements and radionuclides for which dosimetric models and dose coefficients have been developed. The biokinetic data used as a basis for the dosimetric models are given in Sections 4.1 to 4.31 together with dose coefficients for the offspring of members of the public. For the offspring of workers, dose coefficients are given in Annex D. 4.1. Hydrogen 4.1.1. Biokinetic data (139) The behaviour of radioisotopes of hydrogen (H) in mother and offspring depends on the chemical form entering the body. Two chemical forms are considered: tritiated water (HTO) and organic compounds of tritium (organicallybound tritium : OBT). (a) Tritiated water (140) Tritiated water (HTO) rapidly enters the systemic circulation of the mother after intakes by inhalation or ingestion. Physiological studies demonstrate that water rapidly crosses the placenta and other membranes, moving freely in both directions. As a consequence, tritiated water has been used clinically in tracer studies of placental transport. (141) The composition of the human fetus undergoes marked changes throughout gestation. The general trend is a progressive decrease in the proportion of body water and an increase in body protein, fat, and minerals. Several studies of fetal body composition have been published (Iob and Swanson, 1934; Widdowson and Spray, 1951). The body water content of a 10-week-old fetus is about 920 ml kg
1 (ICRP, 1975) and declines to about 700 ml kg
1 at birth (ICRP, 1975; Ziegler et al., 1976); the average value throughout the fetal period is about 800 ml kg
1. For reference, the body water content of a nongravid female is about 500 ml kg
1 (ICRP, 1975). The half-time of body water in a 58 kg nongravid female (500 ml body water per kg body weight), assuming a daily water intake of 2.1 l (total water intake included water of oxidation) is 9.6 days. This is in reasonable agreement with the half-times of 10 days for the short-term component of retention recommended by ICRP (1989). (142) Tritiated water promptly enters the systemic circulation of the mother following inhalation or ingestion intakes and rapidly mixes with maternal body water, fetal body water, and amniotic fluid. Observation following administration of 18Olabelled water indicates that the mixing of these pools is sufficiently complete that one can assume that within a few hours after the intake the specific activity of tritium would be the same in all pools (Forsum et al., 1988; Catalano et al., 1995). 69

ICRP Publication 88 Table 4.1. Elements for which dosimetric models and dose coefficients have been developed Section

Elements

ICRP Publication for

Radionuclides

details of biokinetic model 4.1

Hydrogen

56 and 71

3

4.2

Carbon

56 and 71

14

H C

4.3

Sulphur

67 and 71

35

4.4

Calciun

71

45

S Ca, 47Ca

4.5

Iron

69 and 71

55

4.6

Cobalt

67 and 71

57

67 and 71

59

4.7

Nickel

Fe, 59Fe Co,58Co,60Co Ni,63Ni

4.8

Zinc

67 and 71

65

4.9

Selenium

69 and 71

75

4.10

Strontium

67 and 71

89

Zn Se,79Se Sr,90Sr

4.11

Zirconium

67 and 71

95

4.12

Niobiuum

67 and 71

94

Zr Nb,95Nb

4.13

Molybdenum

67 and 71

99

4.14

Technetium

67 and 71

99

56, 67 and 71

103

67 and 71

108m

4.15 4.16

Ruthenium Silver

Mo Tc,99mTc Ru,106Ru Ag,110mAg

4.17

Antimony

69 and 71

124

Sb,125Sb,126Sb,127Sb

4.18

Tellurium

69 and 71

127m

Te,129mTe,

131m

Te,132Te

4.19

Iodine

56, 67 and 71

125 129 131 132 133

I,

I,

I,

I,

I,

134 135

I,

4.20

Caesium

56, 67 and 71

134

4.21

Barium

67 and 71

133

67 and 71

141

4.22

Cerium

Cs,136Cs,137Cs Ba,140Ba Ce,144Ce

4.23

Lead

67 and 71

210

4.24

Polonium

67 and 71

210

4.25

Radium

67 and 71

224

69 and 71

228

4.26

Thorium

I

Pb Po Ra,226Ra,228Ra Th,230Th,

232

Th,234Th

4.27

Uranium

69 and 71

232

U,233U,234U,235U,

236

U,238U

4.28 4.29

Neptunium Plutonium

67 and 71

237

67 and 71

238

Np,239Np Pu,239Pu,

240

Pu,241Pu

4.30 4.31

Americium Curium

67 and 71

241

71

136

Am,243Am Cs,137Cs

70

ICRP Publication 88 Table 4.2. Body water content Quantity Age (wks, approx) Mass of Embryo/Fetus (g) Total body water (%) Adult mass (kg) Total body water (%) (range)

6 0.5 93–95

9 10 92–94 70 (male) 60 (50–70)

14 100 90

16 200 88

26 1000 82–84

38 3500 70–72

58 (female) 51 (46–60)

From ICRP (1975).

(143) Studies of the maternal body composition during pregnancy were first reviewed by Hytten and Leitch (1971). These authors concluded that the main changes in maternal body composition are increases in total body water and fat. More recent longitudinal studies of changes in body composition during pregnancy have been performed in various European populations (Pipe et al., 1979; Forsum et al., 1989; van Raaij et al., 1988) and on Americans (Catalano et al., 1995). These data confirm the earlier findings of a progressive increase in maternal body water and fat, although some disagreement is evident with regard to absolute values. The values for fetal body water and the volume of amniotic fluid derived from different methodologies appears to be the source of much of the disagreement. Information on the body water of the developing embryo/fetus and adult is given in Table 4.2. (144) In a recent review of physiological changes during pregnancy, Munro and Eckerman (1998) were unable to establish an increase in fluid intake or change in daily urine output during pregnancy. Thus it may be that the additional volume of body water accumulated within the maternal-fetal unit is a consequence of changes in the retention of body water during pregnancy. Calculation suggests this may be reflected in a change in half-time from about 9.6 days at the start of pregnancy to 12.2 days at term. However, it is considered that these differences are too small to warrant a change from the standard assumption of a half-time of retention of 10 days for body water. (145) Information on the behaviour of tritiated water is also available from studies in experimental animals. Levack et al. (1998) administered tritiated water to pregnant rats from conception to either day 13 or day 22 and to pregnant guinea pigs from conception to day 60. The CF:CM ratios were 0.4 on day 13 and 1.3 on day 22 in rats and 1.1 in guinea pigs. The corresponding CPl:CM ratios were 0.3, 1.4, and 1.6. Similarly, Ueno et al. (1979) administered HTO subcutaneously to mice at various stages of pregnancy and interpreted measurements of 3H in tissues after birth as indicating CF:CM ratios of 1.0–1.4. Inomata (1983) gave pregnant mice HTO in drinking water for 19 days and found a 20% higher concentration in the fetuses and newborns than the mothers; 10%–20% of incorporated 3H was organically-bound 71

ICRP Publication 88

in the mothers compared with 3% in the fetuses. These CF:CM ratios probably reflect the increased water content of the embryo/fetus relative to the mother. (146) For pregnant sows ingesting tritiated water the activity of tritium in the plasma of the dam rapidly approached equilibrium with a specific activity, relative to that administered, of about 0.7, the same as was found in newborn pigs. With the exception of the brain, for which concentrations were lower, all organs in the mother and newborn had the same specific activity (Bruwaene et al., 1982). Kirchmann et al. (1973) gave HTO to a pregnant goat in drinking water throughout gestation. The HTO concentration in the kid at birth was 65% of the concentration of the HTO drunk by the mother. Maternal concentrations were not given. (147) Jones et al. (1980) gave HTO intraperitoneally to squirrel monkeys on the day of mating followed by HTO in their drinking water throughout gestation. Progeny were killed at birth when their tissue concentrations of HTO were 60%–70% of that in the maternally ingested water. The HTO in maternal urine was 75% of the concentration of that in the ingested concentration. (148) Moskalev et al. (1973) gave tritiated water to pregnant rats throughout gestation and reported retention of 0.015% of injected activity per fetus at birth. Maternal retention was not given but concentrations in the fetuses were 2–3 times less than for maternal soft tissues and about the same as for the maternal skeleton. (b) Organically bound tritium (149) Tritium may be present in organically bound forms (OBT) either in food or in organic compounds. Pietrzak-Flis et al. (1982) compared levels of non-exchangeable tritium in mothers and neonates after administration of either tritiated water or lyophilised 3H-labelled meat from 3 weeks prior to conception to term. After administration of HTO, the specific activity of non-exchangeable 3H in neonatal tissues was about 20% greater than in maternal tissues, whereas after administration of labelled meat, there was no difference in specific activities between fetal and maternal tissues. Administration of labelled meat led to 3–5 fold greater concentrations of non-exchangeable 3H in both fetus and maternal tissues. (150) Levack et al. (1998) administered 3H-labelled glucose to pregnant rats from conception to either day 13 or day 22 of pregnancy and to pregnant guinea pigs from conception to day 60. CF:CM ratios were 0.8 on day 13 and 1.4 on day 22 in rats and 1.3 in guinea pigs. The corresponding CPl:CM ratios were 0.3, 1.2, and 1.7. Rat liver and cress were prepared as sources of food containing 3H. Liver and cress were fed to pregnant rats from conception to either day 13 or day 22 of pregnancy. CF:CM ratios were 1.1 in both cases on day 13 and 1.4–1.5 on day 22. Corresponding CPl:CM ratios were 0.6–0.7 and about 1.4. Cress was also fed to guinea pigs from conception to day 60, resulting in a CF:CM ratio of 1.1 and a CPl:CM of 1.7. (151) Inomata (1983) fed tritiated foods to dams for 18 days and found no difference in tissue 3H concentrations (free or bound 3H) between dams, fetuses, and neonates; concentrations were higher than for animals given HTO by a factor of 1.4–1.6. 72

ICRP Publication 88

(152) Van-Hees et al. (1986) fed OBT in various types of dried food (milk, potato, and algae) to a pregnant sow from 84 days before delivery. A piglet analysed at birth contained organically-bound tritium at a concentration about equal to that of the food fed to the sow whereas tritiated water concentrations were about 4 times lower. Organically bound tritium concentrations in the piglet were highest in the erythrocytes, kidneys, and heart. The biological half-times of tritium measured after weaning were 50 days in the erythrocytes, 10–20 days increasing to 20–50 days in the kidneys and liver, 30 days in brain tissue and >100 days for skin and muscle. (153) Takeda et al. (1994) compared maternal and fetal concentrations of 3H at 24 hours after oral administration of HTO, 3H-thymidine, and 3H-lysine to rats on either day 13 or day 17 of pregnancy. For administration on day 17, transfer to the fetuses was about 8%, 9%, and 19%, of administered 3H per litter, respectively. Fetal doses after administration of 3H-lysine were estimated as 1.5 to 3 times higher than for HTO or 3H-thymidine. (154) Gerber and Maes (1981) gave food enriched with tritiated thymidine to mice throughout gestation. He found 2–2.5% of the administered 3H in the nucleic acid of the neonate at birth (similar to maternal values). (155) Some forms of OBT, especially DNA precursors, such as 3H-thymidine or 3 H-amino acids, may be preferentially incorporated into the nuclei of rapidly dividing cells in the embryo and fetus, or into structural proteins. Such preferential incorporation is small,  1.5% of the total OBT in the body; however, the retention of 3H in DNA or structural proteins may well be considerably longer than that in other cellular components, with half-times measured in hundreds of days.

4.1.2. Models (a) Adult (156) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). In this model the retention of tritiated water is described by two components of retention with half-times of 10 days (97%) and 40 days (3%). For OBT, retention is again described by two components of retention with half-times of 10 days (50%) and 40 days (50%). In both cases, the two components correspond to 3H retained in the body as HTO (short-term component) and in nonexchangeable organically-bound form (OBT). Tritium is taken to be uniformly distributed throughout the body as HTO and OBT. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (157) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. 73

ICRP Publication 88

(158) For the purposes of dosimetry, the specific activity of tritium in the body water of the fetus is assumed to be the same as in the mother at all times after intake. Based on an average percentage body water in the fetus of 80% compared with a value of about 50% for the mother (see Table), a CF:CM ratio of 1.6 is adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for HTO, applied to intakes both before and during pregnancy. (159) While it is reasonable to assume that HTO concentrations in body water will be the same in the fetus and mother, this is unlikely to apply to OBT in the mother. Using the same CF:CM ratio of 1.6 for the two components of retention, HTO and OBT, is probably conservative. This conservatism can be assumed to be negligible for intakes of HTO since incorporation into OBT in maternal tissues accounts for a small proportion of tritium reaching blood (3% assumed). However, for intakes as OBT, a larger proportion of 3H reaching blood may be incorporated into OBT in maternal tissues (50% assumed). For any intakes of 3H labelled methane (CH4) it is assumed that 1% is metabolised to HTO (CF:CM=1.6). (160) Tritium in the fetus is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all tissues. (161) The concentration of 3H in the placenta is taken to be the same as in maternal tissues for intakes of HTO or OBT before and during pregnancy (CPl: CM=1). (162) For the offspring following birth, the parameters adopted in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989) for the 3-month old infant are adopted. Thus half-times of 3 days and 8 days are applied to 97% and 3%, respectively, of body activity for intakes as HTO and equal proportions for intakes as OBT. 4.1.3. References for Hydrogen Bruwaene, R.V., Gerber, G.B., Kirchmann, R., Hoek, J., Van Den Hoek, J., Vankerkom, J. (1982) Tritium metabolism in young pigs after exposure of the mothers to tritium oxide during pregnancy. Radiat. Res. 91, 124–134. Catalano, P.M., William, W.W., Drago, N.M. et al. (1995) Estimating body composition in late gestation: a new hydration constant for body density and total body water. Am. J. Physiol. 268, 153–158. Forsum, E., Sadurskis, A., Wager, J. (1988) Resting metabolic rate and body composition of healthy Swedish women during pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 943–947. Forsum, E., Sadurskis, A., Wager, J. (1989) Estimation of body fat in healthy Swedish women during pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50(3), 465–473. Gerber, G.B., Maes, J. (1981) Incorporation and turnover of tritium in neonatal mice and their mothers after feeding tritiated thymidine during pregnancy. Health Physics 40, 755–759. Hytten, F.E., Leitch, I. (1971) The volume and composition of blood. In: The Physiology of Human Pregnancy, 2nd Edition. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1–68. ICRP (1975) Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford. ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2). Iob, V., Swanson., W.W. (1934) Mineral growth of the human fetus. Am. J. Dis. Child 47, 302–306. Inomata, T. (1983) Behaviours of tritium in terrestrial biological system. Environmental seminar on the study of tritium behaviour in the environment and human body. NIRS, 287, Meeting in Chiba, Japan 3–4 December 1981, pp. 141–155 (Abstract). 74

ICRP Publication 88 Jones, D.C.L., Krebs, J.S., Sasmore, D.P. et al. (1980) Evaluation of neonatal squirrel monkeys receiving tritiated water throughout gestation. Radiat. Res. 83, 592–606. Kirchmann, R., Remy, J., Charles, P. et al. (1973) Distribution et incorporation du tritium dans les organes de ruminants. In: Environmental Behaviour of Radionuclides Release in the Nuclear Industry. IAEA Collog/NEA/OMS Aix en Provence, pp. 385–402. Levack, V., Kozlowski, R., Harrison, J.D. (1998) Biokinetics, Dosimetry and Effects of Tritium in the Embryo and Fetus. Contract report to AECB, Canada. NRPB-M962. Moskalev, Y.I., Lyaginskaya, A.M., Isotomina, A.G. (1973) Tritium oxide transfer through placenta, its intake with milk and biological action of tritiated water on the fetus. In: Moghissi, A.A., Carter, M.W. (Eds.), Tritium. Messenger Graphics, Phoenix, pp. 245–251. Munro, N.B., Eckerman, K.F. (1998) Impacts of physiological changes during pregnancy on maternal biokinetic modelling. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1–4, 327–333. Pietrzak-Flis, Z., Radwan, I., Major, Z. et al. (1982) Tritium incorporation in rats chronically exposed to tritiated food or tritiated water for three successive generations. J. Radiat. Res. 22, 434–442. Pipe, N.G., Smith, T., Halliday, D. et al. (1979) Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 86 (12), 929–940. Takeda, H., Nishimura, Y., Inaba, J. (1994) Transfer of tritium to prenatal and neonatal rats from their mothers exposed to tritiated compounds. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 53, 281–284. Ueno, Y., Nakamura, S., Takahashi, T. et al. (1979) Transfer of tritium to foetuses and newborns from mother mice administered with tritiated water. In: Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment, Proc. Int. IAEA and NEA, OECD Symp., San Francisco, October 1978. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 445–452. Van-Hees, M., Gerber, G.B., Kirchmann, R. et al. (1986) Retention in young pigs of organically-bound tritium given during pregnancy and lactation. Workshop on environmental and human risks of tritium. Karlsruhe, 17–19 February 1986. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 16, 123–126. van Raaij, J.M., Peek, M.E., Vermaat-Miedema, S.H. et al. (1988) New equations for estimating body fat mass in pregnancy from body density or total body water. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48 (1), 24–29. Widdowson, E.M., Spray, C.M. (1951) Chemical development in utero. Arch. Dis. Child 26, 205–214. Ziegler, E.E., O’Donnell, A.M., Nelson, S.E. et al. (1976) Body composition of the reference fetus. Growth 40, 329–341.

75

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of H-3 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of H-3 (T1/2=12.3 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation of organically bound tritium <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.0E-12 6.5E-13 2.0E-12 5.8E-11 1.6E-11 5.8E-11 6.7E-11 3.5E-11 6.7E-11 7.7E-11 4.4E-11 7.7E-11 7.4E-11 NA 7.4E-11 6.2E-11 NA 6.2E-11 2.9E-11 NA 2.9E-11

<1E-15 4.0E-15 9.8E-14 1.8E-13 3.3E-13 6.2E-13 2.1E-12 9.6E-12

<1E-15 2.0E-12 5.8E-11 6.7E-11 7.7E-11 7.5E-11 6.4E-11 3.9E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation of tritiated water vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-13 3.9E-14 1.2E-13 2.3E-11 1.8E-12 2.3E-11 2.6E-11 1.2E-11 2.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.1E-11 3.6E-11 3.4E-11 NA 3.4E-11 3.2E-11 NA 3.2E-11 2.3E-11 NA 2.3E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.1E-15 5.7E-15 1.0E-14 1.9E-14 8.4E-14 2.7E-12

<1E-15 1.2E-13 2.3E-11 2.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.4E-11 3.2E-11 2.6E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All

Inhalation of elemental hydrogen vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.3E-15 <1E-15 2.3E-15 2.6E-15 1.2E-15 2.6E-15 3.6E-15 3.1E-15 3.6E-15 3.4E-15 NA 3.4E-15 3.2E-15 NA 3.2E-15 2.3E-15 NA 2.3E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.3E-15 2.6E-15 3.6E-15 3.4E-15 3.2E-15 2.6E-15


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation of tritiated methane <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-15 2.3E-13 1.8E-14 2.3E-13 2.6E-13 1.2E-13 2.6E-13 3.6E-13 3.1E-13 3.6E-13 3.4E-13 NA 3.4E-13 3.2E-13 NA 3.2E-13 2.3E-13 NA 2.3E-13

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.7E-14

<1E-15 1.2E-15 2.3E-13 2.6E-13 3.6E-13 3.4E-13 3.2E-13 2.6E-13

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

76

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of H-3 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of H-3 (T1/2=12.3 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 4.0E-14 1.3E-14 4.0E-14 7.8E-12 6.3E-13 7.8E-12 8.9E-12 4.1E-12 8.9E-12 1.2E-11 1.1E-11 1.2E-11 1.2E-11 NA 1.2E-11 1.1E-11 NA 1.1E-11 8.0E-12 NA 8.0E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.0E-15 1.9E-15 3.6E-15 6.6E-15 2.9E-14 9.1E-13

<1E-15 4.0E-14 7.8E-12 8.9E-12 1.2E-11 1.2E-11 1.1E-11 8.9E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 7.0E-15 2.1E-15 7.0E-15 <1E-15 5.4E-13 1.6E-13 5.4E-13 4.6E-15 2.8E-12 6.6E-13 2.8E-12 1.4E-14 3.0E-12 1.3E-12 3.0E-12 1.7E-14 3.3E-12 1.8E-12 3.3E-12 2.2E-14 3.1E-12 NA 3.1E-12 2.8E-14 2.5E-12 NA 2.5E-12 5.0E-14 1.2E-12 NA 1.2E-12 1.9E-13

7.1E-15 5.4E-13 2.8E-12 3.0E-12 3.3E-12 3.1E-12 2.5E-12 1.4E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 2.3E-14 5.6E-15 2.3E-14 <1E-15 5.1E-14 1.2E-14 5.1E-14 <1E-15 1.3E-13 2.7E-14 1.3E-13 1.1E-15 1.4E-13 5.7E-14 1.4E-13 1.2E-15 1.5E-13 8.8E-14 1.5E-13 1.3E-15 1.4E-13 NA 1.4E-13 1.4E-15 1.1E-13 NA 1.1E-13 2.0E-15 6.2E-14 NA 6.2E-14 9.0E-15

2.3E-14 5.2E-14 1.3E-13 1.4E-13 1.5E-13 1.4E-13 1.1E-13 7.1E-14


130{
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

<1E-15 1.2E-13 2.3E-11 2.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.4E-11 3.2E-11 2.3E-11

Ingestion: f1=1.0 <1E-15 3.9E-14 1.8E-12 1.2E-11 3.1E-11 NA NA NA

<1E-15 1.2E-13 2.3E-11 2.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.4E-11 3.2E-11 2.3E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.1E-15 5.7E-15 1.0E-14 1.9E-14 8.4E-14 2.7E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

77

<1E-15 1.2E-13 2.3E-11 2.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.4E-11 3.2E-11 2.6E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of H-3 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of H-3 (T1/2=12.3 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) All All All All All All All

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion of organically bound tritium: f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.9E-12 6.4E-13 1.9E-12 5.8E-11 1.6E-11 5.8E-11 6.6E-11 3.4E-11 6.6E-11 7.6E-11 4.4E-11 7.6E-11 7.3E-11 NA 7.3E-11 6.2E-11 NA 6.2E-11 2.9E-11 NA 2.9E-11

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 4.0E-15 9.7E-14 1.8E-13 3.3E-13 6.1E-13 2.1E-12 9.5E-12

<1E-15 1.9E-12 5.8E-11 6.6E-11 7.6E-11 7.4E-11 6.4E-11 3.9E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

78

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of H-3 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of H-3 (T1/2=12.3 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of organically bound tritium 1.6E-12 5.0E-13 1.6E-12 7.9E-12 2.5E-12 7.9E-12 6.0E-11 1.3E-11 6.0E-11

3.1E-15 1.5E-14 2.8E-12

1.6E-12 7.9E-12 6.3E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of tritiated water vapour 2.5E-13 3.7E-14 2.5E-13 1.2E-12 1.8E-13 1.2E-12 3.0E-11 6.9E-12 3.0E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.4E-13

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 3.1E-11


260*
52* cy

All

Inhalation of elemental hydrogen vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.1E-15


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of tritiated methane 2.5E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-15 1.2E-14 1.8E-15 1.2E-14 3.0E-13 6.9E-14 3.0E-13

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.4E-15

2.5E-15 1.2E-14 3.1E-13


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 8.5E-14 1.3E-14 8.5E-14 <1E-15 4.2E-13 6.3E-14 4.2E-13 <1E-15 1.0E-11 2.4E-12 1.0E-11 2.2E-13

8.5E-14 4.2E-13 1.0E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 1.6E-13 4.8E-14 1.6E-13 1.3E-15 7.4E-13 2.1E-13 7.4E-13 5.6E-15 2.5E-12 5.0E-13 2.5E-12 6.5E-14

1.6E-13 7.5E-13 2.6E-12


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 2.9E-14 6.9E-15 2.9E-14 <1E-15 5.7E-14 1.4E-14 5.7E-14 <1E-15 1.2E-13 2.4E-14 1.2E-13 3.1E-15

2.9E-14 5.8E-14 1.2E-13


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 3.0E-11

Ingestion: f1=1.0 3.7E-14 1.8E-13 6.9E-12

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 3.0E-11

Ingestion of organically bound tritium: f1=1.0 1.6E-12 5.0E-13 1.6E-12 7.9E-12 2.5E-12 7.9E-12 6.0E-11 1.3E-11 6.0E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

79

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.4E-13

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 3.1E-11

3.1E-15 1.5E-14 2.7E-12

1.6E-12 7.9E-12 6.3E-11

ICRP Publication 88

4.2. Carbon 4.2.1. Biokinetic data (163) The biokinetic behaviour of radioisotopes of carbon (C) in mother and offspring depends on the chemical form in which the element enters the body. Two chemical forms of carbon are considered: inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and organic carbon, especially in forms that can enter the normal biochemical pathways of the body. (a) Gases (164) Following inhalation by the mother carbon dioxide rapidly diffuses through the alveolar membrane into blood from where it is removed by pulmonary capillary blood flow (West et al., 1962). The carbon dioxide entering the blood rapidly distributes throughout the bicarbonate pool of the body water. No information on bicarbonate transfer to the embryo or fetus has been found but, since it is present in the body water as a freely diffusible ion, it may be assumed to diffuse readily through the placenta and into the fetus resulting in a CF:CM ratio of 1. (165) The inhalation and retention of carbon monoxide has been extensively studied (ICRP, 1981). It has relatively low solubility in tissue water but does become bound to haemoglobin. No specific data has been found on the transfer of carbon monoxide across the placenta. It is assumed that carbon monoxide transfers freely from maternal haemoglobin to fetal haemoglobin in the placenta, resulting in a CF:CM ratio of 1. (166) Following inhalation of carbon labelled methane, it is assumed that 1% of inhaled activity is absorbed in the lung and subsequently metabolised. The available data (Dougherty et al., 1967) indicate that the carbon is normally oxidised to carbon dioxide, but the possibility of some activity being incorporated into organic molecules is not excluded. A conservative assumption is therefore that one half of the metabolised fraction is retained with the half-time of carbon dioxide and one half with that of organic carbon. The CF:CM ratio for organic carbon is therefore used for carbon-labelled methane. (b) Organic carbon (167) Amino acids serve as metabolic substrates for the synthesis of proteins and they are also oxidised to provide energy. Most amino acids are actively transported across the placenta. In the human placenta, transport proteins for many amino acids are located in the microvilli and basal membranes of the syncytiotrophoblast (Moe, 1995). Few quantitative data are available although Moe (1995) reported fetal:maternal blood concentration ratios of  5 for lysine,  2 for alanine, and  1 for glutamate and aspartate. (168) Cetin et al. (1995) reported that in 12 patients at 20 to 37 weeks of pregnancy, placental glycine transfer was limited, with a molar glycine:leucine transfer ratio of  2; maternal:fetal blood concentrations at 5–15 minutes after injection were  1 for leucine and  0.15 for glycine. 80

ICRP Publication 88

(169) Gaull et al. (1973) studied the transfer of l-methionine, l-leucine, l-ornithine, l-cystine, and l-cysteine across the placenta of healthy women undergoing abortions in the 16th to 22nd week of gestation. For all the amino acids studied, except l-cysteine, the fetal plasma concentrations were about twice those in the maternal plasma from 10 to 20 minutes after intravenous administration of millimolar amounts of the amino acids. Cysteine was unique among the amino acids tested in exhibiting a lower concentration in the fetal than in the maternal plasma. Over a 45 minute period after injection, fetal plasma concentrations of l-cysteine remained virtually constant while those in the maternal plasma rose to a sharp peak at about 5 minutes before decreasing to a level about 4 times that present in fetal plasma. (170) Glucose transport has been most extensively studied in sheep but the general patterns are consistent with information from other species, including humans (Meschia et al., 1967). In late gestation in sheep, uptake of glucose by the fetus accounted for about 12% of total uptake by the mother, corresponding to an estimated CF:CM ratio of 1–2. Compared to the lamb, the human fetus is characterised by a higher ratio of brain:fetal weight, and a higher proportion of fat (16% vs. 2% at term). (171) Ishiwata et al., (1985) used rats to study the placental transfer of 11C-labelled sugars, amino acids, adenine, adenosyl-methionine, fluorodeoxyuridine, and coenzyme Q10. Where the data allow direct comparison of maternal and fetal tissue concentrations, fetal values were generally similar to or lower than corresponding maternal values. (172) The transfer of 14C-formaldehyde from mother to fetus was studied in mice by Katakura et al. (1993), who showed that when injected intravenously on the 16th day of pregnancy, the concentrations of 14C in the fetal liver, intestinal mucosa, bone marrow, kidneys, and salivary glands after 6 hours were almost the same as in the maternal tissues. However, uptake into the fetal brain was significantly higher than into the maternal brain, with concentration ratios relative to the mother of 1.5, 2.1, and 2.3 at 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection respectively; in liver, the corresponding ratios were 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0, respectively. About 60% of the 14C retained in the fetal liver at 6 and 24 hours was found in the DNA; for the mother, 12% and 16% of the total radioactivity were present in the liver DNA at 6 and 24 hours, respectively. The elimination of 14C from the placenta and fetus was slower than from maternal tissues. The available data for 14C from formaldehyde appear to be consistent with a CF:CM ratio of 1–2. 4.2.2. Models (a) Adults (173) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). In this model, retention of 14C is described by a single component with a half-time of 40 days. The activity is taken to be uniformly distributed throughout the body after entry into the blood. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. 81

ICRP Publication 88

(b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (174) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (175) The data on the transport of carbon across the placenta indicate that transfer to the fetus will vary considerably according to the molecular species involved, and that for many amino acids and other organic forms the CF:CM ratios appear to lie in the range 1–2. For calculating doses resulting from transfer of radioactivity from the maternal blood, a default CF:CM ratio of 1.5 is used in this report for intakes both before and during pregnancy. For 14C-labelled carbon dioxide, a CF:CM ratio of 1 is adopted. The same ratio is also taken to apply to carbon monoxide and carbon-labelled methane. (176) Radioisotopes of carbon in the fetus are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all tissues. (177) The concentration of 14C in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in the fetus (ie, CPl:CM=1 for intakes of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide and 1.5 for intakes of organic carbon) for intakes before and during pregnancy. A CPl:CM ratio of 1.5 is also assumed for the metabolised component of any intakes of 14C as CH4. (178) For the offspring following birth, the half-time of retention of carbon is taken to be 8 days, as applied to the 3-month-old infant in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). 4.2.3. References for Carbon Cetin, I., Marconi, A.M., Baggiani, A.M. et al. (1995) In vivo placental transport of glycine and leucine in human pregnancies. Pediat. Res. 37, 571–575. Dougherty, R.W., O’Toole, J.T., Allison, M.J. (1967) Oxidation of inter-arterially administered C-14 labelled methane in sheep. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 124, 95–107. Gaull, G.E., Ra¨iha, N.C.R., Saarikoski, S. et al. (1973) Transfer of cyst(e)ine and methionine across the human placenta. Pediat. Res. 7, 908–913. ICRP (1981) Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers: part 3 (including Addendum to Parts 1 and 2). ICRP Publication 30. Annals of the ICRP 6 (2/3). ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2), 21–23. Ishiwata, K., Ido, T., Kawashima, K. (1985) Placental transfer of positron-emitting radionuclides in metabolic substrates. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 12, 33–36. Katakura, Y., Kishi, R., Okui, T. et al. (1993) Distribution of radioactivity from 14C-formaldehyde in pregnant mice and their fetuses. Br. J. Indust. Med. 50, 176–182. Meschia, G., Battaglia, F.C., Bruns, P.D. (1967) Theoretical and experimental study of transplacental diffusion. J. Appl. Physiol. 22, 1171–1178. Moe, A.J. (1995) Placental amino acid transport. Am. J. Physiol. 268, C1321–C1331. West, J.B., Holland, R.A.B., Dollery, C.T. et al. (1962) Interpretation of radioactive gas clearance rates from the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, 14–20.

82

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of C-14 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of C-14 (T1/2=5.73E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation of carbon dioxide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.9E-13 7.8E-14 2.9E-13 7.5E-12 1.9E-12 7.5E-12 7.4E-12 3.4E-12 7.4E-12 7.2E-12 3.8E-12 7.2E-12 6.9E-12 NA 6.9E-12 5.7E-12 NA 5.7E-12 2.5E-12 NA 2.5E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-15 4.0E-15 1.3E-14

<1E-15 2.9E-13 7.5E-12 7.4E-12 7.2E-12 6.9E-12 5.7E-12 2.5E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All

Inhalation of carbon monoxide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.4E-12 <1E-15 2.4E-12 2.4E-12 <1E-15 2.4E-12 2.5E-12 2.5E-12 2.5E-12 2.3E-12 NA 2.3E-12 2.3E-12 NA 2.3E-12 2.2E-12 NA 2.2E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.4E-12 2.4E-12 2.5E-12 2.3E-12 2.3E-12 2.2E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation of carbon labelled methane <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.7E-13 5.6E-14 1.7E-13 4.1E-12 1.3E-12 4.1E-12 4.6E-12 2.4E-12 4.6E-12 5.0E-12 2.4E-12 5.0E-12 4.8E-12 NA 4.8E-12 3.9E-12 NA 3.9E-12 1.5E-12 NA 1.5E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.1E-15 9.4E-15 1.7E-14 3.2E-14 1.1E-13 3.6E-13

<1E-15 1.7E-13 4.1E-12 4.6E-12 5.0E-12 4.8E-12 4.0E-12 1.9E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation of vapour: f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.4E-11 1.1E-11 3.4E-11 8.2E-10 2.6E-10 8.2E-10 9.2E-10 4.8E-10 9.2E-10 9.9E-10 4.8E-10 9.9E-10 9.5E-10 NA 9.5E-10 7.7E-10 NA 7.7E-10 2.9E-10 NA 2.9E-10

<1E-15 8.4E-14 2.0E-12 3.7E-12 6.8E-12 1.2E-11 4.2E-11 1.4E-10

<1E-15 3.4E-11 8.2E-10 9.2E-10 1.0E-09 9.6E-10 8.1E-10 4.3E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

83

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of C-14 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of C-14 (T1/2=5.73E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-11 3.8E-12 1.2E-11 2.8E-10 9.0E-11 2.8E-10 3.1E-10 1.6E-10 3.1E-10 3.4E-10 1.6E-10 3.4E-10 3.2E-10 NA 3.2E-10 2.6E-10 NA 2.6E-10 1.0E-10 NA 1.0E-10

<1E-15 2.9E-14 6.8E-13 1.3E-12 2.3E-12 4.2E-12 1.4E-11 4.8E-11

<1E-15 1.2E-11 2.8E-10 3.1E-10 3.4E-10 3.2E-10 2.7E-10 1.5E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 3.2E-13 9.4E-14 3.2E-13 6.6E-15 2.4E-11 7.0E-12 2.4E-11 4.5E-13 8.7E-11 2.7E-11 8.7E-11 1.4E-12 9.0E-11 3.5E-11 9.0E-11 1.8E-12 8.8E-11 2.6E-11 8.8E-11 2.3E-12 7.9E-11 NA 7.9E-11 2.9E-12 5.4E-11 NA 5.4E-11 5.1E-12 1.5E-11 NA 1.5E-11 8.3E-12

3.3E-13 2.4E-11 8.8E-11 9.2E-11 9.0E-11 8.2E-11 5.9E-11 2.3E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 8.4E-13 2.0E-13 8.4E-13 3.5E-14 1.8E-12 4.4E-13 1.8E-12 6.7E-14 4.1E-12 1.2E-12 4.1E-12 8.8E-14 4.2E-12 1.7E-12 4.2E-12 9.8E-14 4.1E-12 1.3E-12 4.1E-12 1.1E-13 3.7E-12 NA 3.7E-12 1.3E-13 2.6E-12 NA 2.6E-12 2.2E-13 7.6E-13 NA 7.6E-13 4.1E-13

8.7E-13 1.9E-12 4.2E-12 4.3E-12 4.2E-12 3.8E-12 2.8E-12 1.2E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

<1E-15 3.4E-11 8.1E-10 9.1E-10 9.8E-10 9.4E-10 7.6E-10 2.9E-10

Ingestion: f1=1.0 <1E-15 1.1E-11 2.6E-10 4.8E-10 4.7E-10 NA NA NA

<1E-15 3.4E-11 8.1E-10 9.1E-10 9.8E-10 9.4E-10 7.6E-10 2.9E-10

<1E-15 8.4E-14 2.0E-12 3.7E-12 6.7E-12 1.2E-11 4.1E-11 1.4E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

84

<1E-15 3.4E-11 8.1E-10 9.1E-10 9.9E-10 9.5E-10 8.0E-10 4.3E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of C-14 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of C-14 (T1/2=5.73E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of carbon dioxide 2.2E-13 5.9E-14 2.2E-13 1.1E-12 2.9E-13 1.1E-12 5.8E-12 1.2E-12 5.8E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.5E-15

2.2E-13 1.1E-12 5.8E-12


260*
52* cy

All All

Inhalation of carbon monoxide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-15 2.3E-12 5.1E-13 2.3E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-15

<1E-15 1.3E-15 2.3E-12


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of carbon labelled methane 1.3E-13 4.2E-14 1.3E-13 6.5E-13 2.1E-13 6.5E-13 3.8E-12 7.8E-13 3.8E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-13

1.3E-13 6.5E-13 3.9E-12


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of vapour: f1=1.0 2.6E-11 8.3E-12 2.6E-11 1.3E-10 4.2E-11 1.3E-10 7.6E-10 1.6E-10 7.6E-10

6.4E-14 3.2E-13 4.3E-11

2.6E-11 1.3E-10 8.0E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 8.8E-12 2.8E-12 8.8E-12 2.2E-14 4.4E-11 1.4E-11 4.4E-11 1.1E-13 2.6E-10 5.3E-11 2.6E-10 1.5E-11

8.8E-12 4.4E-11 2.7E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 7.0E-12 2.1E-12 7.0E-12 1.3E-13 3.1E-11 9.5E-12 3.1E-11 5.5E-13 6.2E-11 1.0E-11 6.2E-11 4.3E-12

7.1E-12 3.2E-11 6.6E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.0E-12 2.5E-13 1.0E-12 4.0E-14 2.1E-12 5.3E-13 2.1E-12 6.9E-14 2.9E-12 5.0E-13 2.9E-12 2.0E-13

1.0E-12 2.2E-12 3.1E-12


260*
52* cy

All All All

2.6E-11 1.3E-10 7.6E-10

Ingestion: f1=1.0 8.3E-12 4.1E-11 1.5E-10

2.6E-11 1.3E-10 7.6E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

85

6.3E-14 3.1E-13 4.3E-11

2.6E-11 1.3E-10 8.0E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.3. Sulphur 4.3.1. Biokinetic data (179) The behaviour of sulphur (S) in the mother and offspring will depend upon the chemical form. Inorganic and organic forms of sulphur are considered separately. (a) Inorganic sulphur (180) Little information is available on the transfer of inorganic sulphur to the fetus. Dziewiatowski (1953) studied the uptake of 35S in the rat fetus after maternal administration as sulphate. In late gestation (day 20), high levels of transfer within 24 hours resulted in concentrations in fetal humeri about 30 times greater than in the maternal sternum. Concentrations were also higher in fetal skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and skin than in the corresponding maternal tissues, but concentrations in other tissues were similar to those in the mother (kidneys, liver, lungs). The paper also gave detailed autoradiographic information on the distribution of 35S in the fetus at various stages of pregnancy. Significant accumulation of 35S could be seen in the skeleton in late gestation (18/19 days of gestation). (181) Hansard (1969) examined the placental transfer of 35S (assumed to be in inorganic form) in cows, sheep, and pigs during each trimester of pregnancy. Retention of 35S in the fetal liver increased by two orders of magnitude between the first and third trimester. Fetal retention of 35S after 7 days in the third trimester accounted for 37% of total retained activity in the cow, 34% in the sheep and about 0.7% in the pig (5.8% in a total of 8 fetuses). The placenta accounted for 4% of retained activity in the cow, 7% in the sheep, and 2% in the pig. CF:CM ratios in the third trimester can be estimated as 5 for the cow, 8 for the sheep, and 1 for the pig; CPl:CM ratios were 1.8, 5, and 0.8, respectively. (b) Organic sulphur (182) Active placental transport of methionine and other organic molecules containing sulphur has been shown by Ishiwata et al. (1985). The placental transfer of the sulphur containing amino acids cysteine and methionine was studied in pregnant women about to undergo abortions in the 16th to 22nd weeks of pregnancy (Gaull et al., 1973). These studies showed that from about 15 to 45 minutes after injection of 0.5 mmol nonradioactive l-methionine the fetal/maternal blood concentration ratio was  2. In contrast, at 45 to 60 minutes after injection of 2.5 mmol l-cystine, or 5 mmol l-cysteine, the fetal blood concentration of the amino acids was only about half that found in the maternal blood. (183) In pregnant rhesus monkeys, a species in which the placental transfer of sulphur-containing amino acids is similar to that in humans, the transfer of 35S-lcystine to fetal tissues following injection into the mother was described as ‘meagre’ compared to that of 35S-l-methionine (Sturman et al., 1973). (184) The difference between the placental transfer of l-cysteine or l-cystine and that of l-methionine was attributed to the absence of the enzyme cystathionase from fetal liver and brain (Gaull et al., 1972, 1973). 86

ICRP Publication 88

4.3.2. Models (a) Adults (185) The biokinetic models for the reference adult are given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). For inorganic sulphur entering blood, 80% is assumed to be promptly excreted with a half-time of 0.25 days and the remainder to be uniformly distributed throughout all body tissues and retained with half-times of 20 days (15%) and 2000 days (5%). For sulphur incorporated into amino acids and other organic forms of sulphur, rapid urinary excretion of a major fraction of sulphur from blood would not be expected. For these compounds, uniform distribution throughout all organs and tissues and a retention half-time of 140 days is assumed (ICRP, 1993). These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (186) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (187) The limited amount of information available shows variable results for different chemical forms and different species, with CF:CM ratios ranging from  0.5–1 in humans and pigs to >5 in sheep and cattle and in the rodent skeleton. Placing greatest reliance on human data and taking account of observed differences in transfer of different amino acids, the CF:CM ratios adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for intakes of organic or inorganic forms of sulphur given in this report are 2 for intakes during pregnancy and 1 for intakes before pregnancy. (188) Radioisotopes of sulphur in the fetus are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all tissues. (189) The concentration of sulphur in the placenta is taken to be twice that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (190) For the offspring from birth, adult retention parameters are applied as adopted for infants and children in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). 4.3.3. References for Sulphur Dziewiatkowski, D.D. (1953) Sulphate-sulphur metabolism in the rat fetus as indicated by sulfur-35. J. Exper. Med. 98, 119–128. Gaull, G.E., Sturman, J., Ra¨iha, N.C.R. (1972) Development of mammalian sulfur metabolism. Absence of cystathionase in human fetal tissue. Pediat. Res. 6, 558. Gaull, G.E., Ra¨iha, N.C.R., Saarikoski, S. et al. (1973) Transfer of cyst(e)ine and methionine across the human placenta. Pediat. Res. 7, 908–913. Hansard, S.L. (1969) Transplacental movement and maternal-fetal organ accretion rates in gravid cattle, sheep and swine. In: Sikov, M.R. (Ed.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp., Washington, May 1969, pp. 9–23. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4), 13–18. Ishiwata, K., Ido, T., Kawashima, K. (1985) Placental transfer of positron-emitting radionuclides in metabolic substrates. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 12, 33–36. Sturman, J.A., Niemann, W.H., Gaull, G.E. (1973) Metabolism of 35S-methionine and 35S-cystine in the pregnant rhesus monkey. Biol. Neonate 22, 16–37. 87

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of S-35 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of S-35 (T1/2=87.4 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation of sulphur dioxide 2.5E-14 7.0E-15 2.5E-14 1.0E-11 2.9E-12 1.0E-11 1.1E-10 3.1E-11 1.1E-10 1.3E-10 6.1E-11 1.3E-10 1.5E-10 8.1E-11 1.5E-10 1.4E-10 NA 1.4E-10 1.2E-10 NA 1.2E-10 5.5E-11 NA 5.5E-11

1.6E-15 6.9E-13 6.2E-12 8.3E-12 1.1E-11 1.5E-11 3.0E-11 1.2E-10

2.7E-14 1.1E-11 1.2E-10 1.4E-10 1.6E-10 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.8E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation of carbon disulphide 6.1E-15 1.8E-15 6.1E-15 7.4E-11 2.1E-11 7.4E-11 1.1E-09 4.1E-10 1.1E-09 1.3E-09 6.4E-10 1.3E-09 1.5E-09 5.9E-10 1.5E-09 1.4E-09 NA 1.4E-09 1.0E-09 NA 1.0E-09 3.5E-10 NA 3.5E-10

<1E-15 1.9E-12 4.0E-11 6.2E-11 9.8E-11 1.5E-10 3.8E-10 9.3E-10

6.3E-15 7.6E-11 1.1E-09 1.4E-09 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.4E-09 1.3E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 1.1E-14 3.0E-15 1.1E-14 4.5E-12 1.3E-12 4.5E-12 4.8E-11 1.3E-11 4.8E-11 5.5E-11 2.6E-11 5.5E-11 6.5E-11 3.5E-11 6.5E-11 6.1E-11 NA 6.1E-11 5.0E-11 NA 5.0E-11 2.4E-11 NA 2.4E-11

<1E-15 3.0E-13 2.7E-12 3.6E-12 4.8E-12 6.5E-12 1.3E-11 5.0E-11

1.2E-14 4.8E-12 5.1E-11 5.9E-11 7.0E-11 6.7E-11 6.3E-11 7.4E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 4.0E-15 1.1E-15 4.0E-15 <1E-15 1.6E-12 4.5E-13 1.6E-12 1.1E-13 1.3E-11 3.9E-12 1.3E-11 9.6E-13 1.4E-11 6.0E-12 1.4E-11 1.3E-12 1.5E-11 6.0E-12 1.5E-11 1.7E-12 1.4E-11 NA 1.4E-11 2.2E-12 1.0E-11 NA 1.0E-11 4.1E-12 3.8E-12 NA 3.8E-12 9.6E-12

4.3E-15 1.7E-12 1.4E-11 1.5E-11 1.7E-11 1.6E-11 1.4E-11 1.3E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

88

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of S-35 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of S-35 (T1/2=87.4 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

epostnatal

eoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 8.2E-14 2.3E-14 8.2E-14 6.4E-15 5.9E-13 1.8E-13 5.9E-13 4.9E-14 6.5E-13 2.8E-13 6.5E-13 6.3E-14 7.1E-13 3.0E-13 7.1E-13 8.1E-14 6.5E-13 NA 6.5E-13 1.0E-13 4.9E-13 NA 4.9E-13 1.8E-13 1.9E-13 NA 1.9E-13 4.7E-13

<1E-15 8.8E-14 6.4E-13 7.1E-13 7.9E-13 7.5E-13 6.7E-13 6.6E-13

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

3.3E-14 1.4E-11 1.5E-10 1.7E-10 2.0E-10 1.9E-10 1.5E-10 7.2E-11

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=1.0 9.3E-15 3.9E-12 4.1E-11 8.0E-11 1.1E-10 NA NA NA

ein

utero

3.3E-14 1.4E-11 1.5E-10 1.7E-10 2.0E-10 1.9E-10 1.5E-10 7.2E-11

2.2E-15 9.1E-13 8.3E-12 1.1E-11 1.5E-11 2.0E-11 4.0E-11 1.6E-10

3.5E-14 1.5E-11 1.6E-10 1.8E-10 2.2E-10 2.1E-10 1.9E-10 2.3E-10

Ingestion (organic compounds): f1=1.0 6.9E-15 2.0E-15 6.9E-15 8.3E-11 2.4E-11 8.3E-11 1.3E-09 4.6E-10 1.3E-09 1.5E-09 7.2E-10 1.5E-09 1.6E-09 6.6E-10 1.6E-09 1.5E-09 NA 1.5E-09 1.2E-09 NA 1.2E-09 4.0E-10 NA 4.0E-10

<1E-15 2.1E-12 4.5E-11 7.0E-11 1.1E-10 1.7E-10 4.2E-10 1.0E-09

7.1E-15 8.5E-11 1.3E-09 1.6E-09 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.6E-09 1.4E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

89

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of S-35 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of S-35 (T1/2=87.4 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of sulphur dioxide 3.5E-12 9.3E-13 3.5E-12 1.7E-11 4.4E-12 1.7E-11 1.1E-10 2.3E-11 1.1E-10

2.1E-13 9.8E-13 3.9E-11

3.7E-12 1.8E-11 1.5E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation of carbon disulphide 3.3E-11 9.5E-12 3.3E-11 1.6E-10 4.7E-11 1.6E-10 1.1E-09 2.0E-10 1.1E-09

8.4E-13 4.2E-12 3.4E-10

3.4E-11 1.6E-10 1.4E-09


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 1.5E-12 4.0E-13 1.5E-12 8.9E-14 7.3E-12 1.9E-12 7.3E-12 4.2E-13 4.9E-11 9.9E-12 4.9E-11 1.7E-11

1.6E-12 7.7E-12 6.6E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 4.9E-13 1.4E-13 4.9E-13 3.2E-14 2.3E-12 6.5E-13 2.3E-12 1.5E-13 1.1E-11 2.0E-12 1.1E-11 4.0E-12

5.2E-13 2.5E-12 1.5E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 2.4E-14 6.6E-15 2.4E-14 1.8E-15 1.1E-13 3.1E-14 1.1E-13 8.5E-15 5.2E-13 9.6E-14 5.2E-13 1.9E-13

2.6E-14 1.2E-13 7.1E-13


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

4.7E-12 2.2E-11 1.5E-10

Ingestion: f1=1.0 1.2E-12 5.9E-12 3.1E-11

4.7E-12 2.2E-11 1.5E-10

2.7E-13 1.3E-12 5.2E-11

5.0E-12 2.3E-11 2.0E-10

Ingestion (organic compounds): f1=1.0 3.7E-11 1.1E-11 3.7E-11 1.9E-10 5.3E-11 1.9E-10 1.2E-09 2.3E-10 1.2E-09

9.5E-13 4.7E-12 3.9E-10

3.8E-11 1.9E-10 1.6E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

90

ICRP Publication 88

4.4. Calcium 4.4.1. Biokinetic data (191) Human data are available for the calcium (Ca) content of the human fetus and skeletal development at different stages during gestation (ICRP, 1995a). Generally, results show that the skeleton accounts for 10–12% of total fetal weight from four months to term (Swanson and Iob, 1940; Borisov, 1972, 1973). Measurements of the Ca content of the fetal skeleton showed increases from about 2% wet weight at 10–12 weeks of gestation to about 4% at 15–24 weeks, 5% at 25–28 weeks, 6% at 30–34 weeks, and 7% at 34–38 weeks (Dickerson, 1962; Borisov, 1973). Forbes (1976) has used the available data to express the Ca content of the fetus as a power function of fetal mass. (192) Changes in maternal Ca metabolism during pregnancy have been studied in humans. Heaney and Skillman (1971) studied Ca balance and kinetics in pregnant women. Ca intake was 760 mg d
1 in a control group and did not change greatly from this value during pregnancy. However, absorption was increased from an estimated fractional absorption (f1) of 0.27 to values of about 0.54 at 5–6 months after conception and 0.42 during the last month of pregnancy (Allen, 1982). Cross et al. (1995) measured changes in absorption during pregnancy in a group of ten women. The f1 values obtained were 0.36 before pregnancy, and 0.40, 0.56, and 0.62 towards the end of the first, second and third trimesters, respectively (at 10–12, 22–24, 36–38 weeks). Several studies have shown a two-three fold increase in urinary excretion of Ca by mid-pregnancy, remaining elevated to term (Heaney and Skillman, 1971; Pitkin, 1985; Huq et al. 1988; King et al. 1992; Cross et al. 1995). Bone turnover has been shown to increase during late pregnancy although the extent of increase is not known and the interpretation of measurements of markers for bone turnover is uncertain (King et al. 1992; Cross et al. 1995). (193) Data for the transfer of Ca to the fetus of rodents and other animal species show increased transfer in late pregnancy. For example, for pigs given 45Ca at times during the first, second or third trimester, fetal retention measured 7 days later accounted for 0.9%, 6%, and 21% of total retention, respectively (Hansard, 1969). Retention by the fetus after administration late in pregnancy, in all animal species studied, corresponded to concentrations greater than in the mother (Twardock, 1967; Taylor and Bligh, 1992; Pecher and Pecher, 1941; Nelson et al. 1965; Hansard, 1969; Priest and Rees, 1986; Stather et al. 1987). CF:CM ratios of 4–5 can be estimated for pigs and sheep in the third trimester after administration 7 days previously (Hansard, 1969). (194) Studies using sheep (Ramberg et al., 1973) and guinea pigs (Twardock, 1967) have shown that return of Ca from fetal blood to maternal blood is low compared with transfer from mother to fetus. However, MacDonald et al., (1965) measured the transfer of Ca from maternal to fetal circulation and fetal to maternal circulation in three rhesus monkeys in late gestation using 45Ca and 47Ca. The results indicated that the amount of Ca transported daily in both directions across the placenta was considerably greater than fetal requirements. It was estimated that 91

ICRP Publication 88

total transfer of Ca to fetal blood was 6–10 times the amount required by the fetal skeleton. (195) In addition to placental transfer, Ca can reach the fetus by diffusion into amniotic fluid which is continually ingested by the fetus (Widdowson and McCane, 1965). However, according to the measurements of Hall and Carr (1983), this route is likely to be minimal compared to active placental transport (Griessl, 1986). 4.4.2. Models (a) Adults (196) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 71 (ICRP, 1995b), following the form of the age-dependent model for the alkaline earth elements (ICRP, 1993), developed by Leggett (1992). This model describes the deposition and retention of calcium in bone and also considers retention in soft tissues and routes of excretion. It takes account of initial uptake onto bone surfaces, transfer from surface to bone volume and recycling from bone and soft tissues to blood. The model is taken to apply also to female adults and has been used here as the basis for a model of transfer of the alkaline earth elements to the fetus, described in Annex A. During pregnancy, absorption of ingested Ca is taken to increase from 0.3 to 0.4 during the first trimester, 0.4 to 0.6 during the second trimester and remain at 0.6 throughout the third trimester. For inhaled forms of Ca, changes in intestinal absorption are assumed to parallel those following ingestion, with similar pro rata increases from their recommended values at conception. Urinary excretion of Ca was increased by doubling the transfer rate from maternal blood to urinary bladder between conception and the end of the first trimester and maintaining this rate throughout the second and third trimester. Bone turnover was unchanged during the first trimester, doubled over the second trimester and maintained at this level throughout the third trimester; all rates to, from, and between bone compartments were doubled. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (197) The dose to the embryo, from conception until the end of the 8th week, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from the 9th week after conception until birth, the dose is estimated using the alkaline earth model described in Annex A. Rates of transfer from maternal blood to fetal blood are derived on the basis of Ca requirements, but assuming that transfer is ten times greater than requirements. Uptake rates from fetal blood to bone surfaces were derived to fit the increasing Ca content of the skeleton. Other rates between fetal skeleton compartments and returns to fetal blood were as specified for Ca for infants in the Publication 71 model. (198) The concentration of calcium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (199) At birth, Ca in fetal soft tissues is assigned to soft tissues (compartment ST1) in the postnatal model (ICRP, 1995b). Trabecular and cortical bone are not distinguished in the fetal model; at birth, 20% of activity is assigned to trabecular compartments and 80% to cortical compartments. 92

ICRP Publication 88

4.4.3. References for Calcium Allen, L.H. (1982) Calcium bioavailability and absorption: a review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 783–808. Borisov, B.K. (1972) Strontium-90 metabolism in the human foetus. In: Second International Conference on Strontium Metabolism, Glasgow and Strontian, August 1972, pp. 469–475. Borisov, B.K. (1973) Weight indexes of human fetus development and strontium and calcium abundance in the skeleton. Report ININ-mf-113 (in Russian), pp. 1–14. Cross, N.A., Hillman, L.S., Allen, S.H. et al. (1995) Calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation and postweaning: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 514–523. Dickerson, J.W.T. (1962) Changes in the composition of the human femur during growth. J. Biochem. 82, 56–61. Forbes, G.B. (1976) Calcium accumulation by the human fetus. Pediatrics 57, 976–977. Griessl, I. (1986) Placental transfer to radioactive bone seeking elements to the fetus. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 347–354. Hall, G.S., Carr, M.J. (1983) Al, Ba, Si and Sr in amniotic fluid by emission spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 29, 1318. Hansard, S.L. (1969) Transplacental movement and maternal-fetal organ accretion rates of selected radiominerals in gravid cattle, sheep and swine. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Oak Ridge, USAEC Div. Tech. Inf. pp. 9–24. Heaney, R.P., Skillman, T.G. (1971) Calcium metabolism in normal human pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 33, 661–669. Huq, N., King, J.C., Halloran, B.P. et al. (1988) Calcium metabolism in pregnant and lactating women— a longitudinal study. FASEB J. 2, A465. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 2 Ingestion Dose Coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP, 23 (3/4) 13–18. ICRP (1995a) Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection. ICRP Publication 70. Annals of the ICRP 25 (2). ICRP (1995b) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 4. Inhalation dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 71. Annals of the ICRP. 25 (3/4). King, J.C., Halloran, B.P., Huq, N. et al. (1992) Calcium metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. In: Picciano, M.F., Lonnerdol, B. (Eds.), Mechanisms Regulating Lactation and Infant Nutrient Utilization. New York, Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp. 129–146. Leggett, R.W. (1992) A generic age-specific biokinetic model for calcium-like elements. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 183–198. MacDonald, N.S., Hutchinson, D.L., Heplep, M. et al. (1965) Movement of calcium in both directions across the primate placenta. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119, 476–481. Nelson, A., Ro¨nnba¨ck, C., Sjo¨den, A.M. (1965) Placental transfer of strontium-85 in mice. Acta Radiologica 3, 477–483. Pecher, C., Pecher, J. (1941) Radio-calcium and radio-strontium metabolism in pregnant mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 46 (1), 91–94. Pitkin, R.M. (1985) Calcium metabolism in pregancy and the perinatal peroid: a review. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 151, 99–109. Priest, N.D., Rees, M. (1986) An Investigation of the Fetal Uptake of 85Sr in the Rat and Guinea-pig and a Comparison of the Relative Uptakes of 45Ca, 85Sr and 133Ba by the Rat Foetus. HSE Contract Report No. HS/3/153/84. NRPB, Chilton. Ramberg Jr., C.F. Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., Crandall, E.D. et al. (1973) Kinetic analysis of calcium transport across the placenta. J. Appl. Physiol. 35, 682–688. Stather, J.W., Adams, N., Gray, S.A. et al. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclides to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 371–380. Swanson, W.W., Iob, V. (1940) Growth and chemical composition of the human femur during growth. Am. J. Dis. Child 59, 107–111. 93

ICRP Publication 88 Taylor, D.M., Bligh, P.H. (1992) The transfer of 45Ca, 85Sr and 140Ba from mother to newborn in rats. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 143–145. Twardock, A.R. (1967) Placental transfer of calcium and strontium in the guinea pig. Am. J. Physiol. 213, 837–842. Widdowson, E.M., McCane, R.A. (1965) The metabolism of Ca, P, Mg and Sr. In: The Pediatric Clinics of North America. Vol 12/3, pp. 595–614.

94

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ca-45 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ca-45 (T1/2=163 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 Red Marrow+ 9.4E-12 9.8E-15 1.2E-12 1.7E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-10 8.6E-13 7.9E-11 7.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-09 9.3E-12 4.0E-10 2.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-09 8.7E-11 8.6E-10 3.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-08 4.0E-11 5.4E-09 6.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-08 NA 7.0E-09 1.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-08 NA 5.8E-09 7.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-08 NA 2.3E-09 2.3E-09

1.4E-12 8.7E-11 4.3E-10 9.0E-10 5.5E-09 7.2E-09 6.5E-09 4.6E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-12 5.3E-15 6.2E-13 7.9E-14 Red Marrow+ 7.1E-10 1.3E-12 9.5E-11 7.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-09 9.6E-12 5.3E-10 3.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-09 2.6E-11 8.4E-10 5.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-08 9.0E-12 1.9E-09 7.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-08 NA 2.2E-09 1.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 NA 1.7E-09 3.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-09 NA 5.5E-10 6.0E-10

7.0E-13 1.0E-10 5.7E-10 8.9E-10 2.0E-09 2.3E-09 2.0E-09 1.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-12 2.1E-15 2.1E-13 2.3E-14 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-11 8.6E-14 8.2E-12 8.7E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 4.0E-13 2.6E-11 2.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-10 1.3E-12 4.0E-11 3.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-10 5.0E-13 9.6E-11 4.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-10 NA 1.2E-10 6.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.3E-10 NA 1.1E-10 1.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-10 NA 3.6E-11 3.9E-11

2.3E-13 9.1E-12 2.8E-11 4.3E-11 1.0E-10 1.3E-10 1.3E-10 7.5E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 1.0E-11 6.5E-10 3.0E-09 7.2E-09 5.6E-08 8.3E-08 8.8E-08 3.5E-08

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.4.2 1.1E-14 1.4E-12 9.4E-13 8.7E-11 1.0E-11 4.4E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-09 5.5E-11 7.3E-09 NA 1.1E-08 NA 1.1E-08 NA 4.5E-09

1.8E-13 8.5E-12 3.1E-11 4.3E-11 9.4E-11 2.9E-10 1.4E-09 4.5E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. +At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

95

1.6E-12 9.5E-11 4.7E-10 1.1E-09 7.4E-09 1.1E-08 1.2E-08 9.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ca-45 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ca-45 (T1/2=163 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 3.1E-13 2.5E-11 2.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-10 1.5E-12 1.1E-10 1.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-08 2.8E-11 4.3E-09 7.0E-10

2.7E-11 1.2E-10 5.0E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-10 4.5E-13 3.1E-11 2.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 2.2E-12 1.5E-10 1.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 7.1E-12 1.4E-09 2.5E-10

3.3E-11 1.6E-10 1.7E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-11 2.7E-14 2.3E-12 2.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.5E-11 1.2E-13 9.9E-12 1.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-10 3.7E-13 8.1E-11 1.5E-11

2.5E-12 1.1E-11 9.6E-11


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 2.0E-10 9.3E-10 5.6E-08

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.4.2 3.4E-13 2.7E-11 1.6E-12 1.2E-10 3.6E-11 7.4E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

96

2.6E-12 1.1E-11 1.3E-09

3.0E-11 1.3E-10 8.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ca-47 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ca-47 (T1/2=4.53 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.6E-10 5.6E-14 2.6E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-10 4.1E-11 2.8E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-08 9.0E-10 5.8E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-08 NA 6.1E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-08 NA 5.1E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-08 NA 5.3E-09 7.9E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.6E-10 2.8E-10 5.8E-09 6.1E-09 5.1E-09 5.4E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.4E-10 2.9E-14 1.4E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 1.1E-11 1.5E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-09 2.6E-10 1.2E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 8.3E-09 NA 1.3E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 7.8E-09 NA 1.2E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-09 NA 1.2E-09 2.1E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-10 1.5E-10 1.2E-09 1.3E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.2E-10 6.4E-15 1.2E-10 <1E-15 All 1.2E-10 2.0E-12 1.2E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-10 1.2E-10 1.8E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-10 NA 1.8E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-10 NA 1.7E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-10 NA 1.4E-10 1.4E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 1.8E-10 1.8E-10 1.7E-10 1.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.0E-10 7.8E-10 5.2E-08 6.3E-08 6.8E-08 7.1E-08

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.4.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.2E-14 6.0E-10 5.0E-11 6.5E-10 1.5E-09 8.0E-09 NA 9.5E-09 NA 1.0E-08 NA 1.0E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.6E-15 1.6E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

97

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.0E-10 6.5E-10 8.0E-09 9.5E-09 1.0E-08 1.0E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ca-47 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ca-47 (T1/2=4.53 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 All 6.8E-13 <1E-15 6.8E-13 <1E-15 All 3.4E-12 <1E-15 3.4E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-08 1.8E-10 4.3E-09 5.0E-11

6.8E-13 3.4E-12 4.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 All 2.3E-13 <1E-15 2.3E-13 <1E-15 All 1.1E-12 <1E-15 1.1E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-09 5.4E-11 9.9E-10 1.1E-11

2.3E-13 1.1E-12 1.0E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.4.2 All 1.2E-13 <1E-15 1.2E-13 <1E-15 All 6.0E-13 <1E-15 6.0E-13 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-10 2.6E-11 1.6E-10 7.5E-13

1.2E-13 6.0E-13 1.6E-10


260*
52* cy

All All Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 9.5E-13 4.7E-12 5.0E-08

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.4.2 <1E-15 9.5E-13 1.0E-15 4.7E-12 3.0E-10 7.6E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

98

<1E-15 <1E-15 9.8E-11

9.5E-13 4.7E-12 7.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.5. Iron 4.5.1. Biokinetic data (200) The kinetics of iron (Fe) compounds in pregnancy have been studied extensively in animals and limited human data are also available. The mechanisms by which iron crosses the placenta into the fetus are not clear but near term this is achieved against a concentration gradient suggesting an active transport mechanism (Bothwell et al., 1958; Fletcher and Suter, 1969; Galbraith et al., 1980). Transfer is maintained in the presence of inadequate maternal iron stores and can cause or aggravate iron deficiency in the mother (Beaton, 1974). (201) The fractional absorption of iron in the female gastrointestinal tract can increase during pregnancy. In a study of 819 women, Hahn et al. (1951) found an increase in the f1 value from a mean of 0.1 up to 14 weeks after conception to 0.4 at 30 weeks. Bothwell et al. (1979) similarly reported that measurements of iron absorption in pregnant women gave f1 values of about 0.1, 0.25, and 0.3 in the first, second, and third trimesters. (202) Baglan et al. (1974) reported measurements of iron concentrations in human placentas, maternal blood, and fetal blood at term as 731  231 mg kg
1 ( 1 SD, 811 samples), 2314 246 mg kg
1 (N=702) and 2753 393 mg kg
1 (N=667 samples) respectively. The placenta/maternal blood concentration ratio was about 0.3. After oral administration of 59Fe as ferrous chloride to 819 women early in pregnancy, Hahn et al. (1951) found 1–3% of the activity in fetal blood at term, suggesting a blood concentration relative to that in the mother of about 1. The assumption that about 50% of fetal Fe was in haemoglobin by birth gives a CF:CM ratio (whole body) of 0.5–1.5. (203) Fletcher and Suter (1969) administered 59Fe by intravenous injection as ferric citrate to women undergoing therapeutic abortions at different stages of pregnancy from 10 to 40 weeks. Retention of 59Fe by the placenta and fetus were measured at 24 hours after administration. Retention by the fetus increased from 0.12% of injected activity in a 10 week fetus to 6.7% at 40 weeks. Corresponding values for retention in the placenta increased from 0.2% to 1.1%. CF:CM ratios can be estimated to range from about 15 at 10 weeks to 1.5 at 40 weeks with CPl:CM ratios of from 5 at 10 weeks to 1 at 40 weeks. Measurements of the distribution of 59 Fe in 14 and 40 week fetuses showed that the liver accounted for 60–75% of retained activity and blood concentrations indicated that the remaining 25–40% was largely attributable to 59Fe incorporated into erythrocytes. In similar studies reported by Dyer and Brill (1969), retention of 59Fe by the fetus was estimated as 0.09% of injected activity in a 9 week fetus increasing to 3% for a 22 week fetus; the results correspond to CF:CM ratios in the range of 1–3. (204) Roedler (1987) used available human data to estimate a CF:CM ratio of 80 for 59Fe in fetal liver from weeks 9 to 22 of gestation; the liver was the organ with the highest radionuclide concentration. However, the effective half-time of retention in fetal liver, corrected for growth, was calculated as 3.2 d compared with 45 d in the mother and the estimated dose to fetal liver was 2.3 times that to maternal liver. 99

ICRP Publication 88

Stabin et al., (1997) used the available human data to estimate fetal doses for intakes at different times during pregnancy. Greatest in utero doses for oral intakes of 59Fe during weeks 20–24, were estimated as about 310
9 Sv Bq
1, similar to maternal doses. (205) Cotes et al. (1966) administered Fe intravenously as 59Fe-dextran to rhesus monkeys in late pregnancy and measured 0.3–0.7% of administered activity in the fetus after one week and 1.5–4.5% after 5 weeks, corresponding to CF:CM ratios of about 1. (206) Seal et al. (1972) studied the placental transfer of 59Fe in a range of species, including primates, after intravenous injection as ferrous citrate and found that the rate of transfer of iron to the fetus depended on the placental structure. Transfer to the fetus after a few hours was about two orders of magnitude greater in species with a haemochorial placenta, including primates and rodents, than those with a epitheliochorial or endotheliochorial placenta. The species studied were armadillo, green monkey, rhesus monkey, red squirrel, gerbil, chinchilla, and rabbit with haemochorial placentas, bear, racoon, dog, and cat with endotheliochorial placentas and sheep, pig, deer, and horse with epitheliochorial placentas. It was concluded that transfer of iron is facilitated in the haemochorial placenta by a specific mechanism involving transfer of iron to the placenta from the blood protein, transferrin. (207) Van Dijk (1977) has undertaken a comprehensive study of the transfer of 59 Fe-labelled transferrin between maternal and fetal circulations in 9 primates. The labelled transferrin was injected either into the maternal or fetal circulations. Very high maternal and fetal iron turnovers were calculated. However, whilst the transport of iron from the mother to the fetus was rapid (1.0 mmol/day/100 g fetus) the reverse transplacental iron transport was negligible. No difference in the distribution of 59Fe between the fetal organs was found following administration either to the mother or her developing fetus. The majority of activity in the fetus was accumulated by the bone marrow and the liver, with similar though variable amounts in both tissues. By 2–4 hours after administration, the plasma retained about 60% of the activity in the fetus (48–69%) with most of the remainder (24–48%) deposited fairly equally in the bone marrow and liver. The overall concentration of 59Fe in the fetus, following administration to the mother, was about equal to the maternal concentration (CF:CM=1). (208) Glasser et al. (1969) administered 59Fe to rats at different stages of gestation and measured transfer after two hours, showing increasing fetal uptake with increasing gestational age. Retention per fetus was 0.26% of the administered 59Fe on day 14, rising to 5.5% at day 20. The data suggest a CF:CM ratio of about 7 for administration on day 20. (209) Anghileri et al. (1985) measured transfer of 59Fe to the embryo/fetus in the rat between weeks 1 and 3 of pregnancy after administration as the citrate. Concentrations of 59Fe in fetal and maternal liver were compared after pretreatment by subcutaneous injection of ferric citrate. Fetal concentrations were similar to maternal concentrations after pretreatment whereas fetal concentrations were about 9 times greater in untreated animals. The overall CF:CM ratio in untreated animals was 1–2 and the CPl:CM ratio was 2–3. 100

ICRP Publication 88

(210) Hansard (1969) studied the placental transfer of orally administered 59Fe in each trimester of gestation in the cow, sheep, and pig. Fetal retention of 59Fe after 7 days in the third trimester accounted for 8% of total retained activity in the cow, 8% in the sheep and 0.6% in the pig (4.6% in 8 fetuses). The placenta accounted for 3.6% of retained activity in the cow, 3.6% in the sheep, and 3.4% in the pig. CF:CM ratios in the third trimester can be estimated as 0.6 for the cow, 1.1 for the sheep, and 0.9 for the pig; CPl:CM ratios were 1.0, 1.7, and 1.1, respectively. (211) Studies in mini pigs fed 59Fe in their diet from day 50 of gestation (Timmermans et al., 1992; Gerber, 1993) showed that at birth the CF:CM concentration ratios of 59Fe in the fetal and maternal organs were  2 in muscle, 1.6 in liver, 1.5 in brain, 0.8 in blood, 0.6 in kidneys, and 0.4 in bone. (212) Mahon et al. (1973) administered 59Fe citrate to rabbits in late pregnancy and measured transfer to fetal tissues and placenta after 1 hour. Transfer to the fetus accounted for 2.4% of injected activity with 0.28% retained by the placenta. The concentration in the placenta was about half that in the fetus. 4.5.2. Models (a) Adults (213) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995). The model allows for the transfer of Fe reaching the circulation predominantly to the red bone marrow, followed by incorporation into haemoglobin in newly formed erythocytes and release into the circulation. Smaller amounts of iron are stored in other tissues, principally the liver. Iron from senescent red blood cells is transferred mainly to the red bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Losses of iron from the body are largely due to exfoliation of cells from the skin and GI tract with smaller amounts in sweat, bile, and urine. (214) The parameters used in the Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995) model are applied here to female adults. In the case of absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract of the mother, the available data indicate a progressive increase over the period of pregnancy. On the basis of the available data, an f1 value of 0.1 is adopted for all of the first trimester with an increase to 0.3 at the end of the second trimester and 0.4 at the end of the third trimester. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (215) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention halftimes. (216) For calculating doses to fetal tissues, the information available from animal and human studies is rather disparate. Placing greatest reliance on the results from human and primate studies, the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of doses to the fetus is 1 for intakes before and during pregnancy. (217) The concentration of iron in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). 101

ICRP Publication 88

(218) The distribution of iron in the fetus, based on that adopted for the 3-month old infant in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995), is taken to be 0.1 to liver, 0.1 to red bone marrow and 0.8 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month old infant is applied (ICRP, 1995). 4.5.3. References for Iron Anghileri, L.J., Crone, M.C., Thouvenot, P. et al. (1985) Placenta, embryo and tumour uptake of 67Gacitrate and 59Fe-citrate. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 288–289. Baglan, R.J., Brill, A.B., Schulert, A. et al. (1974) Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Environ. Res. 8, 64–70. Beaton, G.H. (1974) Epidemiology of iron deficiency. In: Jacobs, A., Worwood, M. (Eds.), Iron in Biochemistry and Medicine. Academic Press, New York, pp. 477–528. Bothwell, T.H., Pribilla, W.F., Mebust, W. et al. (1958) Iron transport in the pregnant rabbit: iron transport across the placenta. Am. J. Physiol. 193, 615–622. Bothwell, T.H., Charlton, R.W., Cook, J.D. et al. (1979) Iron nutrition. In: Iron Metabolism in Man, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Cotes, P.M., Moss, G.F., Muir, A.R. et al. (1966) Distribution of iron in maternal and fetal tissues from pregnant rhesus monkeys treated with a single intravenous infusion of 59Fe iron dextran. Br. J. Pharmacol. 26, 633–648. Dyer, N.C., Brill, A.B. (1969) Fetal radiation dose from maternally administered 59Fe and 131I. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp. Washington, May 1969. pp. 73–88. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge. Fletcher, J., Suter, P.E.N. (1969) The transport of iron by the human placenta. Clin. Sci. 36, 209–220. Galbraith, G.M.P., Galbraith, R.M., Faulk, W.P. (1980) Immunological studies of transferrin and transferrin receptors of human placental trophoblast. Placenta 1, 32–46. Gerber, G.B. (1993) Radionuklid Transfer. In: Maier, C. (Ed.), Beitra¨ge zu Strahlenscha¨den und Strahlenkrankheiten. Zivilschutz Forschung, Band 14, Bundesdamt fu¨r Zivilschutz, Bonn, pp. 117–260. Glasser, S.R., McKee, C., Heyssel, R.M. (1969) Iron transfer by the feto-placental unit of the rat. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp. Washington, May 1969. pp. 25–44, USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge. Hahn, P.F., Carothers, E.L., Darby, W.J. (1951) Iron metabolism in human pregnancy as studied with the radioisotope Fe-59. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 61, 477–481. Hansard, S.L. (1969) Transplacental movement and maternal-fetal organ accretion rates in gravid cattle, sheep and swine. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp. Washington, May 1969. pp. 9–23. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge. ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 3. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. Annals of the ICRP 25 (1). Mahon, D.F., Subramanian, G., McAfee, J.G. (1973) Experimental comparison of radioactive agents for studies of the placenta. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 651–659. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age Dependent Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 327–338. Seal, U.S., Akhouri, A.S., Doe, R.P. (1972) Placental iron transfer: relationship to placental anatomy and phylogeny of the mammals. Am. J. Anat. 134, 263–269. Stabin, M.G., Stubbs, J.B., Russell, J.R. (1997) Review of the fetal radiation doses received from Fe-59 kinetic studies at Vanderbilt University in the 1940s. Health Phys. 72, 701–707. Timmermans, R., Van Hees, M., Vandecasteele, C.H. et al. (1992) Transfer of radionuclides from maternal food to the fetus and nursing infant. In: Age-dependent Factors in the Biokinetics and Dosimetry of Radionuclides. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41 (2–4), 127–130. van Dijk, J.P. (1977) Iron metabolism and placental transfer of iron in the term rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a compartmental analysis. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynec. Reprod. Biol., 7, 127–139. 102

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Fe-55 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Fe-55 (T1/2=2.70 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 1.9E-10 6.5E-12 5.0E-11 5.3E-11 Red Marrow 3.7E-10 1.3E-11 9.9E-11 1.0E-10 Red Marrow 4.4E-10 1.5E-11 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 Red Marrow 4.4E-10 1.6E-11 1.1E-10 1.3E-10 Red Marrow 4.2E-10 1.0E-11 1.0E-10 1.3E-10 Red Marrow 3.5E-10 NA 8.5E-11 1.4E-10 Red Marrow 2.1E-10 NA 5.1E-11 1.6E-10 Red Marrow 5.2E-11 NA 1.2E-11 1.7E-10

1.0E-10 2.0E-10 2.4E-10 2.4E-10 2.3E-10 2.3E-10 2.1E-10 1.8E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 8.9E-11 3.1E-12 2.4E-11 2.5E-11 Red Marrow 1.6E-10 5.3E-12 4.2E-11 4.7E-11 Red Marrow 1.6E-10 4.7E-12 4.0E-11 5.1E-11 Red Marrow 1.5E-10 4.1E-12 3.6E-11 5.1E-11 Red Marrow 1.3E-10 2.2E-12 3.1E-11 5.1E-11 Red Marrow 1.0E-10 NA 2.5E-11 5.0E-11 Red Marrow 5.1E-11 NA 1.2E-11 4.6E-11 Red Marrow 9.3E-12 NA 2.3E-12 3.4E-11

4.9E-11 8.9E-11 9.1E-11 8.7E-11 8.2E-11 7.5E-11 5.8E-11 3.6E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 6.9E-12 2.3E-13 1.8E-12 2.0E-12 Red Marrow 8.2E-12 2.6E-13 2.1E-12 2.5E-12 Red Marrow 7.3E-12 2.2E-13 1.9E-12 2.4E-12 Red Marrow 6.9E-12 2.0E-13 1.7E-12 2.4E-12 Red Marrow 6.1E-12 1.1E-13 1.5E-12 2.4E-12 Red Marrow 4.8E-12 NA 1.2E-12 2.3E-12 Red Marrow 2.5E-12 NA 5.9E-13 2.1E-12 Red Marrow 4.7E-13 NA 1.1E-13 1.7E-12

3.8E-12 4.6E-12 4.3E-12 4.1E-12 3.9E-12 3.5E-12 2.7E-12 1.8E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 7.5E-11 1.5E-10 1.7E-10 1.7E-10 1.6E-10 1.9E-10 2.3E-10 6.9E-11

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.5.2 2.6E-12 2.0E-11 5.1E-12 3.9E-11 6.0E-12 4.6E-11 6.2E-12 4.4E-11 4.0E-12 4.0E-11 NA 4.7E-11 NA 5.5E-11 NA 1.7E-11

2.1E-11 4.1E-11 4.9E-11 5.0E-11 5.2E-11 7.6E-11 1.7E-10 2.3E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

103

4.1E-11 8.0E-11 9.5E-11 9.4E-11 9.2E-11 1.2E-10 2.3E-10 2.5E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Fe-55 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Fe-55 (T1/2=2.70 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 2.1E-10 7.4E-12 5.6E-11 6.0E-11 Red Marrow 3.7E-10 1.3E-11 1.0E-10 1.0E-10 Red Marrow 2.7E-10 4.6E-12 6.7E-11 1.4E-10

1.2E-10 2.0E-10 2.1E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 9.6E-11 3.3E-12 2.5E-11 2.7E-11 Red Marrow 1.6E-10 5.2E-12 4.1E-11 4.6E-11 Red Marrow 8.2E-11 1.2E-12 2.0E-11 4.6E-11

5.2E-11 8.7E-11 6.6E-11

Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy
260*
52* cy

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 6.6E-12 2.2E-13 1.7E-12 2.0E-12 Red Marrow 8.0E-12 2.5E-13 2.1E-12 2.5E-12 Red Marrow 3.9E-12 5.5E-14 9.5E-13 2.1E-12 Ingestion: f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 8.4E-11 2.9E-12 2.2E-11 2.4E-11 Red Marrow 1.5E-10 5.1E-12 3.9E-11 4.1E-11 Red Marrow 1.1E-10 1.8E-12 2.6E-11 5.5E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

104

3.7E-12 4.6E-12 3.1E-12 4.6E-11 8.0E-11 8.1E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Fe-59 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Fe-59 (T1/2=44.5 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 1.7E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow 1.8E-10 2.8E-11 1.1E-10 9.5E-13 Red Marrow 3.2E-09 4.9E-10 2.1E-09 1.7E-11 Red Marrow 4.1E-09 8.5E-10 2.2E-09 3.0E-11 Red Marrow 4.9E-09 8.2E-10 2.2E-09 5.1E-11 Red Marrow 4.9E-09 NA 2.2E-09 9.1E-11 Red Marrow 4.3E-09 NA 2.0E-09 2.9E-10 Red Marrow 1.7E-09 NA 7.8E-10 9.0E-10

1.1E-15 1.1E-10 2.1E-09 2.2E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 1.7E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow 7.4E-11 1.2E-11 4.7E-11 4.3E-13 Red Marrow 1.1E-09 1.6E-10 7.4E-10 7.1E-12 Red Marrow 1.3E-09 2.5E-10 7.6E-10 1.2E-11 Red Marrow 1.5E-09 3.2E-10 7.7E-10 2.0E-11 Red Marrow 1.4E-09 NA 7.4E-10 3.3E-11 Red Marrow 1.1E-09 NA 6.0E-10 8.6E-11 Red Marrow 3.9E-10 NA 2.3E-10 1.8E-10

<1E-15 4.7E-11 7.5E-10 7.7E-10 7.9E-10 7.7E-10 6.9E-10 4.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow 6.3E-12 1.3E-12 4.9E-12 2.4E-14 All 2.5E-10 2.7E-11 2.6E-10 3.4E-13 Red Marrow 2.9E-10 5.6E-11 2.6E-10 5.7E-13 Red Marrow 2.9E-10 1.9E-10 2.6E-10 9.4E-13 Red Marrow 2.9E-10 NA 2.5E-10 1.5E-12 Red Marrow 2.4E-10 NA 2.2E-10 4.0E-12 All 1.1E-10 NA 1.2E-10 9.0E-12

<1E-15 4.9E-12 2.6E-10 2.6E-10 2.6E-10 2.5E-10 2.2E-10 1.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 <1E-15 7.0E-11 1.8E-09 2.2E-09 2.5E-09 3.2E-09 4.9E-09 2.4E-09

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.5.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-11 4.5E-11 1.9E-10 1.4E-09 3.4E-10 1.4E-09 8.7E-10 1.4E-09 NA 1.7E-09 NA 2.4E-09 NA 1.2E-09

<1E-15 3.7E-13 6.7E-12 1.2E-11 2.0E-11 5.0E-11 3.1E-10 1.2E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

105

<1E-15 4.5E-11 1.4E-09 1.4E-09 1.4E-09 1.8E-09 2.7E-09 2.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Fe-59 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Fe-59 (T1/2=44.5 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 1.1E-10 1.7E-11 7.1E-11 5.9E-13 Red Marrow 5.5E-10 8.6E-11 3.5E-10 3.0E-12 Red Marrow 3.8E-09 2.8E-10 1.8E-09 2.7E-10

7.2E-11 3.5E-10 2.1E-09

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 3.9E-11 6.2E-12 2.5E-11 2.5E-13 Red Marrow 2.0E-10 3.1E-11 1.2E-10 1.3E-12 Red Marrow 1.1E-09 9.9E-11 6.1E-10 7.1E-11 Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.5.2 Red Marrow 4.2E-12 8.5E-13 3.6E-12 1.3E-14 Red Marrow 2.1E-11 4.2E-12 1.8E-11 6.4E-14 Red Marrow 2.4E-10 4.7E-11 2.2E-10 3.4E-12


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow Red Marrow Red Marrow


260*
52* cy

Ingestion: f1 4.4E-11 2.2E-10 1.9E-09

- see section 4.5.2 6.8E-12 2.8E-11 3.4E-11 1.4E-10 2.2E-10 1.2E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

106

2.3E-13 1.2E-12 1.0E-10

2.5E-11 1.2E-10 6.8E-10 3.6E-12 1.8E-11 2.2E-10 2.8E-11 1.4E-10 1.3E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.6. Cobalt 4.6.1. Biokinetic data (219) For occupational and public exposure, the principal concern is considered to be isotopes of cobalt (Co) in inorganic forms although organic forms including food constituents may also be encountered. The data available on transfer to the fetus relate to cobalt chloride and Co-labelled vitamin B12. (a) Inorganic cobalt (220) Baglan et al. (1974) have reported data for cobalt concentrations in maternal blood, fetal blood and placenta. These suggest placenta:fetal blood and placenta:maternal blood concentration ratios of  7, but because of the very low concentrations present the uncertainties are large. Higher concentrations of cobalt have been measured in other body tissues (Iyengar et al., 1978). (221) A number of studies report the behaviour of cobalt chloride in rodents. Zylicz et al. (1975, 1976) administered 60CoCl2 intravenously to pregnant rats and measured concentrations in the fetus and placenta at 24 hours after administration. The values obtained after administration on day 15, 17, 19 or 21 of pregnancy were fetal concentrations of 0.06, 0.10, 0.14, and 0.19% injected activity g
1, respectively, and placental concentrations of 0.08, 0.16, 0.19, and 0.25% g
1, respectively. Corresponding average concentrations in maternal tissues were about 0.12% g
1 on the assumption of a maternal weight of 240 g, giving CF:CM ratios of from 0.5 to 1.6 and CPl:CM ratios of from 0.6 to 2. Matsusaka (1976) gave 58Co to mice as the chloride on either day 12 or day 18 of pregnancy and measured average fetal concentrations after 24 h as 0.4 and 0.7% injected activity g
1, respectively; no information was given on retention in maternal tissues. Thomas et al. (1976) reported that the whole-body retention of 60Co in adult female mice after administration of the chloride can be described by a four component exponential function. On the basis of this function, average concentrations at 24 hours after administration would be 0.9% g
1, similar to the fetal concentrations reported by Matsusaka (1976). (222) Timmermans et al. (1992) gave food containing 58Co as chloride to miniature swine for 50 days during pregnancy, beginning at about day 50, and measured 58 Co in neonatal and maternal kidney, liver, brain, bone, and muscle. The results obtained indicate that concentrations in the neonates were about 10%, 15%, 70%, and 100% of maternal concentrations respectively (Gerber, 1993). (223) Based on a review of experimental data, Sikov and Hui (1996) adopted a CF:CM ratio of 1 for calculating doses to the fetus for intakes of inorganic forms of cobalt isotopes during pregnancy. It was assumed that the concentration ratio would be constant for the remainder of the pregnancy. (b) Vitamin B12 (224) Luhby et al. (1958) administered tracer amounts of 58Co vitamin B12 to pregnant women and reported variable results with transfer to the fetus of 0.3–28% of administered activity, corresponding to CF:CM ratios in the range 0.1–9. Reten107

ICRP Publication 88

tion in the placenta was 0.2–6.1% of administered activity and CPl:CM ratios were in the same range as CF:CM ratios. (225) Woods et al. (1959) administered 60Co-labelled vitamin B12 subcutaneously to pregnant dogs 2–9 days before parturition and measured 60Co in neonatal and maternal tissues. There was considerable variation in the concentrations in neonatal tissues compared with corresponding maternal tissue concentrations but the average ratio was about 1. Luhby et al. (1959) gave 60Co-labelled vitamin B12 to female dogs at about 5 months before conception. Concentrations of 60Co in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas of newborn pups (7 months after administration) were about 10–20% of the corresponding maternal tissue concentrations. (226) Nishimura et al. (1978) reported results from a detailed study of 57Co retention in the rat fetus after administration of 57Co-labelled vitamin B12 at different stages of pregnancy. The activity of 57Co in the fetus measured at 24 hours after maternal administration increased with increasing stage of gestation but average concentrations in the fetus were about 1% injected activity g
1 throughout gestation. The corresponding average maternal concentration was about 0.45% g
1. The effective half-time of retention in the fetus was calculated as about 9 days compared with a previously reported value of 27 days for adult female rats (Nishimura et al. 1976). (227) Ullberg et al. (1967) administered 57Co-labelled vitamin B12 to mice in late pregnancy and measured transfer to the fetuses up to 24 hours later. Increasing the administered amount of vitamin B12 from 0.2 mg to 200 mg led to a reduction in the observed CF:CM ratio from 130 to 1.7. Comparisons of placental and fetal concentrations of 57Co showed that placental concentrations were higher initially but fell to below fetal concentrations by 24 hours after administration. (228) In a model for the calculation of fetal doses from radioisotopes of cobalt, Sikov and Hui (1996) assumed that the concentration of cobalt in the fetus was the same as that in the mother following intakes of Co-labelled vitamin B12 during pregnancy. 4.6.2. Models (a) Adults (229) The model adopted for adults is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). In this model 50% of cobalt reaching the circulation is rapidly excreted with a halftime of 0.5 days, 5% is taken up by the liver and 45% is uniformly distributed in all other tissues. Fractions of 0.6, 0.2, and 0.2 are assumed to be lost from the liver and other tissues with biological half-times of 6, 60, and 800 days, respectively. These parameters are also taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (230) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (231) The data reviewed suggest that for both inorganic forms of cobalt and for cobalt in vitamin B12, fetal concentrations can exceed average maternal concentra108

ICRP Publication 88

tions particularly at short times after administration in late gestation. Taking account of results indicating shorter retention times in the fetus, a CF:CM ratio of 1 is adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for intakes of inorganic or organic forms of cobalt during pregnancy. For intakes prior to conception, the data indicate that Co retained by the mother will be less available for transfer to the fetus and a CF:CM ratio of 0.2 is adopted. Vitamin B12 is not considered separately because occupational and environmental intakes of radioisotopes of Co in this form are considered unlikely to comprise more than a small fraction of total intake. (232) The concentration of cobalt in the placenta is taken to be twice that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (233) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The distribution of cobalt in the fetus, based on that adopted in Publication 67, is taken to be 0.1 to liver and 0.9 to all other tissues. Retention parameters for the 3 month old infant are applied to the offspring from birth. 4.6.3. References for Cobalt Baglan, R.J., Brill, A.B., Schulert, A. et al. (1974) Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Environ. Res. 8, 64–70. Gerber, G.B. (1993) Radionuklid transfer. In: Maier, C. (Ed.), Beitra¨ge zu Strahlenscha¨den und Strahlenkrankheiten. Zivilschutz Forschung, Band 14, Bundesamt fu¨r Zivilschutz, Bonn, pp. 117–260. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Iyengar, G.V., Kollmer, W.E., Bowen, H.J.M. (1978) The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids. Verlag Chemie, New York. Luhby, A.L., Cooperman, J.M., Donnenfeld, A.M. et al. (1958) Observations on transfer of vitamin B12 from mother to fetus and newborn. Am. J. Dis. Child 96, 532–533. Luhby, A.L., Cooperman, J.M., Donnenfeld, A.M. (1959) Placental transfer and biological half-life of radioactive Vit. B12 in the dog. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 100, 214–217. Matsusaka, N. (1976) Relationship between the fetal uptake of radioactive cobalt and the gestation period in mice. Medicine and Biology 92, 457–461. Nishimura, Y., Inaba, J., Ichikawa, R. (1976) Whole-body retention of 60CoCl2 and 58Co-cyanocobalamin in young and adult rats. J. Radiat. Res. 17, 240–246. Nishimura, Y., Inaba, J., Ichikawa, R. (1978) Fetal uptake of 60CoCl2 and 57Co-cyanocobalamin in different gestation stages of rats. J. Radiat. Res. 19, 236–245. Sikov, M.R., Hui, T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation dose. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631; PNL-7445, Rev. 2. Thomas, R.G., Furchner, J.E., London, J.E. et al. (1976) Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals. Retention of tracer-level cobalt in the mouse, rat, monkey and dog. Health Phys. 31, 323–333. Timmermans, R., Van Hees, M., Vandecasteele, C.H. et al. (1992) Transfer of radionuclides from maternal food to the fetus and nursing infants of minipigs. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 127–130. Ullberg, S., Kristoffersson, M., Flodh, H. et al. (1967) Placental passage and fetal accumulation of labelled vitamin B12 in the mouse. Arch. Int. Pharmacodynam. 167, 431–449. Woods, W.D., Hawkins, W.B., Whipple, G.H. (1960) Vitamin B12Co-60 readily passes the placenta into fetal organs and nursing provides B12 from mother to pup. J. Exp. Med. 112, 125–136. Zylicz, E., Zablotna, R., Geisler, J. et al. (1975) Effects of DTPA on the deposition of 65Zn, 60Co and 144 Ce in pregnant rat and in foetoplacental unit. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 28, 125–136. Zylicz, E., Zablotna, R., Geisler, J. et al. (1976) Placental transfer of 60Co as a function of gestation age. Nukleonika, 21, 1203–1210. 109

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Co-57 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Co-57 (T1/2=271 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring

1.2E-13 1.5E-12 1.5E-11 1.7E-11 2.0E-11 2.4E-11 3.6E-11 6.9E-11

2.7E-12 3.5E-11 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.4E-10 1.3E-10 1.2E-10 1.1E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 1.3E-12 3.0E-13 1.3E-12 6.3E-14 Liver 1.9E-11 4.0E-12 1.7E-11 7.7E-13 Liver 8.8E-11 1.2E-11 7.1E-11 7.2E-12 Liver 8.6E-11 1.5E-11 6.7E-11 8.1E-12 Liver 8.3E-11 3.0E-11 6.3E-11 9.2E-12 Liver 7.7E-11 NA 5.8E-11 1.0E-11 Liver 5.6E-11 NA 4.3E-11 1.3E-11 Liver 2.3E-11 NA 1.9E-11 1.7E-11

1.4E-12 1.8E-11 7.8E-11 7.5E-11 7.2E-11 6.8E-11 5.6E-11 3.6E-11

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 6.3E-13 1.3E-13 6.3E-13 6.7E-15 7.2E-12 1.5E-12 7.2E-12 4.7E-14 4.0E-11 4.1E-12 4.0E-11 3.7E-13 3.9E-11 6.3E-12 3.9E-11 4.0E-13 3.7E-11 2.5E-11 3.8E-11 4.4E-13 3.6E-11 NA 3.6E-11 4.8E-13 2.8E-11 NA 2.8E-11 6.0E-13 1.4E-11 NA 1.4E-11 8.4E-13

6.4E-13 7.2E-12 4.0E-11 3.9E-11 3.8E-11 3.6E-11 2.9E-11 1.5E-11

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Liver All Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 2.9E-12 5.9E-13 2.6E-12 3.7E-11 7.7E-12 3.3E-11 1.8E-10 2.7E-11 1.4E-10 1.8E-10 3.7E-11 1.3E-10 1.8E-10 5.0E-11 1.2E-10 1.7E-10 NA 1.1E-10 1.3E-10 NA 8.5E-11 5.9E-11 NA 3.8E-11

1.0E-12 1.5E-11 1.4E-10 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.4E-10 1.1E-10 6.3E-11

Ingestion: f1=0.1 2.3E-13 3.0E-12 1.1E-11 1.5E-11 1.0E-10 NA NA NA

1.0E-12 1.3E-11 1.4E-10 1.3E-10 1.3E-10 1.2E-10 9.6E-11 5.5E-11

4.9E-14 6.0E-13 5.9E-12 6.8E-12 8.0E-12 9.5E-12 1.4E-11 2.7E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

110

1.0E-12 1.4E-11 1.5E-10 1.4E-10 1.4E-10 1.3E-10 1.1E-10 8.2E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Co-57 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Co-57 (T1/2=271 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 1.2E-11 2.4E-12 1.0E-11 4.6E-13 3.9E-11 9.0E-12 3.9E-11 1.6E-12 1.4E-10 1.5E-11 9.4E-11 3.6E-11

1.0E-11 4.1E-11 1.3E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 5.3E-12 1.2E-12 5.3E-12 2.3E-13 All 2.0E-11 4.5E-12 2.0E-11 8.2E-13 Liver 6.3E-11 8.4E-12 4.9E-11 1.2E-11

5.5E-12 2.1E-11 6.1E-11

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 2.3E-12 4.6E-13 2.3E-12 1.6E-14 8.4E-12 1.7E-12 8.4E-12 4.8E-14 3.0E-11 6.0E-12 3.0E-11 5.8E-13

2.3E-12 8.4E-12 3.1E-11

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

Liver All Liver


260*
52* cy
260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All Liver

4.2E-12 1.6E-11 1.2E-10

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 9.5E-13 3.5E-12 2.3E-11

ecin

utero

4.2E-12 1.6E-11 1.0E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. Intake commencing at the time of conception.

y

Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

111

1.8E-13 6.5E-13 1.4E-11

4.4E-12 1.7E-11 1.1E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Co-58 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Co-58 (T1/2=70.8 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 1.3E-13 4.6E-12 6.9E-12 1.0E-11 1.6E-11 3.9E-11 1.3E-10

1.1E-14 3.0E-11 4.9E-10 4.8E-10 4.6E-10 4.5E-10 4.1E-10 3.3E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 5.8E-15 1.5E-15 5.8E-15 <1E-15 All 1.6E-11 4.3E-12 1.6E-11 6.3E-14 All 3.0E-10 4.5E-11 3.0E-10 2.2E-12 All 3.0E-10 7.8E-11 3.0E-10 3.3E-12 Liver 3.2E-10 1.9E-10 2.9E-10 4.7E-12 All 2.8E-10 NA 2.8E-10 6.9E-12 Liver 2.6E-10 NA 2.3E-10 1.5E-11 All 1.2E-10 NA 1.2E-10 3.2E-11

5.8E-15 1.6E-11 3.0E-10 3.0E-10 2.9E-10 2.9E-10 2.4E-10 1.5E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 4.3E-15 1.2E-15 4.3E-15 <1E-15 9.9E-12 2.7E-12 9.9E-12 3.9E-15 2.3E-10 2.5E-11 2.3E-10 1.1E-13 2.3E-10 4.7E-11 2.3E-10 1.6E-13 2.3E-10 1.7E-10 2.3E-10 2.3E-13 2.2E-10 NA 2.2E-10 3.2E-13 1.8E-10 NA 1.8E-10 6.6E-13 9.6E-11 NA 9.6E-11 1.5E-12

4.3E-15 9.9E-12 2.3E-10 2.3E-10 2.3E-10 2.2E-10 1.8E-10 9.8E-11

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 1.1E-14 3.0E-15 1.1E-14 3.0E-11 7.6E-12 3.0E-11 4.9E-10 8.4E-11 4.9E-10 5.2E-10 1.5E-10 4.7E-10 5.4E-10 2.6E-10 4.5E-10 5.4E-10 NA 4.3E-10 4.8E-10 NA 3.7E-10 2.6E-10 NA 2.0E-10

4.5E-15 1.2E-11 7.0E-10 7.0E-10 6.7E-10 6.4E-10 5.2E-10 3.2E-10

Ingestion: f1=0.1 1.2E-15 3.0E-12 3.3E-11 6.0E-11 6.0E-10 NA NA NA

4.5E-15 1.2E-11 7.0E-10 7.0E-10 6.7E-10 6.4E-10 5.2E-10 3.2E-10

<1E-15 5.0E-14 1.8E-12 2.7E-12 4.1E-12 6.3E-12 1.5E-11 5.0E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

112

4.5E-15 1.2E-11 7.0E-10 7.0E-10 6.7E-10 6.5E-10 5.3E-10 3.7E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Co-58 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Co-58 (T1/2=70.8 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 1.3E-11 3.2E-12 1.3E-11 4.6E-14 6.5E-11 1.6E-11 6.5E-11 2.3E-13 4.6E-10 7.3E-11 3.8E-10 4.6E-11

1.3E-11 6.5E-11 4.3E-10

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 7.1E-12 1.8E-12 7.1E-12 2.3E-14 3.5E-11 8.8E-12 3.5E-11 1.1E-13 2.4E-10 4.8E-11 2.4E-10 1.4E-11

7.1E-12 3.5E-11 2.5E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 4.3E-12 1.1E-12 4.3E-12 1.3E-15 2.1E-11 5.3E-12 2.1E-11 6.2E-15 1.9E-10 4.0E-11 1.9E-10 6.5E-13

4.3E-12 2.1E-11 1.9E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All Liver


260*
52* cy

5.6E-12 2.7E-11 5.5E-10

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 1.3E-12 6.2E-12 1.3E-10

ecin

utero

5.6E-12 2.7E-11 5.6E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

113

1.8E-14 9.0E-14 1.8E-11

5.6E-12 2.7E-11 5.8E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Co-60 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Co-60 (T1/2=5.27 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring

3.8E-11 9.5E-11 6.2E-10 6.7E-10 7.2E-10 7.9E-10 1.0E-09 1.7E-09

3.9E-10 1.0E-09 2.8E-09 2.7E-09 2.5E-09 2.4E-09 2.2E-09 2.2E-09

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 1.8E-10 4.1E-11 1.8E-10 1.9E-11 All 5.2E-10 1.2E-10 5.3E-10 4.8E-11 Liver 1.5E-09 2.3E-10 1.3E-09 3.0E-10 Liver 1.4E-09 2.8E-10 1.2E-09 3.1E-10 Liver 1.3E-09 4.8E-10 1.1E-09 3.3E-10 Liver 1.2E-09 NA 1.0E-09 3.4E-10 Liver 8.3E-10 NA 7.3E-10 3.7E-10 All 3.0E-10 NA 3.0E-10 4.2E-10

2.0E-10 5.8E-10 1.6E-09 1.5E-09 1.4E-09 1.3E-09 1.1E-09 7.2E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.8E-10 3.5E-11 1.8E-10 2.1E-12 4.2E-10 8.5E-11 4.2E-10 2.9E-12 9.6E-10 1.4E-10 9.6E-10 1.5E-11 9.2E-10 1.8E-10 9.2E-10 1.5E-11 8.5E-10 4.3E-10 8.5E-10 1.6E-11 7.8E-10 NA 7.8E-10 1.6E-11 5.7E-10 NA 5.7E-10 1.7E-11 2.5E-10 NA 2.5E-10 2.0E-11

1.8E-10 4.2E-10 9.7E-10 9.3E-10 8.7E-10 8.0E-10 5.9E-10 2.7E-10

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All Liver Liver All

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 3.5E-10 8.0E-11 3.5E-10 9.2E-10 2.1E-10 9.2E-10 2.6E-09 4.1E-10 2.2E-09 2.4E-09 5.3E-10 2.0E-09 2.3E-09 6.9E-10 1.8E-09 2.1E-09 NA 1.6E-09 1.5E-09 NA 1.2E-09 6.7E-10 NA 5.1E-10

1.4E-10 3.6E-10 2.1E-09 2.0E-09 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.5E-09 7.8E-10

Ingestion: f1=0.1 3.2E-11 8.2E-11 1.6E-10 2.1E-10 1.4E-09 NA NA NA

1.4E-10 3.6E-10 2.1E-09 2.0E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-09 1.3E-09 7.8E-10

1.5E-11 3.7E-11 2.5E-10 2.6E-10 2.8E-10 3.1E-10 4.0E-10 6.6E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

114

1.5E-10 4.0E-10 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.2E-09 2.0E-09 1.7E-09 1.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Co-60 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Co-60 (T1/2=5.27 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 4.5E-10 1.0E-10 4.6E-10 4.7E-11 9.8E-10 2.2E-10 9.8E-10 9.7E-11 1.7E-09 2.2E-10 1.4E-09 1.0E-09

5.1E-10 1.1E-09 2.4E-09

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 2.4E-10 5.6E-11 2.4E-10 2.4E-11 All 5.6E-10 1.3E-10 5.6E-10 4.8E-11 Liver 9.7E-10 1.4E-10 8.6E-10 3.7E-10

2.6E-10 6.1E-10 1.2E-09

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 2.2E-10 4.4E-11 2.2E-10 2.1E-12 4.4E-10 8.9E-11 4.4E-10 2.9E-12 6.5E-10 1.1E-10 6.5E-10 1.7E-11

2.2E-10 4.4E-10 6.7E-10

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All Liver


260*
52* cy
260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All Liver

1.8E-10 3.9E-10 1.7E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 4.1E-11 8.8E-11 3.3E-10

ecin

utero

1.8E-10 3.9E-10 1.5E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. Intake commencing at the time of conception.

y

Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

115

1.9E-11 3.8E-11 4.1E-10

2.0E-10 4.3E-10 1.9E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.7. Nickel 4.7.1. Biokinetic data (234) Casey and Robinson (1978) measured stable nickel (Ni) concentrations in 40 human fetuses of 22 to 43 weeks of gestation. Fetal concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for most maternal tissues. It was concluded that nickel crosses the placenta readily and the supply to the fetus will depend on the nickel status of the mother. (235) Jacobsen (1978) found higher concentrations in the bone ( 4), brain ( 25), and liver ( 35) of mouse fetuses than in the respective maternal organs after intraperitoneal injection of NiCl2 into the mother but lower concentrations in other fetal tissues. According to Roedler (1987), the results gave an overall CF:CM ratio of about 0.1. Lu et al. (1981) administered Ni chloride, 4–6 mg Ni per kg, intraperitoneally to mice on day 16 of pregnancy and reported maximum concentrations of Ni in maternal liver, spleen, and kidney after 4 hours of 5, 13, and 56 mg g
1, respectively. Maximum concentrations in placenta and fetal tissues of 0.4 mg g
1 and 1 mg g
1, respectively, were reached after 2 hours and 8 hours, respectively. These results suggest a CF:CM ratio of around 1 and a CPl:CM ratio of 0.4. (236) Mas et al. (1986) measured concentrations of 63Ni in maternal tissues, placenta, and fetal tissues at times from 15 minutes after administration as 63Ni chloride on either day 12 or 19 of pregnancy. Results at 15 minutes showed placental concentrations about equal to whole body maternal concentrations on day 12 and about 3 times greater on day 19. CF:CM ratios were about 0.3 on day 12 and about 1 on day 19. Subsequently, 63Ni was lost from all tissues including the fetus at similar rates. (237) Olsen and Jonsen (1979) used whole-body autoradiography to measure the retention of Ni in the mouse embryo and fetus at 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection of 1.8 MBq 63Ni Cl2 on day 5 to day 20 of pregnancy. Greatest concentrations were observed in the yolk sac with lower concentrations in the chorion, amnion, and amniotic fluid and, from day 10–11, in the placenta. Accumulation in the embryo and fetus increased with gestational age, reaching maximum values on day 16. According to Lau and Sarkar (1984), the accumulation of Ni in the fetus is attributable to binding in fetal serum to a2-macroglobulin, albumin, and an unidentified polyamine. (238) Sunderman et al. (1978) administered Ni to pregnant rats intramuscularly as 63 Ni Cl2 (12 mg Ni kg
1) on day 8 or 18 of pregnancy. One day later, concentrations were about 2 mg g
1 in the embryo and associated membranes (day 9) and 2.6, 1.2, and 0.6 mg g
1 in the placenta, fetus, and amniotic fluid, respectively (day 19). The results suggest CF:CM ratios of about 2 on day 9 and 3 on day 19 and a CPl:CM ratio of 0.6 on day 19. Autoradiography showed that 63Ni within the fetus was concentrated largely in the urinary bladder. (239) Jasim and Tjalve (1984) showed that treatment with thiuram sulfides, which are widely used in industry, agriculture, and medicine (as fungicides, insecticides or as a drug for chronic alcoholism) enhanced nickel transfer to and retention in mice 116

ICRP Publication 88

fetuses. After gastric intubation of mice on day 18 of pregnancy with 0.58 mg kg
1 of 63Ni Cl2, after DPTM (Dipentamethylenethiuram monosulfide) or TEDT (Tetraethylthiuram disulphide) exposure (1 mmol kg
1), whole fetus concentrations were found to be 0.3 ng g
1 and 0.2 ng g
1, respectively. These values suggest CF:CM ratios of about 30–50. (240) Measurements have been made of Ni naturally present in fetuses, amniotic fluid, placenta, and uterus taken from rats shortly prior to delivery (Kirchgessner et al., 1982). Fetus, uterus, placenta, and amniotic fluids contained about 0.4, 0.8, 0.5, and 14 mg g
1, respectively, of nickel. 4.7.2. Models (a) Adult (241) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). It is assumed that of nickel reaching the circulation, a fraction,0.02, is accumulated by the kidneys and retained with a biological half-time of 0.2 days. A second fraction, 0.68, is assumed to be rapidly lost by urinary excretion. The remainder of nickel reaching the circulation (0.30) is assumed to be distributed throughout all organs and tissues of the body including the kidneys and to be retained with a half-time of 1200 days. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (242) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (243) Animal data, together with limited human data on stable zinc, indicate that nickel is transferred to the fetus, although rather variable data have been obtained on the extent of transfer. A CF:CM ratio of 2 is adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of nickel for intakes during pregnancy. The same ratio is adopted for intakes before pregnancy. (244) The concentration of nickel in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (245) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. It is assumed that the distribution of Ni in the fetus and offspring is uniform and that the retention half-time in the offspring is 1200 days; that is short-term retention in the kidneys is not considered. 4.7.3. References for Nickel Casey, C.E., Robinson, M.F. (1978) Copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, cadmium and lead in human foetal tissues. Br. J. Nutr. 39, 639–647. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Jacobsen, N. (1978) Nickel and strontium distribution in some mouse tissues; passage through placenta and mammary glands. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 20, 571–584. 117

ICRP Publication 88 Jasim, S., Tjalve, H. (1984) Effect of thiuram sulphides on the uptake and distribution of nickel in pregnancy and non-pregnant mice. Toxicology, 32, 297–313. Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, D.A., Schnegg, A. (1982) Contents and distribution of Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Mn in fetuses, amniotic fluid, placenta, and uterus of rats. Res. Exp. Med. 180, 247–254. Lau, S.J., Sarkar, B. (1984) Comparative studies of manganese(II)-, nickel(II)-, zinc(II)-, copper(II)-, cadmium(II)-, and iron(III)-binding components in human cord and adult sera. Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 62, 449–455. Lu, C.C., Matsumoto, N., Iijima, S. (1981) Placental transfer and body distribution of nickel chloride in pregnant mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 59, 409–413. Mas, A., Peligero, M.J., Arola, Ll. et al. (1986) Distribution and kinetics of injected nickel in the pregnant rat. Clin. Expl. Pharmacol. Physiol. 13, 91–96. Olsen, I., Jonsen, J. (1979) Whole body autoradiography of 63Ni in mice throughout gestation. Toxicology 12, 165–172. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age Dependent Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 327–337. Sunderman, F.W., Shen, S.K., Mitchell, J.M. et al. (1978) Embryotoxicity and fetal toxicity of nickel in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 43, 381–390.

118

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ni-59 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ni-59 (T1/2=7.50E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 1.2E-10 2.9E-11 1.2E-10 1.9E-10 4.4E-11 1.9E-10 2.1E-10 4.9E-11 2.1E-10 2.0E-10 5.0E-11 2.0E-10 1.8E-10 3.4E-11 1.8E-10 1.4E-10 NA 1.4E-10 8.2E-11 NA 8.2E-11 2.0E-11 NA 2.0E-11

3.1E-10 4.3E-10 4.7E-10 4.8E-10 4.9E-10 4.9E-10 5.1E-10 5.3E-10

4.3E-10 6.2E-10 6.8E-10 6.8E-10 6.7E-10 6.3E-10 5.9E-10 5.5E-10

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 3.1E-11 7.2E-12 3.1E-11 6.1E-11 4.7E-11 1.1E-11 4.7E-11 9.3E-11 5.2E-11 1.2E-11 5.2E-11 1.0E-10 4.9E-11 1.2E-11 4.9E-11 1.0E-10 4.4E-11 8.5E-12 4.4E-11 1.1E-10 3.6E-11 NA 3.6E-11 1.1E-10 2.0E-11 NA 2.0E-11 1.1E-10 4.9E-12 NA 4.9E-12 1.2E-10

9.2E-11 1.4E-10 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.3E-10 1.2E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 1.4E-11 3.2E-12 1.4E-11 2.7E-11 1.9E-11 4.2E-12 1.9E-11 3.9E-11 1.6E-11 3.2E-12 1.6E-11 3.9E-11 1.4E-11 2.8E-12 1.4E-11 3.9E-11 1.2E-11 1.5E-12 1.2E-11 3.8E-11 9.2E-12 NA 9.2E-12 3.7E-11 4.5E-12 NA 4.5E-12 3.2E-11 8.0E-13 NA 8.0E-13 2.2E-11

4.1E-11 5.8E-11 5.5E-11 5.3E-11 5.0E-11 4.6E-11 3.7E-11 2.3E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.3E-12 2.9E-13 1.3E-12 2.7E-12 1.1E-12 2.3E-13 1.1E-12 2.4E-12 8.7E-13 1.8E-13 8.7E-13 2.2E-12 7.7E-13 1.6E-13 7.7E-13 2.1E-12 6.5E-13 9.3E-14 6.5E-13 2.0E-12 5.1E-13 NA 5.1E-13 1.9E-12 2.6E-13 NA 2.6E-13 1.7E-12 5.1E-14 NA 5.1E-14 1.3E-12

4.0E-12 3.5E-12 3.1E-12 2.9E-12 2.7E-12 2.4E-12 2.0E-12 1.4E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

119

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ni-59 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ni-59 (T1/2=7.50E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) All All All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.05 6.2E-12 1.4E-12 9.4E-12 2.2E-12 1.0E-11 2.4E-12 9.8E-12 2.5E-12 8.8E-12 1.7E-12 7.2E-12 NA 4.1E-12 NA 9.8E-13 NA

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

6.2E-12 9.4E-12 1.0E-11 9.8E-12 8.8E-12 7.2E-12 4.1E-12 9.8E-13

1.2E-11 1.9E-11 2.1E-11 2.1E-11 2.2E-11 2.2E-11 2.3E-11 2.4E-11

1.8E-11 2.8E-11 3.1E-11 3.1E-11 3.1E-11 2.9E-11 2.7E-11 2.5E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

120

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ni-59 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ni-59 (T1/2=7.50E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 1.3E-10 3.0E-11 1.3E-10 1.9E-10 4.4E-11 1.9E-10 1.2E-10 1.5E-11 1.2E-10

3.2E-10 4.3E-10 5.0E-10

4.5E-10 6.2E-10 6.2E-10

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 3.2E-11 7.5E-12 3.2E-11 6.4E-11 4.7E-11 1.1E-11 4.7E-11 9.3E-11 2.9E-11 3.7E-12 2.9E-11 1.1E-10

9.6E-11 1.4E-10 1.4E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 1.4E-11 3.2E-12 1.4E-11 2.8E-11 1.8E-11 4.0E-12 1.8E-11 3.9E-11 7.6E-12 7.9E-13 7.6E-12 3.3E-11

4.2E-11 5.7E-11 4.1E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.2E-12 2.7E-13 1.2E-12 2.6E-12 1.1E-12 2.3E-13 1.1E-12 2.4E-12 4.2E-13 4.6E-14 4.2E-13 1.8E-12

3.8E-12 3.5E-12 2.2E-12


260*
52* cy

All All All

Ingestion: f1=0.05 6.5E-12 1.5E-12 9.4E-12 2.2E-12 5.8E-12 7.4E-13

6.5E-12 9.4E-12 5.8E-12

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

121

1.3E-11 1.9E-11 2.2E-11

2.0E-11 2.8E-11 2.8E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ni-63 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ni-63 (T1/2=96.0 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 3.1E-10 7.3E-11 3.1E-10 4.7E-10 1.1E-10 4.7E-10 5.3E-10 1.3E-10 5.3E-10 5.0E-10 1.3E-10 5.0E-10 4.5E-10 8.9E-11 4.5E-10 3.7E-10 NA 3.7E-10 2.1E-10 NA 2.1E-10 5.0E-11 NA 5.0E-11

7.3E-10 1.0E-09 1.1E-09 1.1E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.3E-09

1.0E-09 1.5E-09 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.7E-09 1.6E-09 1.4E-09 1.4E-09

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 7.6E-11 1.8E-11 7.6E-11 1.4E-10 1.2E-10 2.8E-11 1.2E-10 2.2E-10 1.3E-10 3.1E-11 1.3E-10 2.5E-10 1.2E-10 3.2E-11 1.2E-10 2.5E-10 1.1E-10 2.2E-11 1.1E-10 2.6E-10 9.1E-11 NA 9.1E-11 2.6E-10 5.2E-11 NA 5.2E-11 2.7E-10 1.2E-11 NA 1.2E-11 2.9E-10

2.2E-10 3.4E-10 3.8E-10 3.7E-10 3.7E-10 3.5E-10 3.2E-10 3.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 3.4E-11 8.1E-12 3.4E-11 6.4E-11 4.7E-11 1.1E-11 4.7E-11 9.4E-11 4.1E-11 8.4E-12 4.1E-11 9.5E-11 3.6E-11 7.1E-12 3.6E-11 9.3E-11 3.0E-11 3.9E-12 3.0E-11 9.1E-11 2.3E-11 NA 2.3E-11 8.8E-11 1.1E-11 NA 1.1E-11 7.7E-11 2.0E-12 NA 2.0E-12 5.3E-11

9.8E-11 1.4E-10 1.4E-10 1.3E-10 1.2E-10 1.1E-10 8.8E-11 5.5E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 3.2E-12 7.4E-13 3.2E-12 6.4E-12 2.7E-12 5.9E-13 2.7E-12 5.9E-12 2.2E-12 4.6E-13 2.2E-12 5.2E-12 2.0E-12 4.1E-13 2.0E-12 5.1E-12 1.7E-12 2.4E-13 1.7E-12 4.9E-12 1.3E-12 NA 1.3E-12 4.7E-12 6.6E-13 NA 6.6E-13 4.2E-12 1.3E-13 NA 1.3E-13 3.3E-12

9.6E-12 8.6E-12 7.4E-12 7.1E-12 6.6E-12 6.0E-12 4.9E-12 3.4E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’.

122

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ni-63 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ni-63 (T1/2=96.0 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) All All All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.05 1.5E-11 3.7E-12 2.4E-11 5.7E-12 2.7E-11 6.3E-12 2.5E-11 6.5E-12 2.2E-11 4.4E-12 1.8E-11 NA 1.0E-11 NA 2.5E-12 NA

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

1.5E-11 2.4E-11 2.7E-11 2.5E-11 2.2E-11 1.8E-11 1.0E-11 2.5E-12

2.9E-11 4.5E-11 5.0E-11 5.1E-11 5.2E-11 5.3E-11 5.5E-11 5.7E-11

4.4E-11 6.9E-11 7.7E-11 7.6E-11 7.4E-11 7.1E-11 6.5E-11 5.9E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’.

123

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ni-63 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ni-63 (T1/2=96.0 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 3.2E-10 7.7E-11 3.2E-10 4.8E-10 1.1E-10 4.8E-10 3.0E-10 3.8E-11 3.0E-10

7.6E-10 1.0E-09 1.2E-09

1.1E-09 1.5E-09 1.5E-09

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 8.0E-11 1.9E-11 8.0E-11 1.5E-10 1.2E-10 2.8E-11 1.2E-10 2.2E-10 7.3E-11 9.6E-12 7.3E-11 2.7E-10

2.3E-10 3.4E-10 3.4E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 3.4E-11 8.1E-12 3.4E-11 6.6E-11 4.6E-11 1.0E-11 4.6E-11 9.3E-11 1.9E-11 2.0E-12 1.9E-11 8.0E-11

1.0E-10 1.4E-10 9.9E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 3.0E-12 6.8E-13 3.0E-12 6.1E-12 2.7E-12 5.8E-13 2.7E-12 5.8E-12 1.1E-12 1.2E-13 1.1E-12 4.4E-12

9.1E-12 8.5E-12 5.5E-12


260*
52* cy

All All All

Ingestion: f1=0.05 1.6E-11 3.9E-12 2.4E-11 5.7E-12 1.5E-11 1.9E-12

1.6E-11 2.4E-11 1.5E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

124

3.0E-11 4.5E-11 5.4E-11

4.6E-11 6.9E-11 6.9E-11

ICRP Publication 88

4.8. Zinc 4.8.1. Biokinetic data (246) Data are available on the transfer of zinc (Zn) to the embryo and fetus in rodents, rabbits, and cattle. In addition, measurements have been made of concentrations of stable zinc in fetal tissues from animals and in human fetal blood. (247) Kuhnert et al. (1992) reported similar concentrations of zinc in fetal plasma (about 12 mmol l
1) and maternal plasma (8–9 mmol l
1). Arnaud et al. (1994) obtained values of 6–17 mmol l
1 for umbilical serum and 4–12 mmol l
1 for maternal serum. The data of Baglan et al. (1974) for the total zinc concentrations in human maternal blood, fetal blood, and placenta suggest a placenta:fetal blood ratio of  5 and a placenta:maternal blood concentration ratio of  2. The average zinc concentration in the maternal body is  33 mg kg
1 body weight, and from the data of Baglan a placental concentration of  18 mg Zn kg
1 can be calculated, giving a CPl: CM ratio of about 0.5. These results suggest the concentration of zinc in the placenta will not exceed maternal whole body concentrations. (248) In a study of zinc concentrations in venous blood from 15 normal mothers and umbilical cord blood, Henkin et al. (1971) reported that levels in maternal serum were lowered during pregnancy, primarily as a result of significant decreases in zinc binding proteins. Concentrations in fetal serum were similar to concentrations in non-pregnant adults. Shaw (1979) reviewed available data and confirmed these conclusions. Measurement of zinc concentrations in tissues from aborted fetuses showed average concentrations in the first trimester of about 3 mg kg
1 at 31 days and 20 mg kg
1 at 35–78 days and concentrations in liver, kidney, and brain tissue from second and third trimester fetuses of about 100–200 mg kg
1, 11–20 mg kg
1, and 4–12 mg kg
1, respectively (Chaube et al., 1973). These data may be compared with maternal liver, kidney, and brain concentrations of 35–100 mg kg
1, 40–90 mg kg
1, and 14–22 mg kg
1, respectively (ICRP, 1975), suggesting CF:CM tissue concentration ratios of about 2 for liver and less than 1 for kidneys and brain. (249) Concentrations of stable zinc in fetal liver from cattle, expressed as mg zinc kg
1 dry weight, were reported to be about four times greater than maternal liver concentrations (Gooneratne and Christensen, 1989). Abdelrahman and Kincaid (1993) studied developmental changes in fetal concentrations of a number of elements in the fetuses of cattle. They observed that zinc concentrations in fetal liver and kidney, expressed relative to dry tissue weights, did not change significantly at different stages of gestation. Comparisons for rats showed concentrations of about 50 mg kg
1 wet weight for fetal liver and 23 mg kg
1 for maternal liver (Paternain et al., 1990). Corresponding results for mice showed slightly higher values for fetal liver than maternal liver (Tanaka et al., 1992). (250) Hansard (1969) studied the placental transfer of 65Zn during each trimester of gestation in sheep, pigs, and cattle. Fetal retention of 65Zn after 7 days in the third trimester accounted for 7% of total retained activity in the cow, 8% in the sheep, and 0.3% in the pig (2.7% in 9 fetuses). The placenta accounted for about 5% of retained activity in the cow, 6% in sheep, and 2% in pigs. CF:CM ratios in the 125

ICRP Publication 88

third trimester can be estimated as 0.6 for the cow, 1 for the sheep, and 0.5 for the pig; CPl:CM ratios were 1, 3, and 1, respectively. (251) Ferm and Hanlon (1974) measured concentrations of 65Zn in the embryo and placenta of hamsters at 24 hours after administration on day 8 or 11. Concentrations in the placenta were similar to those in the uterus in both cases and about twice those in the embryo. Ballou and Thompson (1961) fed 65Zn orally to three pregnant rats as the chloride for different periods during pregnancy and measured retention in maternal and fetal/neonatal tissues on day 15, at birth or 3 days after birth. The results suggest CF:CM ratios of 1–2. Terry et al. (1960) studied the transfer of 65Zn to the fetus in rabbits and showed a rapid increase in fetal uptake in late gestation, largely accounted for by increasing uptake and concentration in the fetal liver. Schulert et al. (1969) administered 65Zn intravenously to rats on day 14, 17 or 20 of pregnancy and measured uptake per fetus after short time intervals of 0.02%, 0.25%, and 0.6%, respectively. Zylicz et al. (1975a,b) administered 65Zn chloride intravenously to pregnant rats and measured concentrations in the fetus and placenta after 24 hours. After administration on days 15, 17, 19 or 21 of pregnancy, fetal concentrations were 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, and 0.7% injected activity g
1, respectively, and placental concentrations were 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.5% g
1, respectively. Compared with an average maternal concentration of 0.4% g
1, these results correspond to CF:CM ratios of about 1–2 and CPl:CM ratios of 1–1.5. Nishimura et al. (1984) found that after administration of 65 Zn to rats on day 7 of pregnancy, concentrations in neonates at birth were lower than maternal concentrations but after administration on day 20, neonatal concentrations were greatest with a CF:CM ratio of 2. Matsusaka (1977) studied transfer of 65Zn to the fetus in mice after administration on day 12 of pregnancy. Concentrations in the fetus at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after administration were 2.4, 2.6, 2.0, and 1.5% injected activity g
1, respectively. On the basis of whole body retention data for adult female mice reported separately (Matsusaka, 1978), the corresponding values at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after injection are 1.9, 1.5, 1.3, and 1.2% g
1, respectively. (252) In a model for the transfer of zinc to the fetus developed by Sikov and Hui (1996) it was assumed that the concentration of zinc in fetal tissues is similar to that in maternal tissues throughout the period of pregnancy following the intake. 4.8.2. Models (a) Adult (253) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). It is assumed that 20% of zinc reaching the circulation is taken up by the skeleton and retained with biological half-times of 400 days (97.5%) and 10,000 days (2.5%), respectively. The remainder is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all other organs and tissues, with 30% and 70% having biological halftimes of 20 days and 400 days, respectively. It is assumed that, for calculating doses from 65Zn, the element is uniformly distributed throughout the volume of mineral bone at all times after its deposition in the skeleton. Shorter-lived isotopes of zinc are assumed to remain on bone surfaces. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. 126

ICRP Publication 88

(b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (254) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (255) Animal data, together with limited human data on stable zinc, indicate that zinc is readily transferred to the fetus and concentrations are likely to exceed maternal concentrations, particularly in late gestation. A CF:CM ratio of 2 is adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of zinc for intakes during pregnancy. The same ratio is adopted for intakes before pregnancy. (256) The concentration of zinc in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (257) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993), adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children except that the long-term component for retention in bone is taken to be related to the rate of bone remodelling and has shorter half-times in infants and children (100 days for 3-month old). The same parameters are applied here to distribution in the fetus and the offspring from birth, assuming retention from birth to be the same as in the 3-month-old infant. 4.8.3. References for Zinc Abdelrahman, N.M., Kincaid, R.L. (1993) Deposition of copper, manganese, zinc and selenium in bovine fetal tissue at different stages of gestation. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 3588–3593. Arnaud, J., Preziosi, P., Mashako, L. et al. (1994) Serum trace elements in Zairian mothers and their newborns. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48, 341–348. Baglan, R.J., Brill, A.B., Schulert, A. et al. (1974) Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Environ. Res. 8, 64–70. Ballou, J.E., Thompson, R.C. (1961) Metabolism of 65Zn in the rat. Health Phys. 6, 6–18. Chaube, S., Nishimura, H., Swinyard, C.A. (1973) Zinc and cadmium in normal human embryos and fetuses. Arch. Environ. Health 26, 237–240. Ferm, V.H., Hanlon, D.P. (1974) Placental transfer of zinc in the Syrian hamster during early embryogenesis. J. Reprod. Fert. 39, 49–52. Gooneratne, S.R., Christensen, D.A. (1989) A survey of maternal and fetal tissue zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium concentrations in bovine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69, 151–159. Hansard, S.L. (1969) Transplacental movement and maternal-fetal organ accretion rates in gravid cattle, sheep and swine. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp. Washington, May 1969. pp. 9–23, USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge. Henkin, R.I., Marshall, J.R., Meret, S. (1971) Maternal-fetal metabolism of copper and zinc at term. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 110, 131–134. ICRP (1975) Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Kuhnert, B.R., Juhnert, P.M., Groh-Wargo, S.L. et al. (1992) Smoking alters the relationship between maternal zinc intake and biochemical indices of fetal zinc status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55, 981–984. Matsusaka, N. (1977) Uptake of 65Zn in the mouse fetus as a function of gestational age. Radiat. Res. 69, 83–89. Matsusaka, N. (1978) Whole-body retention of 65Zn during pregnancy and lactation and its secretion into milk in mice. Radiat. Res. 75, 46–53. Nishimura, Y., Inaba, J., Ichikawa, R. (1984) On the metabolism of 65Zn in juvenile rats (in Japanese). NIRS-M-49, 76–80. 127

ICRP Publication 88 Paternain, J.L., Ortega, A., Domingo, J.L. et al. (1990) Oral dimercaptosuccinic acid in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats: teratogenicity and alterations in mineral metabolism. 2: effect on mineral metabolism. J. Toxicol. Envir. Health 30, 191–197. Schulert, A.R., Glasser, S.R. Stant, E.G. et al. (1969) Development of placental discrimination among homologous elements. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf. Oak Ridge, pp. 145–152. Shaw, J.C.L. (1979) Trace elements in the fetus and young infant. Am. J. Dis. Child 133, 1260–1268. Sikov, M.R., Hui, T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation dose. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631; PNL-7445, Rev. 2. Tanaka, H., Yamanouchi, M., Imai, S. et al. (1992) Low copper and brain abnormalities in fetus from triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride-treated pregnant mouse. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 38, 545–554. Terry, C.W., Terry, B.E., Davies, J. (1960) Transfer of zinc-65 across the placenta and fetal membranes of the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. 198, 303–308. Zylicz, E., Zablotna, R., Geisler, J. et al. (1975a) Effects of DTPA on the deposition of 65Zn, 60Co and 144 Ce in pregnant rat and in foetoplacental unit. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 280, 125–136. Zylicz, E., Zablotna, R., Szot, Z. (1975b) Zinc-65 transfer across the placenta at late pregnancy in rat. Nukleonika 20, 887–896.

128

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Zn-65 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Zn-65 (T1/2=244 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.5 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-11 7.2E-12 3.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 2.0E-10 8.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-09 4.8E-10 2.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-09 6.1E-10 2.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-09 4.9E-10 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-09 NA 1.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-09 NA 1.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-10 NA 4.2E-10

7.0E-12 1.9E-10 4.4E-10 5.2E-10 6.1E-10 7.1E-10 9.9E-10 1.6E-09

3.9E-11 1.1E-09 2.6E-09 2.6E-09 2.6E-09 2.5E-09 2.3E-09 2.0E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-11 3.5E-12 1.5E-11 3.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-10 8.1E-11 3.6E-10 8.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.0E-10 1.5E-10 7.5E-10 1.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.7E-10 1.7E-10 7.1E-10 2.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.2E-10 1.7E-10 6.6E-10 2.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-10 NA 5.9E-10 2.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-10 NA 3.9E-10 2.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-10 NA 1.2E-10 3.1E-10

1.8E-11 4.5E-10 9.2E-10 9.1E-10 8.8E-10 8.4E-10 6.8E-10 4.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 4.6E-12 1.0E-12 4.5E-12 4.6E-13 6.1E-11 1.3E-11 6.0E-11 5.1E-12 2.1E-10 3.1E-11 2.1E-10 8.6E-12 2.0E-10 4.3E-11 2.1E-10 9.5E-12 1.9E-10 1.0E-10 1.9E-10 1.0E-11 1.8E-10 NA 1.8E-10 1.1E-11 1.4E-10 NA 1.4E-10 1.3E-11 6.0E-11 NA 6.0E-11 1.5E-11 Ingestion: f1=0.5 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-11 1.2E-11 5.4E-11 1.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-09 3.4E-10 1.5E-09 3.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-09 8.2E-10 3.8E-09 7.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-09 1.0E-09 3.7E-09 8.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-09 9.7E-10 3.5E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-09 NA 3.3E-09 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-09 NA 2.4E-09 1.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 NA 7.9E-10 2.7E-09 All All All All All All All All

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. +At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

129

5.0E-12 6.5E-11 2.2E-10 2.2E-10 2.0E-10 1.9E-10 1.5E-10 7.5E-11 6.6E-11 1.8E-09 4.5E-09 4.6E-09 4.5E-09 4.5E-09 4.1E-09 3.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Zn-65 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Zn-65 (T1/2=244 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.5 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-10 5.6E-11 2.4E-10 5.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 2.3E-10 9.9E-10 2.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-09 1.9E-10 1.5E-09 9.0E-10

2.9E-10 1.2E-09 2.4E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-10 2.2E-11 9.9E-11 2.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-10 8.6E-11 3.9E-10 9.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-10 6.1E-11 4.8E-10 2.6E-10

1.2E-10 4.8E-10 7.4E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.8E-11 4.1E-12 1.8E-11 1.5E-12 6.8E-11 1.5E-11 6.8E-11 5.3E-12 1.5E-10 2.7E-11 1.5E-10 1.2E-11

2.0E-11 7.3E-11 1.6E-10

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

5.1E-10 2.1E-09 3.4E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.5 9.5E-11 3.9E-10 3.5E-10

ecin

utero

4.2E-10 1.7E-09 2.6E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

130

9.1E-11 3.7E-10 1.5E-09

5.1E-10 2.1E-09 4.1E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.9. Selenium 4.9.1. Biokinetic data (258) Limited data are available on the transfer of selenium (Se) to the fetus in animals. In addition, measurements have been made of the concentration of stable selenium in fetal tissues from animals and human fetal blood and of the transfer of 75 Se-selenomethionine in humans. (259) Several authors measured the Se concentrations in umbilical and maternal serum. Arnaud et al. (1993) reported Se concentrations in umbilical serum as 66 mg l
1 compared with 92 mg l
1 for maternal serum. Dison et al. (1993) made similar measurements on infants with gestational ages from of 25 to 42 weeks and found Se concentrations in umbilical serum of 75 mg l
1 compared with 123 mg l
1 for maternal serum. Bro et al. (1988) found a Se concentration in the umbilical cord of newborn infants of 47 mg l
1 compared with 66 mg l
1 for maternal serum. Wasowicz et al. (1993) measured Se concentration in plasma from newborn infants and their mother as 28 mg l
1 and 35 mg l
1, respectively. Baglan et al. (1974) also measured similar concentrations in human placentas, maternal and fetal blood; the data indicated fetal:maternal blood concentration ratios of 0.6–0.8 and placenta:maternal blood concentration ratios of 1–2. Hilditch et al. (1973) studied uptake of 75Se by the fetus in eight patients after intravenous injection of 75Se-methionine at 7–56 days before birth, comparing retention by babies and their mothers at 2 to 4 days after birth. CF:CM ratios ranged from 1.6–2.7 with a mean of about 1.8. (260) Jandial et al. (1976) measured the concentrations of 75Se in the placenta and maternal blood of 10 women undergoing elective caesarian section at various times after intravenous injection of 75Se-selenomethionine. In five women studied within 1 hour of 75Se-selenomethionine injection, the placental/maternal blood concentration ratio was  1, but in five subjects studies at 1.5 to 24 hours after injection, the corresponding ratio was 4 (range 3–6). (261) Gooneratne and Christensen (1989) reported that concentrations of Se in fetal liver from cattle, expressed as mg Se kg
1 dry weight, were about 3.5 times higher than maternal liver concentrations. (262) Archimbaud et al. (1992) administered 75Se as sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) to rats by gavage on day 2 of pregnancy and measured average CF:CM ratios of 0.7 on day 13 and 0.9 on day 20. Concentrations in fetal kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract on day 20, relative to respective maternal tissue concentrations, were 0.27, 0.26, and 1.0, respectively. Shearer and Hadjimarkos (1973) administered 75Se as Na2SeO3 to rats in four subcutaneous injections during pregnancy and measured 75 Se in neonatal and maternal tissues 13 days after birth. Concentration ratios were greatest for bone (3) and teeth (1.7–9) and lowest for soft tissues (0.5–0.9). (263) Nishimura et al. (1991) administered 75Se to mice as Na2SeO3 by intravenous injection and measured retention 2–3 days later as 0.05% injected activity per fetus on day 16 and 0.72% per fetus on day 21; corresponding CF:CM ratios were 1.4 on day 16 and 1.9 on day 21. In each case, concentrations in the placenta were greater than in the fetus, corresponding to CPl:CM ratios of 2–3. Nishikido and 131

ICRP Publication 88

Suzuki (1985) measured the transfer of 75Se in mice at times up to 24 hours after subcutaneous injection of Na2SeO3 on day 12 or 16 of pregnancy. Total retention in the fetuses of about 0.4% and 2.7% at 24 hours after administration on days 12 and 16, respectively, compared to total maternal retention of about 11% in each case, corresponding to CF:CM ratios of about 0.85 and 1. Retention in the placenta of 0.6–0.8% corresponded to CPl:CM ratios of 2–3. (264) Roedler (1987) reviewed biokinetic data for selenium-selenite from studies by Campo et al. (1967) and McConnell et al. (1970). He recorded fetal:maternal tissue concentration ratios of 3, 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.6 for bone, muscle, liver, blood, and kidneys, respectively. 4.9.2. Models (a) Adult (265) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995). For selenium reaching the circulation, 25% is assumed to be deposited in the liver, 10% in kidneys, 1% in spleen, 0.5% in pancreas, 0.1% in testes, 0.02% in ovaries and the rest is distributed throughout other tissues. Retention in body tissues is described by the sum of three components with half-times of 3 days (10%), 30 days (40%) and 200 days (50%). These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (266) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (267) On the basis of the limited available data on Se transfer to the fetus, a CF:CM ratio of 2 is adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of Se for intakes during pregnancy, although this may be conservative for selenite. The same ratio is adopted for intakes before pregnancy. (268) The concentration of selenium in the placenta is taken to be twice that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (269) In Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. Based on the parameters in the ICRP model it is assumed that retention in the liver, kidneys, and soft tissues of the fetus account for 0.25, 0.1, and 0.65 of the total body activity. After birth the distribution and retention parameters given in Publication 69 are adopted; that is, activity assigned to soft tissues in the fetus is distributed after birth to spleen, pancreas, gonads, and other soft tissues on a mass weighted basis. 4.9.3. References for Selenium Archimbaud, Y., Grillon, G., Poncy, J.L. et al. (1992) 75Se transfer via placenta and milk, distribution and retention in fetal, young and adult rat. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 147–151. Arnaud, J., Preziosi, P., Mashako, L. et al. (1993) Serum trace elements in Zairian mothers and their newborn. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48, 341–348. 132

ICRP Publication 88 Baglan, R.J., Brill, A.B., Shulert, A. et al. (1974) Utility of placental tissues as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Environ. Res. 8, 64–70. Bro, S., Berendtsen, H., Norgaard, J., et al. (1988) Serum selenium concentration in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Relation to course and outcome of pregnancy. J. Trace. Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 2, 165–169. Campo, R.D., Tourtelotte, C.D., Ledrick, J.W. (1967) Selenium-75: an autoradiographic study of its deposition in cartilage and bone. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 125, 512. Dison, P.J., Lockitch, G., Halstead. A.C., et al. (1993) Influence of maternal factors on cord and neonatal plasma micronutrient levels. Am. J. Perinatology 10 (1), 30–35. Gooneratne, S.R., Christensen, D.A. (1989) A survey of maternal and fetal tissue zinc, iron, manganese and selenium concentrations in bovine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69, 151–159. Hilditch, T.E., Milne, B., Thomas, D.L. et al. (1973) 75Se-selenomethionine uptake by the fetus. Lancet 2, 380. ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 3. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. Annals of the ICRP 25 (1). Jandial, V., Henderson, P., Macgillivray, I. (1976) Placental transfer of radioactive selenomethionine in late pregnancy. Eur. J. Obster. Gynec. Reprod. Biol. 6, 295–300. MacConnell, K.P., Carpenter, D.R., Hoffman, J.L. (1970) Selenium metabolism. In: Mills, C.F. (Ed.), Trace Element Metabolism in Animals. Livingstone, Edinburgh and London, pp. 339–343. Nishikido, N., Suzuki, T. (1985) Effects of gestational age and injection route on the corporeal distribution and placental transfer of selenium in pregnant mice. Indust. Health 23, 95–106. Nishimura, Y., Inaba, J., Matsusaka, N. et al. (1991) Biokinetics of selenium in rats of various ages. Biomed. Res. Trace Elements 2, 11–19. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith. H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijihoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 303–314. Shearer, T.R., Hadjimarkos, D.M. (1973) Comparative distribution of 75Se in the hard and soft tissues of mother rats and their pups. J. Nutr. 103, 553–559. Wasowicz, W., Wolkanin, P., Bednarski, M. et al. (1993) Plasma trace element (Se, Zn, Cu) concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood in Poland. Biol. Trace Element Res. 38, 205–215.

133

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Se-75 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Se-75 (T1/2=120 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 Kidneys 3.7E-13 3.7E-14 1.5E-13 Kidneys 3.2E-10 3.2E-11 1.3E-10 Kidneys 2.0E-09 2.1E-10 9.1E-10 Kidneys 2.6E-09 3.4E-10 9.5E-10 Kidneys 3.1E-09 3.3E-10 1.0E-09 Kidneys 3.0E-09 NA 1.0E-09 Kidneys 2.5E-09 NA 9.2E-10 Liver+ 1.0E-09 NA 3.7E-10

9.7E-15 8.3E-12 4.5E-11 6.3E-11 8.8E-11 1.2E-10 2.6E-10 6.7E-10

1.6E-13 1.4E-10 9.5E-10 1.0E-09 1.1E-09 1.1E-09 1.2E-09 1.0E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Kidneys 2.2E-13 2.3E-14 9.3E-14 6.0E-15 Kidneys 1.4E-10 1.4E-11 5.9E-11 4.2E-12 Kidneys 6.7E-10 6.3E-11 3.2E-10 1.9E-11 Kidneys 7.8E-10 8.6E-11 3.3E-10 2.5E-11 Kidneys 8.3E-10 1.2E-10 3.3E-10 3.4E-11 Kidneys 7.7E-10 NA 3.2E-10 4.4E-11 Kidneys 5.8E-10 NA 2.6E-10 7.5E-11 Liver+ 1.9E-10 NA 9.3E-11 1.2E-10

9.9E-14 6.3E-11 3.4E-10 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.3E-10 2.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Kidneys 1.3E-13 2.1E-14 9.2E-14 2.2E-15 Kidneys 1.7E-11 2.9E-12 1.2E-11 2.9E-13 All 1.2E-10 1.3E-11 1.2E-10 9.9E-13 Kidneys 1.4E-10 2.2E-11 1.2E-10 1.3E-12 Kidneys 1.4E-10 7.6E-11 1.1E-10 1.6E-12 Liver+ 1.3E-10 NA 1.1E-10 2.0E-12 Liver+ 1.0E-10 NA 8.9E-11 3.4E-12 All 4.5E-11 NA 4.4E-11 6.0E-12

9.4E-14 1.2E-11 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 9.2E-11 5.0E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Liver+

9.2E-13 7.9E-10 5.1E-09 6.6E-09 7.8E-09 7.4E-09 6.3E-09 2.5E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.8 9.3E-14 8.0E-11 5.2E-10 8.4E-10 8.5E-10 NA NA NA

3.8E-13 3.3E-10 2.3E-09 2.4E-09 2.6E-09 2.6E-09 2.3E-09 9.4E-10

2.4E-14 2.1E-11 1.1E-10 1.6E-10 2.2E-10 3.1E-10 6.4E-10 1.7E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

134

4.0E-13 3.5E-10 2.4E-09 2.6E-09 2.8E-09 2.9E-09 2.9E-09 2.6E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Se-75 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Se-75 (T1/2=120 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 Kidneys 1.1E-10 1.1E-11 4.6E-11 2.7E-12 Kidneys 5.2E-10 5.3E-11 2.2E-10 1.3E-11 Kidneys 2.4E-09 1.1E-10 8.5E-10 2.5E-10

4.9E-11 2.3E-10 1.1E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Kidneys 4.2E-11 4.2E-12 1.8E-11 1.3E-12 Kidneys 2.0E-10 2.0E-11 8.4E-11 6.0E-12 Kidneys 6.1E-10 3.6E-11 2.6E-10 6.3E-11

1.9E-11 9.0E-11 3.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Kidneys 5.1E-12 8.7E-13 3.8E-12 8.0E-14 Kidneys 2.3E-11 4.0E-12 1.7E-11 3.7E-13 Liver+ 1.1E-10 1.9E-11 9.3E-11 3.0E-12

3.9E-12 1.7E-11 9.6E-11


260*
52* cy

Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

2.7E-10 1.3E-09 5.9E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.8 2.7E-11 1.3E-10 2.8E-10

ecin

utero

1.1E-10 5.5E-10 2.1E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x135.

135

6.6E-12 3.2E-11 6.3E-10

1.2E-10 5.8E-10 2.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Se-79 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Se-79 (T1/2=6.50E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 Kidneys 3.3E-10 5.1E-12 2.5E-11 Kidneys 4.1E-09 6.4E-11 3.1E-10 Kidneys 8.4E-09 1.4E-10 6.6E-10 Kidneys 1.0E-08 1.9E-10 7.2E-10 Kidneys 1.1E-08 1.6E-10 7.5E-10 Kidneys 9.2E-09 NA 6.7E-10 Kidneys 6.4E-09 NA 4.6E-10 Kidneys 2.0E-09 NA 1.4E-10

8.9E-12 1.1E-10 2.1E-10 2.4E-10 2.7E-10 3.1E-10 4.4E-10 7.6E-10

3.4E-11 4.2E-10 8.7E-10 9.6E-10 1.0E-09 9.8E-10 9.0E-10 9.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Kidneys 2.0E-10 3.1E-12 1.5E-11 5.5E-12 Kidneys 1.9E-09 2.7E-11 1.4E-10 5.6E-11 Kidneys 2.8E-09 3.9E-11 2.1E-10 9.0E-11 Kidneys 2.9E-09 4.0E-11 2.1E-10 9.8E-11 Kidneys 2.8E-09 2.7E-11 1.9E-10 1.1E-10 Kidneys 2.3E-09 NA 1.7E-10 1.1E-10 Kidneys 1.3E-09 NA 9.7E-11 1.3E-10 Kidneys 3.2E-10 NA 2.3E-11 1.4E-10

2.0E-11 2.0E-10 3.0E-10 3.1E-10 3.0E-10 2.8E-10 2.3E-10 1.6E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Kidneys 5.4E-11 7.0E-13 4.0E-12 2.0E-12 Kidneys 1.1E-10 1.4E-12 7.8E-12 3.9E-12 Kidneys 1.3E-10 1.8E-12 9.7E-12 4.6E-12 Kidneys 1.4E-10 1.9E-12 9.6E-12 4.8E-12 Kidneys 1.3E-10 1.4E-12 9.0E-12 5.0E-12 Kidneys 1.1E-10 NA 7.8E-12 5.2E-12 Kidneys 6.4E-11 NA 4.6E-12 5.8E-12 Kidneys 1.6E-11 NA 1.2E-12 6.8E-12

6.0E-12 1.2E-11 1.4E-11 1.4E-11 1.4E-11 1.3E-11 1.0E-11 8.0E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys

8.1E-10 1.0E-08 2.1E-08 2.5E-08 2.7E-08 2.3E-08 1.6E-08 5.1E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.8 1.3E-11 1.6E-10 3.5E-10 4.6E-10 3.9E-10 NA NA NA

6.1E-11 7.7E-10 1.7E-09 1.8E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-09 1.1E-09 3.6E-10

2.2E-11 2.8E-10 5.3E-10 6.0E-10 6.8E-10 7.8E-10 1.1E-09 1.9E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

136

8.3E-11 1.0E-09 2.2E-09 2.4E-09 2.6E-09 2.5E-09 2.2E-09 2.3E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Se-79 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Se-79 (T1/2=6.50E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 Kidneys 1.2E-09 1.9E-11 9.4E-11 3.3E-11 Kidneys 4.5E-09 7.1E-11 3.4E-10 1.2E-10 Kidneys 7.3E-09 5.8E-11 5.1E-10 4.2E-10

1.3E-10 4.6E-10 9.3E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Kidneys 5.7E-10 8.4E-12 4.3E-11 1.7E-11 Kidneys 1.9E-09 2.7E-11 1.4E-10 5.8E-11 Kidneys 1.8E-09 1.2E-11 1.3E-10 1.2E-10

6.0E-11 2.0E-10 2.5E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Kidneys 6.1E-11 7.9E-13 4.5E-12 2.3E-12 Kidneys 1.1E-10 1.4E-12 7.9E-12 3.9E-12 Kidneys 8.5E-11 5.7E-13 6.0E-12 5.6E-12

6.8E-12 1.2E-11 1.2E-11


260*
52* cy

Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

3.1E-09 1.1E-08 1.8E-08

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.8 4.8E-11 1.8E-10 1.4E-10

ecin

utero

2.3E-10 8.5E-10 1.3E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

137

8.3E-11 3.0E-10 1.0E-09

3.1E-10 1.1E-09 2.3E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.10. Strontium 4.10.1. Biokinetic data (270) Strontium (Sr), as an alkaline earth element, behaves similarly to Ca in the body although there are quantitative differences in the rate at which it crosses cell membranes or is accumulated by the skeleton. Measurements on human tissues and animal studies in which direct comparisons have been made have shown that Sr is transferred to the fetus less efficiently than Ca (Bryant and Loutit, 1961; Simkiss, 1967; Schulert et al., 1969; Twardock, 1967; Twardock et al., 1969). Thus, an estimate of placental discrimination in humans of 0.6 was made by Bryant and Loutit (1961) by comparing the stable Sr:Ca ratio of bones obtained from adults and from still-births and newborn infants. This value was supported by Rivera (1963) on the basis of measurements of Sr concentrations in the blood of mothers and newborn infants. On the basis of studies using rats, Taylor and Bligh (1992) suggested a placental discrimination value for humans of 0.6. (271) From weapons fallout measurements during 1957–1966, the human fetal to maternal ratio of 90Sr activity concentration relative to stable calcium was in the range  0.5–1 (Roedler, 1987). In later years the concentration of 90Sr in fetal bones relative to the mother fell, reflecting the reduced level of weapons fallout in the diet. Thus, in 1967/68 in the UK, levels of 90Sr measured after stillbirth or in newborn infants were about 0.007 Bq g
1 Ca, whereas in 5–19 y old children and adults the levels were 0.04 and 0.09 Bq g
1 Ca, respectively (MRC, 1968). These data indicate that transfer of 90Sr to fetal tissues from deposits in maternal tissues is low compared to transfer from dietary intakes. Comparisons of concentrations of weapons fallout 90Sr in diet, relative to Ca concentrations, and the same ratio in fetal bone, shows ratios in fetal bone to be 0.05–0.15 times those in diet (Kawamura et al. 1986; Mays and Lloyd, 1966). (272) Tolstykh et al. (1998) reported measurements of concentrations of 90Sr in 6 stillborn human fetuses and their mothers for whom the period of maximum contamination due to consumption of Techa river water occurred at different times before pregnancy. The skeletal concentration (Bq g
1 Ca) ratios, fetus : mother, were 0.01–0.03 when intakes of 90Sr were largely during childhood (< 15y) and 0.19– 0.24 when maximum intakes were during adulthood (>25y). (273) Data are available on transfer of Sr to the embryo and fetus in a number of animal species including mice, rats and rabbits. Finkel (1947) showed that transfer of 89Sr in mice was lowest after administration prior to conception, with concentrations in neonates at birth of less than 10% of maternal concentrations. The greatest concentration ratio at birth of about 2 was observed after administration of 89Sr during the last four days of pregnancy. In studies undertaken by Holmberg et al. (1960) and Nelson et al. (1965), Sr isotopes were administered (intraperitoneally or intravenously) to mice at different stages of pregnancy and transfer to the fetus determined after 45 minutes. Retention per fetus accounted for less than 0.1% of maternal retention for administration at times up to day 12 of pregnancy but increased substantially in late pregnancy to 1.3% on day 19. For administration on 138

ICRP Publication 88

day 19, fetal retention was 2% after one hour, 4% after 3 hours and 5% after 4 hours. Kidman et al. (1951) administered 90Sr to pregnant rabbits and measured CF:CM concentration ratios of up to 4–8 for administration one day before birth. Similar results have been reported by other authors, using mice (Onyskowova and Josifko, 1985; Ro¨nnba¨ck, 1986), rats (Onyskowova and Josifko, 1985; Stather et al. 1987) and guinea pigs (Twardock, 1967). Stather et al. (1987) administered 85Sr intraperitoneally to rats at one month before conception, or on day 2, day 13 or day 19 of pregnancy. Individual neonates retained 0.002%, 0.03%, 0.1%, and 3% of the injected activity, respectively, corresponding to CF:CM concentration ratios of 0.03, 0.06, 0.2, and 5. 4.10.2. Models (a) Adult (274) For strontium entering the circulation, an age-dependent model for the alkaline earth elements, developed by Leggett (1982, 1992), was adopted in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). This model applies element-specific parameters for uptake and retention in bone and other tissues. The model is taken to apply also to female adults and has been used here as the basis for a model of transfer of the alkaline earth elements to the fetus, described in Annex A. During pregnancy, absorption of ingested Sr is taken to increase from 0.3 to 0.4 during the first trimester, 0.4 to 0.6 during the second trimester and remain at 0.6 throughout the third trimester. For inhaled forms of Sr and for ingestion of strontium titanate, changes in intestinal absorption are assumed to parallel those following ingestion, with similar pro rata increases from their recommended values at conception. As for other alkaline earth elements, urinary excretion of Sr was increased by doubling the transfer rate from maternal blood to urinary bladder between conception and the end of the first trimester and maintaining this rate throughout the second and third trimester. Bone turnover was unchanged during the first trimester, doubled over the second trimester and maintained at this level throughout the third trimester; all rates to, from, and between bone compartments were doubled. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (275) The dose to the embryo, from conception until the end of the 8th week, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from the 9th week after conception until birth, the dose is estimated using the alkaline earth model described in Annex A. Rates of transfer from maternal blood to fetal blood are derived on the basis of Ca requirements, applying a placental discrimination factor of 0.6 for transfer of Sr relative to Ca. Uptake rates from fetal blood to bone surfaces (and soft tissues) were as derived for Ca. Other rates between fetal skeleton compartments and returns to fetal blood were as specified for Sr for infants in the Publication 67 model. (276) The concentration of strontium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). 139

ICRP Publication 88

(277) At birth, Sr in fetal soft tissues is assigned to soft tissues (compartment ST1) in the postnatal model and 20% of activity in fetal bone is assigned to trabecular compartments and 80% to cortical compartments. 4.10.3. References for Strontium Bryant, F.J., Loutit, J.F. (1961) Human bone metabolism deduced from strontium assays. AERE-R 3718, Harwell. Finkel, M.P. (1947) The transmission of radiostrontium from mother to offspring in laboratory animals. Physiol. Zool. 20, 405–423. Holmberg, B., Nelson, A., Walgren, E. (1960) The transfer of strontium-90 from mother to fetus in mice. Radiat. Res. 12, 167–172. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP. 23 (3/4). Kawamura, H., Tanaka, G.-I., Shiraishi, K. (1986) Distribution of Sr in the fetal skeleton. Health Phys. 50, 159–162. Kidman, B., Tutt, M.L., Vaughan, J.M. (1951) The retention of radioactive strontium and yttrium in pregnant and lactating rabbits and their offspring. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63, 253–268. Leggett, R.W., Eckerman, K.F., Williams, L.R. (1982) Strontium-90 in bone: a case study in age-dependent dosimetric modelling. Health Phys. 43, 307–322. Leggett, R.W. (1992) A generic age-specific biokinetic model for calcium-like elements. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 183–198. Mays, C.W., Lloyd. R.D. (1966) 90Sr and 89Sr dose estimates for the fetus and infant. Health Phys. 12, 1225–1236. MRC (1968) Assay of Strontium-90 in Human Bone in the United Kingdom. Medical Research Council. London, HMSO. Nelson, A., Ro¨nnba¨ck, C., Sjo¨den, A.M. (1965) Placental transfer of strontium-85 in mice. Acta Radiologica 3, 477–483. Onyskowova, Z., Josifko, M. (1985) Strontium-85 in the fetuses of pregnant rats and mice. J. Hygiene. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 29, 1–7. Rivera, J. (1963) Strontium-calcium discrimination by the human placenta. Nature, 200, 269–270. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordecht, pp. 327–337. Ro¨nnba¨ck, C. (1986) Strontium retention in mouse foetuses at different intervals after contamination of the dam. Acta Radiol. Oncol. 25, 155–159. Schulert, A.R., Glasser, S.R., Stant, E.G. et al. (1969) Development of placental discrimination among homologous elements. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Symp. USAEC, Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge, pp. 145–152. . Simkiss, K. (1967) Calcium in Reproductive Physiology. London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 133–142. Stather, J.W., Adams, N., Gray, S.A. et al. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclides to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Agerelated Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordecht, pp. 371–380. Taylor, D.M., Bligh, P.H. (1992) The transfer of 45Ca, 85Sr and 140Ba from mother to newborn in rats. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 143–145. Tolstyckh, E.I., Degteva, M.O., Kozheurov, V.P. et al. (1998) Strontium transfer from maternal skeleton to the fetus estimated on the basis of the Techa River data. Proc. Workshop on Intakes of Radionuclides: occupational and Public Exposure, Sept. 1997. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 307–310. Twardock, A.R. (1967) Placental transfer of calcium and strontium in the guinea pig. Ann. J. Physiol. 213, 837. Twardock, A.R., Downey, H.F., Kirk, E.S. et al. (1969) Comparative transfer of calcium and strontium and of potassium and caesium in the guinea pig placenta. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Symp. USAEC, Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge. pp. 97–104. 140

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Sr-89 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Sr-89 (T1/2=50.5 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-11 3.3E-13 3.6E-12 5.3E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 2.3E-11 3.3E-10 1.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-09 2.5E-10 7.3E-10 2.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-08 9.4E-10 6.6E-09 6.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-08 NA 8.5E-09 2.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-08 NA 9.0E-09 2.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-08 NA 6.2E-09 2.1E-09

<1E-15 3.7E-12 3.3E-10 7.3E-10 6.6E-09 8.5E-09 9.3E-09 8.3E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-11 7.2E-13 6.9E-12 8.4E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 3.0E-11 2.8E-10 2.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-09 1.0E-10 5.8E-10 5.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 2.1E-10 1.9E-09 1.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-08 NA 2.4E-09 2.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-08 NA 2.6E-09 1.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 NA 1.5E-09 5.9E-10

<1E-15 7.0E-12 2.8E-10 5.9E-10 1.9E-09 2.4E-09 2.7E-09 2.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-12 5.2E-14 5.9E-13 1.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-11 1.3E-12 1.3E-11 1.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-10 4.7E-12 2.7E-11 3.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-10 1.1E-11 1.0E-10 5.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 9.5E-10 NA 1.4E-10 1.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 1.7E-10 7.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-10 NA 9.9E-11 3.8E-11

<1E-15 6.0E-13 1.3E-11 2.7E-11 1.0E-10 1.4E-10 1.8E-10 1.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 <1E-15 2.4E-11 1.1E-09 3.7E-09 5.9E-08 9.0E-08 1.3E-07 9.2E-08

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.10.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-13 4.0E-12 2.5E-11 3.6E-10 3.2E-10 9.1E-10 1.3E-09 8.9E-09 NA 1.3E-08 NA 1.8E-08 NA 1.2E-08

<1E-15 5.8E-14 1.4E-12 2.7E-12 8.2E-12 4.1E-11 5.1E-10 4.2E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

141

<1E-15 4.1E-12 3.6E-10 9.1E-10 8.9E-09 1.3E-08 1.9E-08 1.6E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Sr-89 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Sr-89 (T1/2=50.5 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1- see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-11 4.1E-13 4.8E-12 4.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-10 2.0E-12 2.4E-11 2.0E-13 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-08 2.0E-10 6.4E-09 5.3E-10

4.8E-12 2.4E-11 6.9E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1- see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-11 7.5E-13 6.9E-12 7.5E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-10 3.8E-12 3.5E-11 3.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 5.0E-11 1.9E-09 1.6E-10

7.0E-12 3.5E-11 2.1E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1- see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-12 3.6E-14 3.8E-13 6.4E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-11 1.8E-13 1.9E-12 3.2E-14 Red Marrow+ 7.8E-10 2.7E-12 1.1E-10 1.0E-11

3.9E-13 1.9E-12 1.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1- see section 4.10.2 2.5E-11 4.5E-13 5.3E-12 1.3E-10 2.2E-12 2.6E-11 8.0E-08 2.7E-10 1.1E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

142

4.5E-14 2.2E-13 1.0E-09

5.3E-12 2.6E-11 1.2E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Sr-90 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Sr-90 (T1/2=29.1 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 4.1E-12 1.8E-10 8.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-09 2.1E-11 5.8E-10 2.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.1E-10 1.9E-09 4.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-08 7.9E-10 3.1E-09 4.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.5E-08 2.1E-09 1.5E-08 7.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 NA 2.3E-08 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 NA 2.4E-08 7.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-08 NA 1.1E-08 2.4E-08

2.7E-10 7.8E-10 2.3E-09 3.5E-09 1.6E-08 2.5E-08 3.1E-08 3.5E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-10 2.5E-12 9.3E-11 4.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.9E-09 4.5E-11 1.0E-09 3.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-08 1.6E-10 2.9E-09 8.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-08 3.2E-10 3.8E-09 9.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-08 4.8E-10 6.7E-09 1.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-08 NA 8.3E-09 1.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 NA 7.5E-09 3.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 NA 2.7E-09 6.5E-09

1.4E-10 1.3E-09 3.7E-09 4.8E-09 8.0E-09 1.0E-08 1.1E-08 9.2E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-10 1.6E-12 5.3E-11 2.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 7.1E-10 3.3E-12 1.0E-10 4.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 6.7E-12 1.5E-10 5.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 1.5E-11 1.9E-10 6.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-09 2.6E-11 3.4E-10 7.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-09 NA 4.5E-10 9.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-09 NA 4.7E-10 2.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 NA 1.8E-10 4.2E-10

7.6E-11 1.4E-10 2.1E-10 2.5E-10 4.1E-10 5.5E-10 6.7E-10 6.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 1.3E-09 4.3E-09 1.2E-08 2.0E-08 1.3E-07 2.4E-07 3.4E-07 1.7E-07

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.10.2 4.5E-12 1.9E-10 2.3E-11 6.4E-10 1.3E-10 2.1E-09 9.9E-10 3.8E-09 2.9E-09 2.0E-08 NA 3.6E-08 NA 4.8E-08 NA 2.3E-08

9.6E-11 2.2E-10 4.5E-10 5.2E-10 9.8E-10 3.1E-09 1.5E-08 4.7E-08

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

143

2.9E-10 8.6E-10 2.5E-09 4.3E-09 2.1E-08 3.9E-08 6.3E-08 7.0E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Sr-90 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Sr-90 (T1/2=29.1 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-09 8.9E-12 2.8E-10 1.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-09 2.8E-11 7.1E-10 2.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-07 4.5E-10 1.6E-08 7.5E-09

3.9E-10 9.4E-10 2.4E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-09 1.4E-11 3.3E-10 1.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-09 5.6E-11 1.2E-09 3.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-08 1.2E-10 5.8E-09 3.0E-09

4.4E-10 1.6E-09 8.8E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.10.2 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-10 1.9E-12 6.1E-11 2.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-10 3.6E-12 1.1E-10 4.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-09 6.4E-12 3.4E-10 1.8E-10

8.7E-11 1.5E-10 5.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1- see section 4.10.2 2.1E-09 9.8E-12 3.1E-10 5.1E-09 3.1E-11 7.8E-10 2.0E-07 6.0E-10 2.8E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

144

1.2E-10 2.5E-10 1.5E-08

4.3E-10 1.0E-09 4.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88

4.11. Zirconium 4.11.1. Biokinetic data (278) The transfer of zirconium (Zr) to the fetus has been studied in rats and rabbits using mixtures of 95Zr-95Nb administered as the oxalates. The results show that placental discrimination is greater and transfer to the fetus is lower for 95Zr than for 95Nb. The presence of Zr in newborn humans and placental tissue, as a result of weapons fallout, was reported by MacDonald et al. (1963). (279) Fletcher (1967; 1969) administered 95Zr-95Nb oxalates to rats between days 10 and 20 of pregnancy and measured transfer to the uterus and contents two days later. The results obtained indicate that total transfer of 95Zr was about half that of 95 Nb in each case (Section 4.12) with a similar distribution of transferred activity between the fetus and associated tissues; about 2% of transferred activity was retained by each fetus and the associated membranes. Concentration ratios (CF:CM) obtained were in the range 0.025 to 0.1 for intakes between 3 and 8 days before birth and measurement of uptake after 48 hours. The concentration in the placenta ranged between 0.1 and 1.3 times that in the maternal tissues. (280) MacDonald et al. (1965) administered 95Zr-95Nb to rabbits in late pregnancy a week before term, and measured transfer one day later. Results for the concentration of 95Zr in fetal tissues were in most cases less than corresponding values for 95Nb. The highest uptake within the fetus and mother was in bone with concentration 5–20 times greater than in other tissues. 4.11.2. Models (a) Adult (281) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). It is assumed that 50% of zirconium reaching the circulation is retained in the skeleton with a half-time in the adult of 10,000 days, and that the other 50% is distributed throughout all other tissues and is retained with a biological half-time of 7 days. Zirconium is considered to be distributed uniformly over bone surfaces. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (282) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (283) On the basis of the limited available data and by comparison with niobium (see Section 4.12), the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients given in this report is 0.2 for intakes both before and during pregnancy. (284) The concentration of zirconium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (285) In Publicaton 56 (ICRP, 1989) adult biokinetic parameters for Zr are applied to infants and children except that retention in the skeleton is taken to be related to 145

ICRP Publication 88

the rate of bone remodelling with shorter half-times in infants and children (100 days for the 3-month-old infant). The same parameters are applied here to distribution in the fetus and the offspring from birth, assuming retention from birth to be the same as in the 3-month-old infant. 4.11.3. References for Zirconium Fletcher, C.R. (1967) The Uptake, Metabolism and Excretion of Zirconium and Niobium by the Rat. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham. Fletcher, C.R. (1969) The radiological hazards of zirconium-95 and niobium-95. Health Physics 16, 209– 220. ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP, 20 (2). MacDonald, N.S., Hamel, R., Hepler, M. et al. (1965) Comparison of 95Zr and 95Nb distributions in maternal and fetal rabbit tissues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119, 148–150. MacDonald, N.S., Hutchinson, D.L., Meyer, D.L. et al. (1963). Gamma emitting radionuclides in newborns, infants and children. Science 141, 1033–1035.

146

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Zr-95 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Zr-95 (T1/2=64.0 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-13 2.2E-14 8.2E-14 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-10 5.9E-11 2.2E-10 1.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 3.0E-10 1.2E-09 7.9E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 3.8E-10 1.2E-09 1.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-09 3.5E-10 1.1E-09 1.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 NA 9.4E-10 2.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 6.6E-10 4.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-10 NA 2.2E-10 8.9E-11

8.2E-14 2.2E-10 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.1E-09 9.6E-10 7.1E-10 3.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-14 8.4E-15 3.1E-14 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 9.9E-11 2.1E-11 7.6E-11 4.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-10 9.3E-11 4.4E-10 2.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-10 1.1E-10 4.2E-10 3.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-10 1.7E-10 3.9E-10 5.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.1E-10 NA 3.6E-10 6.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-10 NA 2.6E-10 1.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-10 NA 9.7E-11 1.4E-11

3.1E-14 7.6E-11 4.4E-10 4.2E-10 4.0E-10 3.7E-10 2.7E-10 1.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-15 1.5E-15 5.4E-15 <1E-15 All 1.9E-11 5.1E-12 1.9E-11 1.8E-14 All 2.3E-10 3.7E-11 2.3E-10 9.5E-14 All 2.4E-10 5.6E-11 2.4E-10 1.3E-13 All 2.3E-10 1.4E-10 2.3E-10 1.7E-13 All 2.2E-10 NA 2.2E-10 2.1E-13 All 1.8E-10 NA 1.8E-10 3.2E-13 All 7.8E-11 NA 7.8E-11 3.8E-13

5.4E-15 1.9E-11 2.3E-10 2.4E-10 2.3E-10 2.2E-10 1.8E-10 7.8E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ All All All All All All

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.01 4.4E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-11 2.4E-12 5.0E-10 1.2E-11 5.0E-10 1.5E-11 4.8E-10 4.5E-10 4.5E-10 NA 3.5E-10 NA 2.2E-10 NA

ein

utero

3.4E-15 8.8E-12 5.0E-10 5.1E-10 4.8E-10 4.5E-10 3.5E-10 2.2E-10

<1E-15 4.6E-14 3.2E-13 4.7E-13 6.7E-13 9.6E-13 1.9E-12 3.6E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

147

3.4E-15 8.8E-12 5.0E-10 5.1E-10 4.8E-10 4.5E-10 3.5E-10 2.2E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Zr-95 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Zr-95 (T1/2=64.0 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 9.1E-11 1.9E-11 6.8E-11 4.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-10 9.1E-11 3.3E-10 2.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 1.3E-10 7.8E-10 4.0E-11

6.8E-11 3.3E-10 8.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-11 6.2E-12 2.3E-11 1.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-10 3.0E-11 1.1E-10 7.0E-13 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-10 5.2E-11 2.9E-10 8.7E-12

2.3E-11 1.1E-10 3.0E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: aAbsorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 All 6.9E-12 1.9E-12 7.0E-12 5.7E-15 All 3.4E-11 9.2E-12 3.4E-11 2.8E-14 All 1.8E-10 3.6E-11 1.8E-10 2.6E-13

7.0E-12 3.4E-11 1.8E-10

Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ All

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.01 4.1E-12 7.6E-13 2.0E-11 3.7E-12 3.9E-10 9.7E-11

ecin

utero

3.1E-12 1.5E-11 3.9E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

148

1.7E-14 8.1E-14 1.7E-12

3.1E-12 1.5E-11 3.9E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.12. Niobium 4.12.1. Biokinetic data (286) A limited number of studies have been reported in which transfer of niobium (Nb) to the fetus has been measured in rats or rabbits, either alone or in equilibrium mixtures of 95Zr-95Nb, in each case administered as the oxalates. (287) In an autoradiographic study using 95Nb alone or 95Zr-95Nb, Backstro¨m et al. (1967) showed that for transfer shortly after administration in late gestation, the greatest concentrations were in the yolk sac in each case. Retention of activity in the placenta was also observed with some transfer to the fetus, particularly fetal bone. (288) Fletcher (1967; 1969) administered 95Zr-95Nb oxalates to rats between days 10 and 20 of pregnancy and measured transfer to the uterus and contents two days later. The results indicated that the total activity transferred to and retained in the uterus and associated tissues increased in proportion to the increase in weight of these tissues from 3.5 g on day 12 to 70 g on day 22. The distribution of transferred activity was similar for the two nuclides with approaching 80% in fetal membranes, 10% in the placenta, 10% in the uterus and about 2% retained in the fetuses. For 95 Nb, the data imply total transfer to the fetus and associated tissues of about 3% of administered activity on day 12 and approaching 50% of administered activity on day 20 shortly before birth. On the basis of assumed weights and litter sizes, the results suggest retention of < 0.01% of administered activity per fetus in mid-gestation and about 0.1% shortly before birth. The concentration ratios (CF:CM) obtained in the study ranged between 0.012 and 0.069 for intakes between 3 and 8 days before birth with measurement of uptake 48 hours later (N=6 animals). Levels in the placenta gave CPl:CM ratios between 0.4 and 2.7. (289) MacDonald et al. (1965) administered 95Zr-95Nb oxalates to rabbits in late pregnancy and measured transfer one day later. Results were confined to concentrations in fetal and maternal tissues, showing greatest concentrations of 95Nb in fetal bone and liver, exceeding corresponding maternal concentrations, particularly for bone. However, concentrations in maternal tissues appeared low; the reported data show fetal:maternal concentration ratios of 0.005 for kidney, 5 for liver and greater than 30 for bone. (290) Schneidereit et al. (1985) measured the transfer of 95Nb to the rat fetus and associated tissues. For administration on day 18–20 of pregnancy and measurement one day later, concentrations in the placenta were about 1% of the administered activity g
1 in each case with 10–100 times lower concentrations in the fetus. The greatest concentrations within the fetus were for fetal bone with a fetal:maternal concentration ratio of about 0.6 and an overall CF:CM ratios ratio of about 0.1. 4.12.2. Models (a) Adult (291) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). The deposition fractions for niobium reaching the circulation are 149

ICRP Publication 88

taken to be 0.4 for mineral bone, 0.2 for liver, 0.03 for kidneys, and 0.37 for all other tissues. Retention is described by a two-component exponential function for all tissues and organs, with biological half-times of 6 days (0.5) and 200 days (0.5). Niobium-95 in the skeleton is assumed to be distributed over bone surfaces. These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (292) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (293) On the basis of the available data, the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of niobium given in this report is 0.2 for intakes both before and during pregnancy. (294) The concentration of niobium in the placenta is taken to be 1.5 times that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1.5). (295) In Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989) the fraction of niobium reaching blood that is assumed to be deposited in the skeleton is increased in 3-month-old infants to 0.6; distribution to other tissues and retention parameters are taken to be the same as in adults. The distribution of niobium in the fetus, based on that adopted for the infant in Publication 56, is taken to be 0.15 to liver, 0.6 to skeleton, and 0.25 to all other tissues. Distribution and retention parameters for the 3-month-old infant are applied to the offspring from birth; that is, activity assigned to other tissues in the fetus is distributed after birth to kidneys and other soft tissues on a mass weighted basis. 4.12.3. References for Niobium Backstro¨m, J., Hammarstro¨m, L., Nelson, A. (1967) Distribution of Zr and Nb in mice. Acta Radiol. 6, 122–128. Fletcher, C.R. (1967) The Uptake, Metabolism and Excretion of Zirconium and Niobium by the Rat. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham. Fletcher, C.R. (1969) The radiological hazards of zirconium-95 and niobium-95. Health Physics 16, 209– 220. ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2). MacDonald, N.S., Hamel, R., Hepler, M. et al. (1965) Comparison of 95Zr and 95Nb distributions in maternal and fetal rabbit tissues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119, 148–150. Schneidereit, M., Senekowitsch, R., Kriegel, H. (1985). Transfer and distribution of niobium-95 in adult, fetal and newborn rats after injection during pregnancy. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 24, 125–130.

150

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Nb-94 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Nb-94 (T1/2=2.03E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-10 2.2E-11 1.0E-10 6.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-09 2.7E-10 1.3E-09 8.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-09 5.2E-10 2.7E-09 1.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-09 6.1E-10 2.4E-09 1.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-09 5.9E-10 2.1E-09 2.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-09 NA 1.9E-09 2.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-09 NA 1.3E-09 2.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.0E-10 NA 4.4E-10 4.0E-10

1.1E-10 1.4E-09 2.9E-09 2.6E-09 2.3E-09 2.1E-09 1.6E-09 8.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-10 1.5E-11 7.1E-11 4.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 9.6E-10 1.3E-10 6.3E-10 4.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 1.8E-10 1.1E-09 6.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 2.0E-10 1.0E-09 7.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 3.3E-10 9.0E-10 7.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 7.9E-10 7.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-10 NA 5.3E-10 7.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-10 NA 2.0E-10 6.6E-11

7.6E-11 6.8E-10 1.2E-09 1.1E-09 9.7E-10 8.7E-10 6.1E-10 2.7E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.6E-10 3.0E-11 1.6E-10 1.8E-12 3.0E-10 5.8E-11 3.1E-10 3.5E-12 6.4E-10 8.9E-11 6.4E-10 4.1E-12 6.1E-10 1.2E-10 6.1E-10 4.3E-12 5.6E-10 2.8E-10 5.7E-10 4.4E-12 5.1E-10 NA 5.2E-10 4.5E-12 3.7E-10 NA 3.7E-10 4.7E-12 1.6E-10 NA 1.6E-10 4.8E-12

1.6E-10 3.1E-10 6.4E-10 6.1E-10 5.7E-10 5.2E-10 3.7E-10 1.6E-10

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.01 6.4E-12 8.9E-13 8.0E-11 1.1E-11 1.0E-09 2.1E-11 1.0E-09 2.5E-11 1.0E-09 9.4E-10 9.4E-10 NA 7.4E-10 NA 4.6E-10 NA

ein

utero

4.1E-12 5.2E-11 1.0E-09 1.1E-09 1.0E-09 9.4E-10 7.4E-10 4.7E-10

2.7E-13 3.3E-12 6.3E-12 7.1E-12 8.0E-12 9.1E-12 1.2E-11 1.6E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

151

4.4E-12 5.5E-11 1.0E-09 1.1E-09 1.0E-09 9.5E-10 7.5E-10 4.9E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Nb-94 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Nb-94 (T1/2=2.03E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-10 8.1E-11 3.8E-10 2.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-09 2.9E-10 1.4E-09 8.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-09 2.1E-10 1.6E-09 2.7E-10

4.0E-10 1.5E-09 1.9E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-10 4.1E-11 2.0E-10 1.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-10 1.3E-10 6.4E-10 4.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.4E-10 1.0E-10 6.6E-10 7.4E-11

2.1E-10 6.9E-10 7.3E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.8E-10 3.4E-11 1.8E-10 2.0E-12 3.1E-10 6.1E-11 3.2E-10 3.5E-12 4.3E-10 7.6E-11 4.3E-10 4.6E-12

1.8E-10 3.2E-10 4.3E-10

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ All

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.01 2.5E-11 3.3E-12 8.9E-11 1.2E-11 8.2E-10 2.0E-10

ecin

utero

1.6E-11 5.9E-11 8.1E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

152

9.9E-13 3.6E-12 1.1E-11

1.7E-11 6.3E-11 8.2E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Nb-95 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Nb-95 (T1/2=35.1 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 4.6E-12 9.3E-13 4.6E-12 1.4E-15 All 4.4E-10 6.5E-11 4.4E-10 9.9E-14 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-10 1.6E-10 4.1E-10 2.2E-13 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-10 2.5E-10 3.8E-10 5.0E-13 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-10 NA 3.7E-10 1.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-10 NA 3.4E-10 5.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-10 NA 1.8E-10 3.2E-11

<1E-15 4.6E-12 4.4E-10 4.1E-10 3.8E-10 3.7E-10 3.5E-10 2.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.0E-12 4.4E-13 2.0E-12 <1E-15 All 1.9E-10 2.2E-11 2.0E-10 4.3E-14 All 1.9E-10 4.9E-11 2.0E-10 9.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-10 1.4E-10 1.9E-10 1.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-10 NA 1.8E-10 3.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 NA 1.6E-10 1.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 9.8E-11 NA 8.6E-11 5.3E-12

<1E-15 2.0E-12 2.0E-10 2.0E-10 1.9E-10 1.8E-10 1.6E-10 9.1E-11

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 7.2E-13 1.8E-13 7.2E-13 <1E-15 1.5E-10 1.0E-11 1.5E-10 2.6E-15 1.5E-10 2.7E-11 1.5E-10 5.4E-15 1.5E-10 1.2E-10 1.5E-10 1.1E-14 1.4E-10 NA 1.4E-10 2.3E-14 1.2E-10 NA 1.2E-10 9.5E-14 7.2E-11 NA 7.2E-11 3.8E-13

<1E-15 7.2E-13 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.4E-10 1.2E-10 7.2E-11

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.1E-13 3.8E-14 4.6E-10 2.7E-12 4.7E-10 6.4E-12 4.5E-10 4.4E-10 4.3E-10 NA 3.4E-10 NA 2.2E-10 NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 1.9E-13 4.6E-10 4.7E-10 4.5E-10 4.3E-10 3.4E-10 2.2E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.0E-15 9.1E-15 2.0E-14 4.6E-14 2.3E-13 1.3E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

153

<1E-15 1.9E-13 4.6E-10 4.7E-10 4.5E-10 4.3E-10 3.4E-10 2.2E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Nb-95 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Nb-95 (T1/2=35.1 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 All 7.8E-12 1.5E-12 7.9E-12 2.3E-15 All 4.0E-11 7.7E-12 3.9E-11 1.2E-14 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-10 6.8E-11 3.3E-10 9.0E-12

7.9E-12 3.9E-11 3.4E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 All 2.6E-12 5.7E-13 2.7E-12 1.1E-15 All 1.3E-11 2.8E-12 1.3E-11 5.4E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-10 3.5E-11 1.6E-10 1.7E-12

2.7E-12 1.3E-11 1.6E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.2E-12 2.4E-13 1.2E-12 <1E-15 5.9E-12 1.2E-12 5.9E-12 <1E-15 1.3E-10 2.9E-11 1.3E-10 1.2E-13

1.2E-12 5.9E-12 1.3E-10

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.01 6.3E-13 6.3E-14 3.1E-12 3.1E-13 3.7E-10 9.4E-11

ecin

utero

6.3E-13 3.1E-12 3.7E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

154

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.6E-13

6.3E-13 3.1E-12 3.7E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.13. Molybdenum 4.13.1. Biokinetic data (296) Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element for human nutrition and is found in several enzymes. The physiological role of molybdenum during development appears to be based on its relation to copper (Nadeenko, 1978; Giussani et al., 1998). (297) Anke and Groppel (1987) have shown placental transfer of stable molybdenum and uptake in the fetal liver of goats. The molybdenum content in the fetal liver of normal goats was shown to be greater than in molybdenum deficient goats. The limited data suggest a CF:CM of around 1. (298) Information on the concentration of stable molybdenum in human placenta and other tissues (kidney, liver, and lung) suggests a CPl:CM ratio of about 1 (Iyengar et al., 1978). 4.13.2. Models (a) Adult (299) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). For molybdenum reaching blood, 10% is assumed to be deposited in the skeleton and to be retained with a half-time of 10,000 days in adults, related to the rate of bone remodelling. The remaining 90% of absorbed molybdenum is distributed to the liver (25%), kidneys (5%), and throughout other soft tissues (60%). For molybdenum retained in tissues other than the skeleton, fractions of 0.1 and 0.9 are assumed to be retained with half-times of 1 and 50 days, respectively. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (300) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (301) A CF:CM ratio of 1 is taken to apply to intakes during pregnancy and before conception. (302) The concentration of molybdenum in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (303) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The same parameters are applied here to distribution in the fetus and to distribution and retention in the offspring from birth. 4.13.3. References for Molybdenum Anke, M., Groppel, B. (1987) Toxic action of essential trace elements (Mo, Cu, Zu, Fe, Mn). In: Bratter, P., Schramel, R. (Eds.), Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology. Berlin, de Gruyer, pp. 203–208. 155

ICRP Publication 88 ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Giussani, A., Roth, P., Werner, E. et al. (1998) A biokinetic model for molybdenum radionuclides: new experimental results. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79 (1–4), 367–370. Iyengar, G.V., Kollmer, W.E., Bowen, H.J.M. (1978) The elemental composition of human tissues and body fluids. Verlag Chemie, New York. Nadeenko, V.G. (1978) The influence of tungsten, molybdenum copper and arsenic on the intrauterine development of the fetus. Farmakol. Toksikol (Moscow) 41, 620–623.

156

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Mo-99 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Mo-99 (T1/2=2.75 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.1E-10 <1E-15 1.1E-10 All 1.1E-10 2.4E-12 1.1E-10 Kidneys 8.0E-10 1.1E-10 1.6E-10 Liver+ 7.3E-10 NA 1.6E-10 Liver 7.6E-10 NA 1.6E-10 Kidneys 7.8E-10 NA 1.7E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 5.9E-13

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 1.6E-10 1.6E-10 1.6E-10 1.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.9E-11 <1E-15 3.9E-11 <1E-15 All 3.9E-11 4.6E-13 3.9E-11 <1E-15 Kidneys 1.4E-10 3.8E-11 4.5E-11 <1E-15 Liver+ 1.3E-10 NA 4.4E-11 <1E-15 Liver+ 1.3E-10 NA 4.1E-11 <1E-15 Liver+ 1.2E-10 NA 3.6E-11 1.1E-13

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.9E-11 3.9E-11 4.5E-11 4.4E-11 4.1E-11 3.6E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.,8E-11 <1E-15 2.8E-11 <1E-15 All 2.8E-11 6.6E-14 2.8E-11 <1E-15 Kidneys 3.2E-11 2.7E-11 2.8E-11 <1E-15 Liver+ 3.1E-11 NA 2.6E-11 <1E-15 Liver+ 2.6E-11 NA 2.2E-11 <1E-15 Liver+ 2.0E-11 NA 1.5E-11 5.3E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-11 2.8E-11 2.8E-11 2.6E-11 2.2E-11 1.5E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All Kidneys Liver+ Liver+ Kidneys

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.3E-10 3.2E-10 2.4E-09 2.2E-09 2.3E-09 2.4E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 7.4E-12 3.3E-10 NA NA NA

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.3E-10 3.2E-10 4.7E-10 4.8E-10 5.0E-10 5.1E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

157

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.3E-10 3.2E-10 4.7E-10 4.8E-10 5.0E-10 5.1E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Mo-99 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Mo-99 (T1/2=2.75 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 All 2.1E-13 <1E-15 2.1E-13 <1E-15 All 1.1E-12 <1E-15 1.1E-12 <1E-15 Kidneys 6.3E-10 2.2E-11 1.5E-10 2.2E-12

2.1E-13 1.1E-12 1.5E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 4.9E-14 <1E-15 4.9E-14 <1E-15 All 2.5E-13 <1E-15 2.5E-13 <1E-15 Liver+ 1.1E-10 7.9E-12 4.0E-11 3.2E-13

4.9E-14 2.5E-13 4.0E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 All 2.2E-14 <1E-15 2.2E-14 <1E-15 All 1.1E-13 <1E-15 1.1E-13 <1E-15 Liver+ 2.7E-11 5.7E-12 2.3E-11 1.6E-14

2.2E-14 1.1E-13 2.3E-11


260*
52* cy

All All Kidneys

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

6.5E-13 3.2E-12 1.9E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.7E-11

ecin

utero

6.5E-13 3.2E-12 4.5E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

158

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.8E-12

6.5E-13 3.2E-12 4.6E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.14. Technetium 4.14.1. Biokinetic data (304) Placental transfer studies with technetium (Tc) in humans and animals have almost all involved radiopharmaceuticals. Sastry et al. (1976) reported human placentography data for 99mTc human serum albumin administered during week 30 of pregnancy and calculated a CF:CM ratio of 0.6. Herbert et al. (1969) investigated the biokinetic behaviour of 99mTc-albumin in six patients during late pregnancy and reported a CF:CM ratio for blood of 0.04 from 2.5 hours after injection. (305) Studies by Wegst (1983; 1992) in which 99mTc-pertechnetate was administered to rats on different days of gestation indicated CF:CM ratios of about 0.5 at each stage. Placental concentrations were similar to or lower than fetal concentrations at each stage. Mahon et al. (1973) reported that 99mTc-pertechnetate crossed the rabbit placenta more easily than 99mTc-polyphosphate and 99mTc-sulphur colloid; the concentration ratio of placenta: fetus (CPl:CM) was 0.2 for 99mTc-pertechnetate and 10 for the other two compounds. At 1 hour after administration of 99m Tc-pertechnetate in late pregnancy, retention in placenta and fetus accounted for 0.4% and 1.6% of injected activity, respectively, corresponding to similar concentrations. (306) Roedler (1987) used the available data to estimate whole body CF:CM ratios of 0.04–4.8 for Tc-pertechnetate, 0–0.5 for Tc-DTPA, 0.002–0.11 for Tc-colloids, 0.006–0.018 for Tc-polyphosphate and 0.004–0.05 for Tc-pyrophosphate. (307) Gerber (1993) showed that in miniature swine fed a diet contaminated with 99m Tc-pertechnetate, the radioactivity was concentrated in the fetal thyroid, but the concentration appears to have been less than that in the maternal thyroid; transfer to liver, kidneys, and placenta was not detectable in most animals. (308) Maguire et al. (1990) reported the transfer of 99mTc to a 32-week-old fetus following the administration of 99mTc-HMPAO (hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime) to confirm brain death in a mother who had suffered a massive subarachnoid haemorrhage. The scan of the mother revealed activity in the fetus corresponding to 4.4% that in the maternal liver. The fetus was delivered by caesarian section and a scan, at 20 hours after administration of the 99mTcHMPAO to the mother, showed that the activity was almost exclusively in the liver with a small amount of biliary excretion. It is known that 99mTc-HMPAO undergoes very rapid conversion in vivo to less lipophilic, or even non-lipophilic, compounds; thus the radionuclide transferred to the fetus was probably not in the form of 99mTc-HMPAO. Neither the time of the maternal scan following injection of the radiopharmaceutical nor the maternal liver concentration were given. Assuming that the uptake into the maternal liver was 15% of the injected activity (ICRP, 1991), the transfer to the fetus by the time of scanning would have been < 1% of the administered activity, suggesting a CF:CM ratio of 40.3. 159

ICRP Publication 88

4.14.2. Models (a) Adult (309) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). It is assumed that 0.04 of technetium reaching the circulation is taken up by the thyroid gland and retained with a half-time of 0.5 days. Further fractions of 0.1 and 0.03 are assumed to be translocated to the stomach wall and liver, respectively, and the remaining fraction is assumed to be uniformly distributed in all other tissues. Biological half-times for the retention of technetium in all tissues other than the thyroid are taken to be 1.6, 3.7, and 22 days, applying to fractions of 0.75, 0.2, and 0.05, respectively. The biological half-time in blood is assumed to be 0.02 days. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (310) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (311) On the basis of the available data the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of technetium is 1 for intakes before and prior to pregnancy. (312) The concentration of technetium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (313) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The same parameters are applied here to distribution in the fetus and to distribution and retention in the offspring from birth. 4.14.3. References for Technetium Gerber, G.B. (1993) Radionuklid transfer. In: Maier, C. (Ed.), Beitra¨ge zu Strahlenscha¨den und Strahlenkrankheiten. Zivilschutz Forschung, Band 14, Bundesamt fu¨r Zivilschutz, Bonn, pp. 177–260. Herbert, R.J.T., Hibbard, B.M., Sheppard, M.A. (1969) Metabolic behaviour and radiation dosimetry for 99m Tc-albumin in pregnancy. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 224–232. ICRP (1991) Addendum 1 to Publication 53—Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. In: ICRP Publication 62. Annals of the ICRP 22 (3), 11–13. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Maguire, C., Florence, S., Powe, J.E. et al. (1990) Hepatic uptake of technetium-99m HM-PAO in a fetus. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 237–239. Mahon, D.F., Subramanian, G., McAfee, J.G. (1973) Experimental comparison of radioactive agents for studies of the placenta. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 651–659. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-dependent Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, p. 327. Sastry, K.G.K., Reddy, A.R., Navaratmaun, A. (1976) Dosimetry in radioisotope placentography. Indian J. Med. Res. 64, 1527–1536. Wegst, A.V. (1992) Placental transfer of selected radiopharmaceuticals. In: Lamothe, E.S. (Ed.), Proc. Fetal Dosimetry Workshop, Chalk River, Canada. June 1991 AECL-10578, p. 54–68. Wegst, A.V., Goin, J.E., Robinson, R.G. (1983) Cumulated activities determined from biodistribution data in pregnant rats ranging from 13 to 21 days gestation. I. Tc-99m pertechnetate. Med. Phys. 10, 841–845. 160

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Tc-99 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Tc-99 (T1/2=2.13E+05 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 8.9E-15 2.7E-14 8.1E-14 2.4E-13 2.2E-12 2.3E-11

<1E-15 8.4E-14 4.6E-11 7.9E-11 2.9E-10 3.6E-10 3.8E-10 3.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Thyroid 1.3E-12 6.3E-15 1.9E-13 4.4E-15 Thyroid 9.0E-11 4.4E-13 1.3E-11 3.0E-13 Thyroid 3.0E-10 1.8E-12 4.7E-11 8.8E-13 Thyroid 4.0E-10 2.8E-12 6.2E-11 1.1E-12 Thyroid 6.5E-10 4.9E-12 9.7E-11 1.4E-12 Thyroid 8.3E-10 NA 1.0E-10 1.7E-12 Thyroid 7.6E-10 NA 9.0E-11 3.1E-12 Thyroid 4.3E-10 NA 5.2E-11 7.9E-12

1.9E-13 1.3E-11 4.8E-11 6.3E-11 9.8E-11 1.0E-10 9.3E-11 6.0E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Thyroid 5.6E-12 1.7E-14 7.5E-13 3.1E-14 Thyroid 1.1E-11 3.4E-14 1.4E-12 5.9E-14 Thyroid 1.5E-11 7.4E-14 2.4E-12 7.1E-14 Thyroid 1.9E-11 1.2E-13 2.8E-12 7.5E-14 Thyroid 2.9E-11 2.4E-13 4.5E-12 8.0E-14 Thyroid 3.8E-11 NA 4.8E-12 8.8E-14 Thyroid 3.6E-11 NA 4.2E-12 1.3E-13 Thyroid 2.2E-11 NA 2.6E-12 3.5E-13

7.8E-13 1.5E-12 2.5E-12 2.9E-12 4.6E-12 4.9E-12 4.3E-12 3.0E-12

Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 St Wall+ 3.3E-13 5.9E-15 8.4E-14 St Wall+ 1.2E-10 1.9E-12 4.6E-11 St Wall 3.2E-10 6.3E-12 7.9E-11 St Wall 1.6E-09 2.6E-11 2.9E-10 Thyroid 2.7E-09 NA 3.6E-10 Thyroid 3.2E-09 NA 3.8E-10 Thyroid 2.6E-09 NA 3.1E-10

St Wall+ St Wall+ St Wall St Wall Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

<1E-15 5.1E-13 1.9E-10 5.0E-10 2.5E-09 4.3E-09 5.0E-09 4.0E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.5 <1E-15 9.2E-15 2.9E-12 9.8E-12 4.1E-11 NA NA NA

<1E-15 1.3E-13 7.2E-11 1.2E-10 4.5E-10 5.5E-10 5.8E-10 4.8E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-14 4.2E-14 1.3E-13 3.8E-13 3.4E-12 3.6E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

161

<1E-15 1.3E-13 7.2E-11 1.2E-10 4.5E-10 5.5E-10 5.8E-10 5.2E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Tc-99 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Tc-99 (T1/2=2.13E+05 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 St Wall 1.9E-12 3.3E-14 5.0E-13 <1E-15 St Wall 9.3E-12 1.6E-13 2.5E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.2E-09 6.0E-12 2.8E-10 1.3E-11

5.0E-13 2.5E-12 2.9E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Thyroid 2.5E-11 1.3E-13 3.7E-12 8.2E-14 Thyroid 1.1E-10 5.8E-13 1.6E-11 3.6E-13 Thyroid 6.1E-10 1.4E-12 7.9E-11 4.2E-12

3.8E-12 1.6E-11 8.3E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Thyroid 6.4E-12 2.1E-14 8.6E-13 3.5E-14 Thyroid 1.1E-11 3.8E-14 1.5E-12 5.9E-14 Thyroid 2.9E-11 6.5E-14 3.7E-12 2.0E-13

9.0E-13 1.6E-12 3.9E-12

Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

St Wall+ St Wall Thyroid

2.9E-12 1.5E-11 3.3E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.5 5.1E-14 2.6E-13 9.3E-12

ecin

utero

7.8E-13 3.9E-12 4.4E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

162

<1E-15 1.2E-15 2.0E-11

7.8E-13 3.9E-12 4.6E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Tc-99m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Tc-99m (T1/2=6.02 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.6E-12 <1E-15 2.6E-12 All 2.5E-12 <1E-15 2.5E-12 St Wall 2.0E-11 2.3E-12 5.1E-12 Thyroid 3.4E-11 NA 6.1E-12 Thyroid 4.2E-11 NA 6.5E-12 Thyroid 4.1E-11 NA 6.4E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.6E-12 2.5E-12 5.1E-12 6.1E-12 6.5E-12 6.4E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.5E-12 <1E-15 3.5E-12 <1E-15 All 3.5E-12 <1E-15 3.5E-12 <1E-15 St Wall 5.3E-12 3.2E-12 3.6E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 6.8E-12 NA 3.5E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.4E-12 NA 3.2E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 6.5E-12 NA 2.3E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.5E-12 3.5E-12 3.6E-12 3.5E-12 3.2E-12 2.3E-12

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-12 <1E-15 3.7E-12 <1E-15 3.7E-12 <1E-15 3.7E-12 <1E-15 3.4E-12 3.4E-12 3.4E-12 <1E-15 3.2E-12 NA 3.2E-12 <1E-15 2.8E-12 NA 2.8E-12 <1E-15 1.8E-12 NA 1.8E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-12 3.7E-12 3.4E-12 3.2E-12 2.8E-12 1.8E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All St Wall Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-11 1.3E-11 3.4E-11 5.0E-11 5.9E-11 5.5E-11

Ingestion: f1=0.5 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-11 NA NA NA

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-11 1.3E-11 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 1.3E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

163

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-11 1.3E-11 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 1.3E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Tc-99m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Tc-99m (T1/2=6.02 h) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.8 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.5E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.9E-11 4.9E-13 5.4E-12 7.0E-15

<1E-15 2.5E-15 5.4E-12


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.2E-15 <1E-15 3.2E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.9E-12 6.8E-13 3.2E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 3.2E-15 3.2E-12

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.4E-15 <1E-15 3.4E-15 <1E-15 2.9E-12 7.1E-13 2.9E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 3.4E-15 2.9E-12

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

2.3E-15 1.2E-14 4.3E-11

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.5 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.6E-12

ecin

utero

2.3E-15 1.2E-14 1.5E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

164

<1E-15 <1E-15 8.4E-15

2.3E-15 1.2E-14 1.5E-11

ICRP Publication 88

4.15. Ruthenium 4.15.1. Biokinetic data (314) There are few published reports on the transfer of ruthenium (Ru) to the fetus. An autoradiographic study failed to demonstrate appreciable fetal concentrations of 103Ru in the mouse at various times up to 16 days after intravenous injection as the chloride (Nelson et al., 1962). However, high concentrations of 103Ru, persisting up to about 4 days after administration, were accumulated by the fetal membranes. Stather et al. (1987) administered 106Ru to rats at different times during pregnancy and measured the relative concentrations in maternal and fetal tissues at birth. The results showed that the greatest transfer of ruthenium to the fetus occurred following intravenous administration to the dam towards the end of pregnancy. Thus, after administration in the week before conception and at 14 and 19 days of gestation, relative concentrations of the fetus and mother (CF:CM) at birth were 0.004, 0.02, and 0.05, respectively. (315) Levack et al. (1994a,b) administered 106Ru in citrate solution to rats at different stages of pregnancy and to guinea pigs either before conception or in late pregnancy. The retention of 106Ru by each rat fetus on day 13 of gestation after administration on day 10 was 0.0002% of administered activity. Total retention by each fetoplacental unit (FPU) was about 0.02% with 40% in the decidua, 30% in the yolk sac, 30% in the placenta and 1% in the fetus. Concentrations were greatest in the yolk sac at about 1% g
1 compared with 0.01% g
1 in the fetus. For administration to rats on day 19 and measurement at birth, retention by each fetus was two orders of magnitude greater than on day 13, at about 0.05%. Whole body fetus:mother concentration (CF:CM) ratios were about 0.1 on day 13 and at birth. Retention of 106Ru in the guinea pig fetus in late gestation on day 57 after administration on day 50 was 0.2% injected activity per fetus, corresponding to a CF:CM ratio of 0.2. Retention in each FPU was about 0.7% with 38% in the yolk sac, 28% in the placenta and 30% in the fetus; the CPl:CM ratio was about 2. For administration 4 weeks prior to conception, the level of 106Ru retained in the fetus on day 57 of gestation was two orders of magnitude lower than after short-term administration, with a CF:CM ratio of 0.004 and a CPl:CM ratio of 0.01. (316) Nishimura et al. (1990) gave 106RuNO-nitro complex intravenously to pregnant rats at several stages of gestation and reported fetal concentrations relative to maternal concentrations. They found that fetal concentrations were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than concentrations in maternal liver and 2–3 orders of magnitude less than in the fetal membranes (yolk sac) when 106Ru was administered on or after day 14 of gestation. Timmermans et al. (1992) fed 103Ru in food to miniature swine from day 50 of gestation until birth (110 days) and measured the 103Ru concentrations in neonatal and maternal liver, obtaining a fetal:maternal concentration ratio of 0.03. (317) In their model for the transfer of ruthenium to the fetus, Sikov and Hui (1996) adopted a CF:CM ratio of 0.1 to quantify the initial transfer with no subsequent 165

ICRP Publication 88

transfer from maternal deposits. They concluded that concentration in the placenta will generally be similar to concentration in maternal tissues (i.e. CPl:CM=1). 4.15.2. Models (a) Adult (318) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). For ruthenium reaching the circulation, 0.15 is assumed to be rapidly excreted and the remainder is uniformly distributed throughout body tissues and retained with half-times of 8 days (0.35), 35 days (0.3) and 1000 days (0.2). These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (319) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (320) On the basis of the available data, CF:CM ratios adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of ruthenium are 0.2 for intakes during pregnancy and 0.01 for intakes prior to pregnancy. (321) The concentration of ruthenium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and twice that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (322) In Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The distribution of ruthenium in the fetus is assumed to be uniform and the Publication 56 retention parameters are applied to the offspring from birth. 4.15.3. References for Ruthenium ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2). Levack, V.M., Pottinger, H., Ham, G.J. et al. (1994a) The fetal transfer of ruthenium, cerium, plutonium and americium. In: Nimmo-Scott, W., Golding, D.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the IRPA Regional Congress on Radiological Protection, June 1994, Portsmouth. Nuclear Technology Publishing, Ashford, pp. 161–164. Levack, V.M., Pottinger, H., Harrison, J.D. (1994b) The placental transfer of ruthenium in rats and guinea pigs. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 66, 809–814. Nelson, A., Ullberg, S., Kristoffersson, H. et al. (1962) Distribution of radioruthenium in mice. Acta Radiologica. 58, 353–360. Nishimura, Y., Inaba, J., Watari, K. et al. (1990). Conceptus uptake of the 106RuNO-nitro complex in relation to gestational stages. J. Rad. Res. 31, 110–118. Sikov, M.R., Hui, T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation dose. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631; PNL-7445, Rev 2. Stather, J.W., Adams, N., Gray, S.A. et al. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclides to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 371–380. Timmermans, R., Van Hees, M., Vandecasteele, C.H. et al. (1992) Transfer of radionuclides from maternal food to the fetus and nursing infants of minipigs. Rad. Prot. Dosim. 41, 127–130. 166

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ru-103 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ru-103 (T1/2=39.3 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-11 2.4E-12 1.3E-11 9.9E-10 1.1E-10 9.9E-10 8.6E-10 2.9E-10 8.6E-10 6.6E-10 4.9E-10 6.6E-10 6.2E-10 NA 6.2E-10 5.3E-10 NA 5.3E-10 2.9E-10 NA 2.9E-10

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.9E-13 5.6E-13 1.1E-12 2.1E-12 9.0E-12 5.9E-11

<1E-15 1.3E-11 9.9E-10 8.6E-10 6.6E-10 6.2E-10 5.4E-10 3.5E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.0E-12 1.1E-12 6.0E-12 <1E-15 4.3E-10 5.1E-11 4.3E-10 1.4E-13 3.7E-10 1.4E-10 3.7E-10 2.6E-13 2.7E-10 1.9E-10 2.7E-10 5.1E-13 2.6E-10 NA 2.6E-10 1.0E-12 2.2E-10 NA 2.2E-10 4.3E-12 1.2E-10 NA 1.2E-10 2.8E-11

<1E-15 6.0E-12 4.3E-10 3.7E-10 2.7E-10 2.6E-10 2.2E-10 1.5E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.7E-12 5.2E-13 2.7E-12 <1E-15 1.6E-10 2.0E-11 1.6E-10 5.9E-14 1.5E-10 4.3E-11 1.5E-10 1.1E-13 1.3E-10 1.0E-10 1.3E-10 2.1E-13 1.3E-10 NA 1.3E-10 4.0E-13 1.1E-10 NA 1.1E-10 1.4E-12 5.7E-11 NA 5.7E-11 5.6E-12

<1E-15 2.7E-12 1.6E-10 1.5E-10 1.3E-10 1.3E-10 1.1E-10 6.3E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 7.1E-13 1.7E-13 7.1E-13 <1E-15 9.8E-11 7.0E-12 9.8E-11 3.3E-15 9.9E-11 1.7E-11 9.9E-11 6.1E-15 9.6E-11 8.1E-11 9.6E-11 1.1E-14 9.4E-11 NA 9.4E-11 2.1E-14 8.0E-11 NA 8.0E-11 7.5E-14 4.6E-11 NA 4.6E-11 3.4E-13

<1E-15 7.1E-13 9.8E-11 9.9E-11 9.6E-11 9.4E-11 8.0E-11 4.6E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

167

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ru-103 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ru-103 (T1/2=39.3 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) All All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.05 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-12 2.3E-13 3.6E-10 1.0E-11 3.6E-10 2.8E-11 3.3E-10 3.1E-10 3.1E-10 NA 2.5E-10 NA 1.6E-10 NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 1.2E-12 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.3E-10 3.1E-10 2.5E-10 1.6E-10

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-14 5.3E-14 1.0E-13 2.0E-13 8.6E-13 5.7E-12

<1E-15 1.2E-12 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.3E-10 3.1E-10 2.5E-10 1.7E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

168

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ru-103 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ru-103 (T1/2=39.3 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 1.6E-11 2.4E-12 1.6E-11 8.0E-11 1.2E-11 8.0E-11 5.9E-10 1.3E-10 5.9E-10

<1E-15 2.1E-15 1.6E-11

1.6E-11 8.0E-11 6.1E-10

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 7.6E-12 1.2E-12 7.6E-12 <1E-15 3.8E-11 5.8E-12 3.8E-11 1.0E-15 2.5E-10 5.6E-11 2.5E-10 7.5E-12

7.6E-12 3.8E-11 2.6E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 2.7E-12 4.9E-13 2.7E-12 <1E-15 1.3E-11 2.5E-12 1.3E-11 <1E-15 1.1E-10 2.6E-11 1.1E-10 1.7E-12

2.7E-12 1.3E-11 1.1E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 8.5E-13 1.7E-13 8.5E-13 <1E-15 4.3E-12 8.7E-13 4.3E-12 <1E-15 8.2E-11 1.9E-11 8.2E-11 9.7E-14

8.5E-13 4.3E-12 8.2E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Ingestion: f1=0.05 1.7E-12 2.3E-13 8.6E-12 1.2E-12 2.7E-10 6.8E-11

1.7E-12 8.6E-12 2.7E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

169

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.5E-12

1.7E-12 8.6E-12 2.7E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ru-106 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ru-106 (T1/2=1.01 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 2.1E-10 3.0E-11 2.1E-10 1.4E-09 2.0E-10 1.4E-09 6.0E-09 7.8E-10 6.0E-09 4.1E-09 1.2E-09 4.1E-09 2.0E-09 7.7E-10 2.0E-09 1.8E-09 NA 1.8E-09 1.3E-09 NA 1.3E-09 5.3E-10 NA 5.3E-10

2.4E-12 1.6E-11 5.2E-10 5.7E-10 6.4E-10 7.2E-10 1.0E-09 2.2E-09

2.1E-10 1.4E-09 6.5E-09 4.7E-09 2.6E-09 2.5E-09 2.3E-09 2.7E-09

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 1.0E-10 1.4E-11 1.0E-10 1.2E-12 6.8E-10 9.4E-11 6.8E-10 7.6E-12 2.8E-09 3.7E-10 2.8E-09 2.5E-10 1.9E-09 5.8E-10 1.9E-09 2.7E-10 9.2E-10 3.5E-10 9.2E-10 3.0E-10 8.4E-10 NA 8.4E-10 3.4E-10 6.2E-10 NA 6.2E-10 4.8E-10 2.4E-10 NA 2.4E-10 1.1E-09

1.0E-10 6.9E-10 3.1E-09 2.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.1E-09 1.3E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 4.6E-11 6.4E-12 4.6E-11 5.3E-13 2.9E-10 4.1E-11 2.9E-10 3.4E-12 7.2E-10 1.2E-10 7.2E-10 1.1E-10 4.9E-10 1.4E-10 4.9E-10 1.1E-10 3.0E-10 9.3E-11 3.0E-10 1.2E-10 2.7E-10 NA 2.7E-10 1.4E-10 1.8E-10 NA 1.8E-10 1.6E-10 5.7E-11 NA 5.7E-11 2.1E-10

4.7E-11 2.9E-10 8.3E-10 6.0E-10 4.2E-10 4.1E-10 3.4E-10 2.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 6.9E-12 1.1E-12 6.9E-12 5.8E-14 3.4E-11 6.1E-12 3.4E-11 2.3E-13 1.1E-10 1.5E-11 1.1E-10 6.0E-12 9.2E-11 2.0E-11 9.2E-11 6.3E-12 7.7E-11 4.0E-11 7.7E-11 6.7E-12 7.1E-11 NA 7.1E-11 7.1E-12 5.2E-11 NA 5.2E-11 8.6E-12 2.3E-11 NA 2.3E-11 1.3E-11

7.0E-12 3.4E-11 1.2E-10 9.8E-11 8.4E-11 7.8E-11 6.1E-11 3.6E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

170

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ru-106 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ru-106 (T1/2=1.01 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

All All All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.05 2.0E-11 2.8E-12 1.4E-10 1.9E-11 6.9E-10 7.4E-11 5.1E-10 1.2E-10 3.0E-10 1.9E-10 2.8E-10 NA 2.1E-10 NA 1.1E-10 NA

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

2.0E-11 1.4E-10 6.9E-10 5.1E-10 3.0E-10 2.8E-10 2.1E-10 1.1E-10

2.3E-13 1.5E-12 4.9E-11 5.5E-11 6.1E-11 6.9E-11 9.7E-11 2.1E-10

2.0E-11 1.4E-10 7.4E-10 5.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.5E-10 3.1E-10 3.2E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

171

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ru-106 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ru-106 (T1/2=1.01 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.05 5.3E-10 7.0E-11 5.3E-10 1.7E-09 2.2E-10 1.7E-09 2.0E-09 3.4E-10 2.0E-09

5.4E-12 1.7E-11 1.1E-09

5.4E-10 1.7E-09 3.1E-09

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 2.5E-10 3.3E-11 2.5E-10 2.6E-12 8.2E-10 1.1E-10 8.2E-10 7.9E-12 9.3E-10 1.6E-10 9.3E-10 5.1E-10

2.5E-10 8.3E-10 1.4E-09


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 1.0E-10 1.4E-11 1.0E-10 1.1E-12 3.1E-10 4.3E-11 3.1E-10 3.5E-12 2.6E-10 4.1E-11 2.6E-10 1.5E-10

1.0E-10 3.1E-10 4.1E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 1.3E-11 2.2E-12 1.3E-11 9.0E-14 3.7E-11 6.6E-12 3.7E-11 2.3E-13 6.2E-11 1.1E-11 6.2E-11 8.5E-12

1.3E-11 3.7E-11 7.1E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Ingestion: f1=0.05 5.1E-11 6.7E-12 1.7E-10 2.1E-11 2.8E-10 5.7E-11

5.1E-11 1.7E-10 2.8E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

172

5.2E-13 1.6E-12 1.0E-10

5.2E-11 1.7E-10 3.8E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.16. Silver 4.16.1. Biokinetic data (323) Limited data are available on the transfer of silver (Ag) to the fetus from studies using rats and minipigs. No human data are available. (324) Studies have been reported on 110mAg in food fed to miniature swine from day 50 of pregnancy until birth (Timmermans et al., 1992; Gerber, 1993). Highest concentrations in the neonates were in the liver, with values about twice maternal liver concentrations shortly after birth and levels similar to maternal concentrations three days later. For other tissues, concentrations in neonates were less than or similar to those in corresponding maternal tissues (concentration ratios of < 0.3 to 1). Data from three mini-swine fed a diet containing 110mAg (Gerber, 1993) suggest a CPl:CM ratio of about 3 at term. (325) Nishimura et al. (1998) gave 110mAg in cyanide to rats on day 14, 16 or 18 of gestation and measured concentrations in the fetus either 2 days or 4 days after administration. From this study CF:CM ratios were: 0.26 and 0.12 at 2 and 4 days after administration on day 14; 0.28 and 0.30 at 2 and 4 days after administration on day 16; and 0.55 at 2 days after administration on day 18. Placental concentrations of 110mAg were similar to those in the mother for intakes early in gestation (CPl:CM=1) and about twice those in the mother for intakes late in gestation. 4.16.2. Models (a) Adult (326) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). It is assumed that 0.5 of silver reaching the circulation is taken up by the liver and the other 0.5 is distributed throughout all other tissues and organs including the skeleton. Biological half-times in all tissues are taken to be 3.5, 50, and 500 days applying to fractions of 0.1, 0.8, and 0.1, respectively. These parameters are taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (327) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (328) These limited data do not provide a good basis for recommending a CF:CM ratio for use in calculating doses to the human fetus although they indicate that fetal concentrations may approach maternal concentrations. A CF:CM ratio of 1 is, therefore, adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of silver for intakes during and before pregnancy. (329) The concentration of silver in the placenta is taken to be twice that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (330) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The same parameters are applied here to distribution in the fetus and to distribution and retention in the offspring from birth. 173

ICRP Publication 88

4.16.3. References for Silver Gerber, G.B. (1993) Radionuklid Transfer. In: Maier, C. (Ed.), Beitra¨ge zu Strahlenscha¨den und Strahlenkrankheiten. Zivilschutz Forschung, Band 14, Bundesamt fu¨r Zivilschutz, Bonn, pp. 177–260. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Nishimura, Y., Takeda, H., Watanabe, Y. et al. (1998) Placental transfer of Ag-110m in rats. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 323–326. Timmermans, R., Van Hees, M., Vandecasteele, C.H. et al. (1992) Transfer of radionuclides from maternal food to the fetus and nursing infants of minipigs. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 127–130

174

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ag-108m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ag-108m (T1/2=1.27E+02 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 6.7E-10 4.1E-11 2.4E-10 7.1E-11 Liver 2.2E-09 1.5E-10 8.2E-10 2.0E-10 Liver 6.5E-09 6.5E-10 3.0E-09 3.3E-10 Liver 7.7E-09 9.7E-10 3.0E-09 3.9E-10 Liver 9.1E-09 9.2E-10 3.0E-09 4.8E-10 Liver 9.4E-09 NA 3.0E-09 6.1E-10 Liver 8.2E-09 NA 2.5E-09 1.2E-09 Liver 3.1E-09 NA 9.1E-10 2.6E-09

3.1E-10 1.0E-09 3.3E-09 3.4E-09 3.5E-09 3.6E-09 3.7E-09 3.5E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 3.4E-10 2.1E-11 1.2E-10 3.6E-11 Liver 1.5E-09 1.1E-10 5.9E-10 1.3E-10 Liver 3.1E-09 2.6E-10 1.4E-09 2.2E-10 Liver 3.3E-09 3.1E-10 1.4E-09 2.4E-10 Liver 3.3E-09 4.1E-10 1.3E-09 2.8E-10 Liver 3.1E-09 NA 1.2E-09 3.2E-10 Liver 2.2E-09 NA 8.6E-10 4.2E-10 Liver 6.5E-10 NA 2.9E-10 5.0E-10

1.6E-10 7.2E-10 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.5E-09 1.3E-09 7.9E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Liver 2.0E-10 2.9E-11 1.6E-10 7.2E-12 Liver 3.6E-10 5.6E-11 3.0E-10 1.1E-11 Liver 7.5E-10 9.0E-11 6.7E-10 1.3E-11 Liver 7.4E-10 1.2E-10 6.4E-10 1.3E-11 Liver 7.0E-10 3.0E-10 6.0E-10 1.5E-11 Liver 6.5E-10 NA 5.5E-10 1.6E-11 Liver 4.8E-10 NA 4.0E-10 2.2E-11 Liver 2.0E-10 NA 1.7E-10 3.0E-11

1.7E-10 3.1E-10 6.8E-10 6.5E-10 6.1E-10 5.7E-10 4.2E-10 2.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.05 1.3E-10 8.1E-12 4.4E-10 3.1E-11 2.3E-09 1.3E-10 2.5E-09 2.0E-10 2.8E-09 1.1E-09 2.8E-09 NA 2.3E-09 NA 1.1E-09 NA

ein

utero

4.8E-11 1.6E-10 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.5E-09 1.5E-09 1.2E-09 6.3E-10

1.4E-11 4.1E-11 6.6E-11 7.8E-11 9.6E-11 1.2E-10 2.4E-10 5.2E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

175

6.2E-11 2.0E-10 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.4E-09 1.1E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ag-108m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ag108m (T1/2=1.27E+02 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 1.0E-09 7.2E-11 3.9E-10 9.5E-11 Liver 2.6E-09 2.1E-10 1.1E-09 2.1E-10 Liver 7.4E-09 3.2E-10 2.4E-09 1.1E-09

4.8E-10 1.3E-09 3.5E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 5.8E-10 4.2E-11 2.3E-10 5.4E-11 Liver 1.6E-09 1.3E-10 6.5E-10 1.4E-10 Liver 2.4E-09 1.3E-10 9.8E-10 3.6E-10

2.8E-10 7.9E-10 1.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Liver 2.2E-10 3.3E-11 1.8E-10 7.5E-12 Liver 3.8E-10 5.9E-11 3.1E-10 1.1E-11 Liver 5.4E-10 8.0E-11 4.6E-10 2.0E-11

1.9E-10 3.2E-10 4.8E-10


260*
52* cy

Liver Liver Liver

Ingestion: f1=0.05 2.1E-10 1.5E-11 5.4E-10 4.3E-11 2.2E-09 2.6E-10

ecin

utero

7.9E-11 2.2E-10 1.3E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. y

176

1.9E-11 4.3E-11 2.2E-10

9.8E-11 2.6E-10 1.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ag-110m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ag-110m (T1/2=250 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 5.1E-11 4.2E-12 2.1E-11 2.5E-12 Liver 1.3E-09 1.2E-10 5.7E-10 5.3E-11 Liver 7.0E-09 8.4E-10 3.9E-09 1.4E-10 Liver 8.6E-09 1.4E-09 3.9E-09 1.8E-10 Liver 1.1E-08 1.4E-09 3.9E-09 2.5E-10 Liver 1.1E-08 NA 4.0E-09 3.5E-10 Liver 1.1E-08 NA 3.5E-09 8.2E-10 Liver 4.4E-09 NA 1.4E-09 2.2E-09

2.4E-11 6.2E-10 4.0E-09 4.1E-09 4.1E-09 4.3E-09 4.3E-09 3.6E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 2.6E-11 2.2E-12 1.1E-11 1.2E-12 Liver 8.7E-10 9.1E-11 4.1E-10 3.3E-11 Liver 3.2E-09 3.4E-10 1.8E-09 9.3E-11 Liver 3.6E-09 4.5E-10 1.8E-09 1.2E-10 Liver 3.8E-09 6.4E-10 1.7E-09 1.5E-10 Liver 3.7E-09 NA 1.6E-09 1.8E-10 Liver 2.9E-09 NA 1.3E-09 2.9E-10 Liver 9.4E-10 NA 4.6E-10 4.2E-10

1.2E-11 4.4E-10 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.8E-09 1.6E-09 8.8E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Liver 1.8E-11 3.4E-12 1.6E-11 2.5E-13 Liver 2.5E-10 4.9E-11 2.2E-10 2.8E-12 All 9.2E-10 1.3E-10 9.2E-10 5.5E-12 All 9.1E-10 1.9E-10 9.1E-10 6.4E-12 Liver 9.8E-10 4.9E-10 8.7E-10 7.6E-12 Liver 9.3E-10 NA 8.1E-10 9.3E-12 Liver 7.2E-10 NA 6.2E-10 1.5E-11 Liver 3.2E-10 NA 2.8E-10 2.6E-11

1.6E-11 2.2E-10 9.3E-10 9.2E-10 8.8E-10 8.2E-10 6.3E-10 3.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.05 1.0E-11 8.5E-13 2.6E-10 2.4E-11 2.9E-09 1.7E-10 3.3E-09 2.8E-10 3.6E-09 1.8E-09 3.7E-09 NA 3.2E-09 NA 1.6E-09 NA

ein

utero

4.2E-12 1.1E-10 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.2E-09 1.8E-09 1.0E-09

5.0E-13 1.1E-11 2.9E-11 3.7E-11 5.0E-11 7.1E-11 1.6E-10 4.4E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

177

4.7E-12 1.2E-10 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.0E-09 1.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ag-110m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ag110m (T1/2=250 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 4.5E-10 4.6E-11 2.1E-10 1.6E-11 Liver 1.9E-09 2.0E-10 9.3E-10 6.2E-11 Liver 9.1E-09 4.7E-10 3.3E-09 8.0E-10

2.3E-10 9.9E-10 4.1E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.05 Liver 2.6E-10 2.7E-11 1.2E-10 9.6E-12 Liver 1.1E-09 1.2E-10 5.3E-10 4.0E-11 Liver 2.9E-09 2.0E-10 1.3E-09 2.4E-10

1.3E-10 5.7E-10 1.5E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Liver 7.8E-11 1.5E-11 6.8E-11 8.7E-13 Liver 2.9E-10 5.6E-11 2.6E-10 3.1E-12 Liver 7.7E-10 1.3E-10 6.8E-10 1.3E-11

6.9E-11 2.6E-10 6.9E-10


260*
52* cy

Liver Liver Liver

Ingestion: f1=0.05 9.1E-11 9.3E-12 3.9E-10 4.1E-11 3.0E-09 4.0E-10

ecin

utero

4.4E-11 1.9E-10 1.9E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. y

178

3.1E-12 1.2E-11 1.6E-10

4.7E-11 2.0E-10 2.1E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.17. Antimony Biokinetic data (331) Few data are available on the transfer of antimony (Sb) to the fetus. A review by Roedler (1987) suggested CF:CM ratios in the range 0.06–0.8 based on data reported by Gerber et al. (1982). Gerber et al. (1982) also measured placental concentrations of 125Sb between 2 hours and 7 days following intraperitoneal injection into rats on day 12 of gestation; the data indicate that the CPl:CM ratio was  2 during most of this period. (332) Limited measurements of stable antimony in human placenta and a few human tissues (Iyengar et al., 1978) suggest a CPl:CM ratio of about 2. 4.17.1. Models (a) Adult (333) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995). It is assumed that of antimony entering the circulation, a fraction 0.2 is rapidly excreted, 0.4 is taken up by mineral bone, 0.05 by the liver and the remaining fraction of 0.35 is uniformly distributed throughout all other organs. For all tissues, fractions of 0.85, 0.1, and 0.05 are assumed to be retained with biological half-times of 5, 100, and 5,000 days, respectively. These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (334) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (335) There are very limited data available on the transfer of antimony to the fetus. For the present a CF:CM ratio of 1.0 has been adopted. (336) The concentration of antimony in the placenta is taken to be twice that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (337) In Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The distribution of antimony in the fetus, based on that adopted for the infant, is taken to be 0.05 to liver, 0.5 to skeleton and 0.45 to all other tissues. Publication 69 retention parameters are applied to the offspring from birth. 4.17.2. References for Antimony Gerber, G., Maes, J., Eykens, B. (1982) Transfer of antimony and arsenic to the developing organism. Arch. Toxicol. 49, 159–168. ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 3. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. Annals of the ICRP 25 (1). Iyengar, G.V., Kollmer, W.E., Bowen, H.J.M. (1978) The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids. Verlag Chemir, New York. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-dependent Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 327–337. 179

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Sb-124 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Sb-124 (T1/2=60.2 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-14 1.1E-15 4.7E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-11 7.1E-12 3.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 9.9E-11 8.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 2.0E-10 8.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-09 5.3E-10 9.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-09 NA 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-09 NA 9.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-09 NA 6.4E-10

<1E-15 6.0E-13 6.1E-12 9.8E-12 1.6E-11 2.6E-11 7.3E-11 3.0E-10

4.8E-15 3.2E-11 8.3E-10 8.7E-10 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 9.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-11 3.8E-12 1.6E-11 2.5E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-10 5.7E-11 4.8E-10 2.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-10 1.1E-10 5.0E-10 4.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.7E-10 3.3E-10 5.1E-10 6.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.8E-10 NA 5.0E-10 9.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.0E-10 NA 4.3E-10 2.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-10 NA 2.3E-10 6.0E-11

1.8E-15 1.6E-11 4.8E-10 5.0E-10 5.2E-10 5.1E-10 4.5E-10 2.9E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-15 <1E-15 1.5E-15 <1E-15 All 1.2E-11 3.3E-12 1.2E-11 2.0E-14 All 3.9E-10 4.2E-11 4.0E-10 1.6E-13 All 4.0E-10 8.4E-11 4.0E-10 2.4E-13 All 3.9E-10 2.9E-10 4.0E-10 3.7E-13 All 3.8E-10 NA 3.9E-10 5.6E-13 All 3.2E-10 NA 3.2E-10 1.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 NA 1.7E-10 4.0E-12

1.5E-15 1.2E-11 4.0E-10 4.0E-10 4.0E-10 3.9E-10 3.2E-10 1.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

4.1E-15 2.6E-11 1.4E-09 1.5E-09 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.8E-09 1.3E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.1 <1E-15 2.8E-12 3.9E-11 8.1E-11 1.1E-09 NA NA NA

1.9E-15 1.2E-11 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.0E-09 6.7E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

180

<1E-15 2.4E-13 2.4E-12 3.9E-12 6.3E-12 1.0E-11 2.9E-11 1.2E-10

1.9E-15 1.2E-11 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.0E-09 7.9E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Sb-124 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Sb-124 (T1/2=60.2 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-11 3.7E-12 1.7E-11 2.6E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 1.8E-11 8.6E-11 1.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-09 1.3E-10 8.7E-10 1.2E-10

1.7E-11 8.7E-11 9.9E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-11 2.0E-12 8.9E-12 1.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.7E-11 1.0E-11 4.4E-11 5.5E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-10 8.1E-11 4.2E-10 2.4E-11

9.0E-12 4.5E-11 4.4E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 6.4E-12 1.6E-12 6.3E-12 7.7E-15 3.1E-11 7.8E-12 3.1E-11 3.8E-14 3.3E-10 7.1E-11 3.3E-10 1.6E-12

6.3E-12 3.1E-11 3.3E-10

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

1.4E-11 7.1E-11 1.7E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 1.5E-12 7.2E-12 2.3E-10

ecin

utero

7.5E-12 3.7E-11 1.0E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

181

1.0E-13 5.1E-13 4.7E-11

7.6E-12 3.8E-11 1.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Sb-125 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Sb-125 (T1/2=2.77 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-10 1.3E-11 9.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 7.5E-10 3.2E-11 2.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 5.9E-11 4.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-09 7.9E-11 4.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 1.5E-10 4.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 NA 4.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 3.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-10 NA 1.9E-10

5.7E-11 1.1E-10 1.6E-10 1.8E-10 2.0E-10 2.2E-10 2.9E-10 5.4E-10

1.6E-10 3.3E-10 6.5E-10 6.6E-10 6.9E-10 6.8E-10 6.4E-10 7.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-10 5.0E-12 3.8E-11 2.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-10 1.6E-11 1.1E-10 4.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-10 3.1E-11 2.4E-10 6.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-10 4.0E-11 2.4E-10 7.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-10 9.1E-11 2.3E-10 7.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-10 NA 2.1E-10 8.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-10 NA 1.5E-10 9.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-10 NA 6.3E-11 1.1E-10

6.0E-11 1.6E-10 3.1E-10 3.1E-10 3.1E-10 2.9E-10 2.4E-10 1.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-11 3.8E-12 2.1E-11 2.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 7.5E-11 1.1E-11 6.0E-11 3.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-10 2.0E-11 1.6E-10 4.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 2.8E-11 1.6E-10 4.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 8.0E-11 1.5E-10 4.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-10 NA 1.3E-10 4.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-10 NA 1.0E-10 5.3E-12 All 4.6E-11 NA 4.5E-11 7.2E-12

2.4E-11 6.4E-11 1.6E-10 1.6E-10 1.5E-10 1.3E-10 1.1E-10 5.2E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

1.3E-10 3.0E-10 7.6E-10 8.1E-10 9.1E-10 8.6E-10 6.7E-10 3.7E-10

Ingestion: f1=0.1 5.1E-12 1.3E-11 2.3E-11 3.1E-11 3.0E-10 NA NA NA

3.9E-11 8.8E-11 4.3E-10 4.4E-10 4.3E-10 4.0E-10 3.1E-10 1.9E-10

2.3E-11 4.5E-11 6.4E-11 7.0E-11 7.7E-11 8.7E-11 1.1E-10 2.1E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

182

6.2E-11 1.3E-10 4.9E-10 5.1E-10 5.1E-10 4.9E-10 4.2E-10 4.0E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Sb-125 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Sb-125 (T1/2=2.77 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-10 1.7E-11 1.2E-10 6.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 8.0E-10 3.5E-11 2.4E-10 1.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 4.2E-11 3.8E-10 3.3E-10

1.9E-10 3.6E-10 7.1E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 7.3E-12 5.1E-11 2.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-10 1.7E-11 1.1E-10 5.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-10 2.5E-11 1.7E-10 9.1E-11

7.7E-11 1.6E-10 2.6E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-11 5.2E-12 2.8E-11 2.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 7.9E-11 1.2E-11 6.3E-11 3.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-10 2.1E-11 1.1E-10 5.7E-12

3.1E-11 6.7E-11 1.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

1.6E-10 3.2E-10 7.0E-10

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 6.5E-12 1.4E-11 6.6E-11

ecin

utero

4.8E-11 9.6E-11 3.4E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

183

2.6E-11 4.7E-11 1.3E-10

7.4E-11 1.4E-10 4.7E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Sb-126 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Sb-126 (T1/2=12.4 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.7E-15 <1E-15 2.7E-15 All 6.3E-10 6.7E-12 6.3E-10 All 6.2E-10 7.5E-11 6.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 5.8E-10 6.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-09 NA 6.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 NA 6.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 NA 6.2E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.5E-15 4.1E-13 3.7E-11

<1E-15 2.7E-15 6.3E-10 6.2E-10 6.9E-10 6.9E-10 6.9E-10 6.6E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.4E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-15 <1E-15 All 4.5E-10 4.1E-12 4.5E-10 <1E-15 All 4.6E-10 4.0E-11 4.6E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-10 4.3E-10 4.6E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-10 NA 4.4E-10 2.4E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-10 NA 3.9E-10 1.3E-13 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-10 NA 2.8E-10 7.5E-12

<1E-15 1.4E-15 4.5E-10 4.6E-10 4.6E-10 4.4E-10 3.9E-10 2.9E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-15 <1E-15 4.2E-10 3.1E-12 4.2E-10 <1E-15 4.3E-10 3.1E-11 4.3E-10 <1E-15 4.2E-10 4.1E-10 4.2E-10 <1E-15 4.0E-10 NA 4.0E-10 <1E-15 3.4E-10 NA 3.4E-10 7.5E-15 2.4E-10 NA 2.4E-10 5.0E-13

<1E-15 1.1E-15 4.2E-10 4.3E-10 4.2E-10 4.0E-10 3.4E-10 2.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

<1E-15 1.1E-15 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-09 1.3E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.7E-12 3.0E-11 1.6E-09 NA NA NA

<1E-15 1.1E-15 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.6E-09 1.3E-09 9.2E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.6E-15 1.6E-13 1.5E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

184

<1E-15 1.1E-15 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.6E-09 1.3E-09 9.3E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Sb-126 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Sb-126 (T1/2=12.4 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 2.3E-12 6.2E-14 2.3E-12 <1E-15 All 1.2E-11 3.1E-13 1.2E-11 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 1.2E-10 6.6E-10 1.7E-11

2.3E-12 1.2E-11 6.8E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 All 1.1E-12 3.6E-14 1.1E-12 <1E-15 All 5.7E-12 1.8E-13 5.7E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-10 9.3E-11 4.0E-10 2.4E-12

1.1E-12 5.7E-12 4.0E-10

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 8.8E-13 2.8E-14 8.9E-13 <1E-15 4.4E-12 1.4E-13 4.4E-12 <1E-15 3.6E-10 8.7E-11 3.6E-10 1.9E-13

8.9E-13 4.4E-12 3.6E-10

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)


260*
52* cy

All All All


260*
52* cy

All All Red Marrow+

1.8E-12 9.2E-12 1.7E-09

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 2.4E-14 1.2E-13 3.4E-10

ecin

utero

1.8E-12 9.2E-12 1.4E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

185

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.8E-12

1.8E-12 9.2E-12 1.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Sb-127 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Sb-127 (T1/2=3.85 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-14 <1E-15 2.1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-12 3.7E-14 3.1E-13 All 1.4E-10 2.0E-13 1.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-10 2.7E-12 1.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-10 1.3E-10 2.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.0E-10 NA 2.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 NA 2.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 NA 2.4E-10

<1E-15 3.0E-14 1.2E-13 1.6E-13 2.2E-13 3.0E-13 5.9E-13 2.7E-12

2.3E-15 3.4E-13 1.4E-10 1.4E-10 2.2E-10 2.3E-10 2.4E-10 2.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-13 1.6E-14 1.3E-13 1.3E-14 All 8.7E-11 6.2E-14 8.7E-11 5.1E-14 All 8.9E-11 9.2E-13 8.9E-11 6.6E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 8.5E-11 9.6E-11 8.6E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 NA 9.3E-11 1.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 NA 8.2E-11 1.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-10 NA 6.5E-11 5.5E-13

<1E-15 1.4E-13 8.7E-11 8.9E-11 9.6E-11 9.3E-11 8.2E-11 6.6E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-14 1.2E-15 9.4E-15 1.0E-15 All 8.0E-11 5.7E-15 8.0E-11 3.2E-15 All 8.2E-11 5.0E-13 8.2E-11 4.0E-15 All 7.9E-11 7.8E-11 7.9E-11 5.1E-15 All 7.6E-11 NA 7.6E-11 6.5E-15 Red Marrow+ 7.0E-11 NA 6.3E-11 1.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-11 NA 4.4E-11 3.7E-14

<1E-15 1.0E-14 8.0E-11 8.2E-11 7.9E-11 7.6E-11 6.3E-11 4.4E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ All All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

4.0E-15 5.8E-13 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 6.1E-10 6.3E-10 6.1E-10 5.6E-10

Ingestion: f1=0.1 <1E-15 1.5E-14 8.0E-14 1.1E-12 3.5E-10 NA NA NA

<1E-15 1.2E-13 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.8E-10 3.7E-10 3.2E-10 2.4E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

186

<1E-15 1.2E-14 4.8E-14 6.4E-14 8.7E-14 1.2E-13 2.3E-13 1.1E-12

<1E-15 1.3E-13 3.6E-10 3.6E-10 3.8E-10 3.7E-10 3.2E-10 2.4E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Sb-127 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Sb-127 (T1/2=3.85 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-13 1.2E-14 3.2E-13 8.9E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.2E-12 5.7E-14 1.6E-12 4.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 7.9E-10 2.8E-11 2.1E-10 4.2E-12

3.3E-13 1.6E-12 2.1E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-13 4.5E-15 1.2E-13 3.8E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-12 2.1E-14 6.0E-13 1.7E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-10 1.8E-11 8.3E-11 5.7E-13

1.2E-13 6.2E-13 8.4E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 7.7E-14 <1E-15 6.8E-14 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-13 1.6E-15 3.4E-13 1.2E-15 All 6.7E-11 1.6E-11 6.7E-11 4.4E-14

6.8E-14 3.4E-13 6.7E-11


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

4.5E-13 2.2E-12 5.5E-10

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.1 4.8E-15 2.3E-14 7.3E-11

ecin

utero

3.0E-13 1.5E-12 3.3E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

187

3.5E-15 1.6E-14 1.6E-12

3.0E-13 1.5E-12 3.3E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.18. Tellurium 4.18.1. Biokinetic data (338) Limited rat data are available on the transfer of tellurium (Te) to the fetus. Toxicological studies using rats have also been reported (e.g. Duckett, 1982). (339) Agnew et al. (1968) measured the distribution of tellurium in maternal and fetal tissues of the rat after intraperitoneal administration as tellurous acid. Concentration ratios can be calculated from information on levels of activity in fetal and maternal liver, kidney, and brain relative to maternal blood. Fetal:maternal liver concentration ratios at 4 hours and one week after administration were 0.06 and 1.4 and corresponding ratios for the kidneys were 0.01 and 0.07. In a further paper Agnew et al. (1971) reported that approximately 95% of 127mTe reaching the fetus was present in a nondiffusible state. (340) Agnew (1972) assessed the transplacental uptake of 127mTe in rats by autoradiography. On day 18 127mTe concentrations in decreasing order were: placenta and yolk sac, fetal liver, heart and blood vessels, bone, choroid plexus, eye, kidney, lungs, gut, skeletal muscle, and central nervous tissues. The concentration of 127mTe in the placenta was similar to that in maternal blood but fetal concentrations were lower. Agnew (1972) also administered 127mTe-tellurite to rats on day 12 to 21 of gestation and examined the concentrations of radioactivity in placenta, fetuses and maternal blood after 24 hours. The data indicate a placental:maternal blood concentration ratio of about 1. 4.18.2. Models (a) Adult (341) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). It is assumed that of tellurium reaching the circulation, 0.5 is rapidly excreted with a half-time of 0.8 days, fractions of 0.25, 0.002, and 0.023 are taken up by the skeleton, thyroid, and kidneys, respectively, and the remainder of 0.225 is distributed throughout all other tissues. The biological half-times assumed are 10,000 days for retention in the skeleton and 20 days for retention in all other tissues. Tellurium in bone is assumed to be deposited on bone surfaces. These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (342) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (343) On the basis of the limited data available the CF:CM ratio for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of tellurium in this report is taken to be 1.0 for intakes both before and during pregnancy. (344) The concentration of tellurium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). 188

ICRP Publication 88

(345) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The distribution of tellurium in the fetus, based on that adopted for the infant, is taken to be 0.05 to kidneys, 0.5 to skeleton, and 0.45 to all other tissues. Publication 67 retention parameters are applied to the offspring from birth. (346) Iodine isotopes formed as daughters either in the mother or fetus are assumed to behave independently as described in Annex A. 4.18.3. References for Tellurium Agnew, W.F., Fauvre, F.M., Pudenz, P.H. (1968) Tellurium hydrocephalous: distribution of tellurium127m between maternal, fetal, and neonatal tissues of the rat. Experimental Neurology 21, 120–131. Agnew, W.F., Cheng, J.T. (1971) Protein binding of tellurium-127m by maternal and fetal tissues of the rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 20, 346–356. Agnew, W.F. (1972) Transplacental uptake of 123m-tellurium studied by whole-body autoradiography. Teratology 6, 331–338. Duckett, S. (1982) The distribution and localization of 127m-tellurium in normal and pathological nervous tissues of young and adult rats. Neuro Toxicology 3 (3), 63–74. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4).

189

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-127m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-127m (T1/2=109 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 3.4E-11 6.8E-13 6.0E-12 3.7E-09 7.4E-11 6.5E-10 1.3E-08 2.7E-10 2.5E-09 1.7E-08 4.3E-10 3.1E-09 2.1E-08 4.3E-10 3.6E-09 2.0E-08 NA 3.5E-09 1.6E-08 NA 2.7E-09 6.1E-09 NA 1.0E-09

9.9E-13 1.1E-10 3.5E-10 4.4E-10 5.5E-10 6.9E-10 1.1E-09 2.5E-09

7.0E-12 7.6E-10 2.9E-09 3.5E-09 4.1E-09 4.2E-09 3.8E-09 3.5E-09

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-11 2.2E-13 2.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 2.4E-11 2.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-09 8.9E-11 8.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-09 1.4E-10 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-09 1.4E-10 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-09 NA 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-09 NA 8.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-09 NA 3.4E-10

3.3E-13 3.6E-11 1.2E-10 1.4E-10 1.8E-10 2.3E-10 3.7E-10 8.4E-10

2.3E-12 2.5E-10 9.6E-10 1.1E-09 1.4E-09 1.3E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-12 9.6E-14 8.5E-13 1.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-10 9.7E-12 8.8E-11 1.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-09 2.8E-11 2.8E-10 4.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 3.7E-11 3.2E-10 5.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-09 3.1E-11 3.4E-10 6.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-09 NA 3.1E-10 8.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 NA 2.2E-10 1.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-10 NA 6.5E-11 1.8E-10

9.9E-13 1.0E-10 3.3E-10 3.8E-10 4.1E-10 3.9E-10 3.4E-10 2.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-13 7.4E-15 6.6E-14 1.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-11 5.1E-13 4.7E-12 8.3E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.0E-11 1.5E-12 1.6E-11 2.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.4E-11 2.2E-12 1.8E-11 2.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 9.4E-11 4.2E-12 1.9E-11 3.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 8.7E-11 NA 1.8E-11 3.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-11 NA 1.3E-11 5.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-11 NA 4.3E-12 9.0E-12

7.7E-14 5.5E-12 1.8E-11 2.1E-11 2.2E-11 2.2E-11 1.9E-11 1.3E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

190

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-127m (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-127m (T1/2=109 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

1.2E-11 1.3E-09 4.6E-09 6.0E-09 7.5E-09 7.2E-09 5.7E-09 2.2E-09

hBrain Ingestion: f1=0.3 2.5E-13 2.7E-11 9.8E-11 1.6E-10 1.6E-10 NA NA NA

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring

2.2E-12 2.4E-10 9.3E-10 1.1E-09 1.3E-09 1.3E-09 9.8E-10 3.7E-10

3.6E-13 3.9E-11 1.3E-10 1.6E-10 2.0E-10 2.5E-10 4.1E-10 9.2E-10

2.6E-12 2.8E-10 1.1E-09 1.3E-09 1.5E-09 1.6E-09 1.4E-09 1.3E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

191

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Te-127m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Te127m (T1/2=109 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 1.0E-09 2.1E-11 1.9E-10 4.7E-09 9.5E-11 8.4E-10 1.5E-08 1.4E-10 2.7E-09

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

3.0E-11 1.3E-10 1.1E-09

2.2E-10 9.7E-10 3.8E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-10 6.9E-12 6.1E-11 9.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 3.1E-11 2.8E-10 4.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-09 4.7E-11 8.8E-10 3.7E-10

7.1E-11 3.2E-10 1.2E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-10 2.6E-12 2.4E-11 4.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-10 1.2E-11 1.1E-10 1.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 1.2E-11 2.4E-10 1.1E-10

2.8E-11 1.3E-10 3.5E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-12 1.4E-13 1.3E-12 2.2E-13 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-11 6.1E-13 5.6E-12 9.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-11 1.2E-12 1.4E-11 5.0E-12

1.5E-12 6.6E-12 1.9E-11


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

3.7E-10 1.7E-09 5.5E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.3 7.6E-12 3.4E-11 5.3E-11

6.7E-11 3.0E-10 9.7E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

192

1.1E-11 4.9E-11 4.1E-10

7.8E-11 3.5E-10 1.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-129m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-129m (T1/2=33.6 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 8.0E-11 4.3E-12 1.7E-11 4.4E-09 2.2E-10 1.4E-09 9.1E-09 5.8E-10 2.2E-09 1.6E-08 8.7E-10 3.3E-09 1.8E-08 NA 3.5E-09 1.9E-08 NA 3.4E-09 1.1E-08 NA 1.9E-09

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 1.6E-13 7.0E-12 1.4E-11 3.0E-11 6.2E-11 2.7E-10 1.7E-09

<1E-15 1.7E-11 1.4E-09 2.2E-09 3.3E-09 3.6E-09 3.7E-09 3.6E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-11 1.4E-12 5.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 7.2E-11 4.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-09 1.9E-10 7.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-09 2.9E-10 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-09 NA 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-09 NA 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-09 NA 6.1E-10

<1E-15 5.2E-14 2.3E-12 4.8E-12 9.8E-12 2.0E-11 9.0E-11 5.5E-10

<1E-15 5.6E-12 4.8E-10 7.4E-10 1.1E-09 1.1E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-11 5.7E-13 2.3E-12 2.2E-14 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-10 2.3E-11 1.4E-10 9.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-10 5.0E-11 2.1E-10 1.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 6.7E-11 2.7E-10 3.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-09 NA 2.8E-10 7.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-09 NA 2.6E-10 2.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-10 NA 1.2E-10 1.2E-10

<1E-15 2.3E-12 1.4E-10 2.1E-10 2.7E-10 2.9E-10 2.9E-10 2.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-13 3.8E-14 1.6E-13 1.2E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-11 1.8E-12 2.0E-11 4.5E-14 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-11 4.5E-12 2.4E-11 8.9E-14 Red Marrow+ 7.7E-11 1.5E-11 2.7E-11 1.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-11 NA 2.7E-11 3.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 8.0E-11 NA 2.4E-11 1.3E-12 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-11 NA 1.2E-11 5.9E-12

<1E-15 1.6E-13 2.0E-11 2.4E-11 2.7E-11 2.7E-11 2.5E-11 1.8E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { +1=acute intake on day of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

193

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-129m (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-129m (T1/2=33.6 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

<1E-15 2.9E-11 1.6E-09 3.3E-09 5.9E-09 6.5E-09 6.8E-09 3.9E-09

hBrain Ingestion: f1=0.3 <1E-15 1.6E-12 7.9E-11 2.1E-10 3.4E-10 NA NA NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 6.1E-12 5.5E-10 8.5E-10 1.2E-09 1.3E-09 1.3E-09 6.9E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { +1=acute intake on day of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

194

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 5.7E-14 2.5E-12 5.2E-12 1.1E-11 2.2E-11 9.9E-11 6.1E-10

<1E-15 6.2E-12 5.5E-10 8.6E-10 1.2E-09 1.3E-09 1.4E-09 1.3E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Te-129m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Te129m (T1/2=33.6 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 1.0E-10 5.3E-12 2.5E-11 5.1E-10 2.7E-11 1.3E-10 1.5E-08 2.3E-10 2.8E-09

Highest organ dose hcT(in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

1.9E-13 9.3E-13 4.5E-10

2.5E-11 1.3E-10 3.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 um AMAD, f1=0.3 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-11 1.7E-12 8.4E-12 6.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 8.7E-12 4.2E-11 3.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-09 7.8E-11 9.3E-10 1.5E-10

8.5E-12 4.2E-11 1.1E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 um AMAD, f1=0.1 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-11 6.2E-13 3.0E-12 2.5E-14 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-11 3.1E-12 1.5E-11 1.2E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 1.9E-11 2.2E-10 3.5E-11

3.0E-12 1.5E-11 2.5E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 um AMAD, f1=0.01 Red Marrow+ 6.4E-13 4.4E-14 2.2E-13 1.3E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.2E-12 2.2E-13 1.1E-12 6.3E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-11 3.7E-12 2.2E-11 1.7E-12

2.2E-13 1.1E-12 2.4E-11


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

3.7E-11 1.8E-10 5.3E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.3 1.9E-12 9.6E-12 9.1E-11

9.2E-12 4.6E-11 1.0E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

195

6.7E-14 3.4E-13 1.6E-10

9.3E-12 4.6E-11 1.2E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-131m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-131m (T1/2=1.25 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-13 7.3E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.1E-10 3.0E-10 3.5E-10 1.6E-09 4.0E-09 7.2E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-13 2.5E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-10 1.2E-10 1.4E-10 5.7E-10 1.4E-09 2.5E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.2E-10 1.2E-14 1.2E-10 1.7E-20 All 1.2E-10 3.5E-13 1.2E-10 4.7E-19 Thyroid 1.7E-10 1.1E-10 1.2E-10 3.3E-18 Thyroid 1.5E-09 NA 1.8E-10 8.2E-17 Thyroid 3.9E-09 NA 2.8E-10 5.1E-14 Thyroid 6.0E-09 NA 3.7E-10 4.5E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 1.8E-10 2.8E-10 4.2E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.2E-10 1.1E-14 1.2E-10 <1E-15 All 1.2E-10 3.3E-13 1.2E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow 1.2E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.8E-10 NA 1.1E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.8E-10 NA 9.8E-11 2.5E-15 Thyroid 3.7E-10 NA 7.6E-11 2.3E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 9.8E-11 7.8E-11

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.1E-10 5.4E-14 3.1E-10 3.2E-10 1.3E-12 3.0E-10 8.2E-10 2.6E-10 3.5E-10 2.6E-08 NA 1.6E-09 7.4E-08 NA 4.0E-09 1.2E-07 NA 6.5E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Thyroid Red Marrow Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.3E-10 1.8E-14 1.3E-10 Thyroid 1.3E-10 4.5E-13 1.2E-10 Red Marrow 2.9E-10 1.1E-10 1.4E-10 Thyroid 8.9E-09 NA 5.7E-10 Thyroid 2.5E-08 NA 1.4E-09 Thyroid 4.1E-08 NA 2.2E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

196

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-131m (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-131m (T1/2=1.25 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) Thyroid Thyroid Red Marrow Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.8E-10 4.9E-10 6.3E-10 1.2E-08 3.3E-08 5.4E-08

hBrain Ingestion: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.4E-14 6.1E-13 4.5E-10 NA NA NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.8E-10 4.8E-10 4.8E-10 1.0E-09 2.0E-09 3.0E-09

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.7E-13 3.1E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.8E-10 4.8E-10 4.8E-10 1.0E-09 2.0E-09 3.3E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

197

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Te-131m Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Te131m (T1/2=1.25 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 2.3E-13 <1E-15 2.3E-13 1.2E-12 1.6E-15 1.2E-12 4.9E-08 5.6E-11 2.7E-09

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-10

2.3E-13 1.2E-12 2.9E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 All 8.8E-14 <1E-15 8.8E-14 <1E-15 All 4.4E-13 <1E-15 4.4E-13 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.6E-08 2.3E-11 9.0E-10 8.3E-11

8.8E-14 4.4E-13 9.8E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 6.6E-14 <1E-15 6.6E-14 <1E-15 All 3.3E-13 <1E-15 3.3E-13 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.4E-09 2.3E-11 2.2E-10 1.2E-11

6.6E-14 3.3E-13 2.3E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 All 6.6E-14 <1E-15 6.6E-14 <1E-15 All 3.3E-13 <1E-15 3.3E-13 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.2E-10 2.4E-11 1.0E-10 6.4E-13

6.6E-14 3.3E-13 1.0E-10


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 2.1E-08

Ingestion: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 9.4E-11

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 1.4E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

198

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-10

2.5E-13 1.2E-12 1.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-132 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-132 (T1/2=3.3 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 9.4E-10 1.1E-14 9.4E-10 8.8E-10 2.5E-11 8.7E-10 2.6E-09 8.4E-10 9.9E-10 7.0E-08 NA 4.3E-09 2.0E-07 NA 1.1E-08 3.3E-07 NA 1.8E-08

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 9.4E-10 8.7E-10 9.9E-10 4.3E-09 1.1E-08 1.8E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Kidney Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.6E-10 3.6E-15 3.6E-10 All 3.4E-10 8.4E-12 3.4E-10 Thyroid 9.0E-10 3.2E-10 3.7E-10 Thyroid 2.3E-08 NA 1.5E-09 Thyroid 6.6E-08 NA 3.6E-09 Thyroid 1.1E-07 NA 5.9E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 9.9E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.6E-10 3.4E-10 3.7E-10 1.5E-09 3.6E-09 5.9E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.8E-10 1.5E-15 2.8E-10 <1E-15 All 2.8E-10 2.9E-12 2.8E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.7E-10 2.7E-10 2.8E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.9E-09 NA 4.4E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.1E-08 NA 7.5E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.8E-08 NA 1.1E-09 2.1E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-10 2.8E-10 2.8E-10 4.4E-10 7.5E-10 1.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.6E-10 <1E-15 2.6E-10 <1E-15 All 2.7E-10 1.0E-12 2.7E-10 <1E-15 All 2.6E-10 2.6E-10 2.6E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.3E-10 NA 2.5E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.4E-10 NA 2.3E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.0E-09 NA 1.9E-10 1.0E-13

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.6E-10 2.7E-10 2.6E-10 2.5E-10 2.3E-10 1.9E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

199

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Te-132 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Te-132 (T1/2=3.3 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero) All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 1.6E-09 2.8E-08 7.9E-08 1.3E-07

hBrain Ingestion: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.9E-15 9.2E-12 9.8E-10 NA NA NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 2.3E-09 4.7E-09 7.2E-09

epostnatal

eoffspring

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 2.3E-09 4.7E-09 7.2E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

200

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Te-132 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Te-132 (T1/2=3.3 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation of vapour: f1=0.3 1.8E-12 <1E-15 1.8E-12 8.8E-12 <1E-15 8.8E-12 1.3E-07 1.8E-10 7.5E-09

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.8E-11

1.8E-12 8.8E-12 7.6E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.3 All 6.0E-13 <1E-15 6.0E-13 <1E-15 All 3.0E-12 <1E-15 3.0E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.1E-08 6.8E-11 2.5E-09 2.3E-11

6.0E-13 3.0E-12 2.5E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 All 3.0E-13 <1E-15 3.0E-13 <1E-15 All 1.5E-12 <1E-15 1.5E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.1E-09 5.6E-11 5.6E-10 3.8E-12

3.0E-13 1.5E-12 5.6E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 All 2.1E-13 <1E-15 2.1E-13 <1E-15 All 1.0E-12 <1E-15 1.0E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.6E-10 5.3E-11 2.3E-10 2.0E-13

2.1E-13 1.0E-12 2.3E-10


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

1.1E-12 5.5E-12 5.3E-08

Ingestion: f1=0.3 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.1E-10

1.1E-12 5.5E-12 3.4E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

201

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-11

1.1E-12 5.5E-12 3.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.19. Iodine 4.19.1. Biokinetic data (347) Iodine (I) is readily translocated across the placenta and accumulates in the fetal thyroid in significant concentrations from about 11 weeks after conception (Moore and Persaud, 1998). Information on the transfer of radioiodine to the developing embryo and fetus is available from measurements of 131I in the fetal thyroid after diagnostic administration prior to therapeutic abortions as well as measurements of nuclear weapons fallout. Data have been published by AboulKhair et al. (1964, 1966), Chapman et al. (1948), Hodges et al. (1955), Dyer and Brill (1972), Evans et al. (1967), and Palmer and Preece (1998). Reviews have also been published by Book and Goldman (1975) and by Roedler (1987). (348) Pregnancy has been shown to be associated with increases in iodine uptake by the maternal thyroid and increases in concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triodotyrosine) in maternal blood (Aboul-Khair et al., 1964; Berghout et al., 1994). The daily stable iodine uptake by the thyroid during pregnancy was shown to vary from values similar to those in non-pregnant controls to increased values by about a factor of two. Concentrations of thyroxine were shown to be increased from about 105 nmol l
1 before conception to about 150–170 nmol l
1 during pregnancy. The data of Aboul-Khair et al. (1964) indicate that rates of renal clearance of I
increase during pregnancy by about a factor of two. (349) The dynamics of 131I in the placenta, amniotic fluid, fetal extrathyroidal tissues and thyroid have been studied by Aboul-Khair et al. (1966). Data are also available from the studies of Chapman et al. (1948), Hodges et al. (1955), Dyer and Brill (1972), Evans et al. (1967) and Palmer and Preece (1998). Radioactive iodide accumulates in the fetus at low levels before the thyroid starts functioning and is mainly concentrated in the liver and the intestine. During gestation the concentration of radioactive iodide in the fetal thyroid increases and towards the end of gestation it can exceed by 3–10 fold that in the maternal thyroid (Book and Goldman, 1975; Stieve et al., 1985). The concentration of radioiodine in the fetal thyroid is always higher than in the mother’s thyroid, as illustrated by the data of AboulKhair et al. (1966) and Evans et al. (1967). (350) Several models have been proposed for calculating radiation doses to the fetus following intakes of radioisotopes of iodine by the mother (Aboul-Khair et al., 1966; Johnson, 1982, 1987; Roedler, 1987; Berkovski, 1999a,b). The model developed by Johnson (1982, 1987) and adapted by others (Watson, 1992; Zanzonico and Becker, 1993) separated thyroid uptake and hormone production in mother and fetus but considered circulating I
in mother and fetus as a single pool. The modelling approach taken by Berkovski (1999a,b) includes a physiologically realistic treatment of separate maternal and fetal iodide pools with bidirectional placental transfer. The Berkovski (1999a, b) model has been adopted here.

202

ICRP Publication 88

4.19.2. Models (a) Adult (351) In the model for iodine in the reference adult, given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989), it is assumed that 0.3 of iodine entering the blood is taken up by the thyroid gland and the remaining activity (0.7) is rapidly excreted in urine with a half-time of 0.25 days. Iodide incorporated into thyroid hormone leaves the gland with a halftime of 80 days and is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all other tissues and retained with a half-time of 12 days. Most iodide (0.8) is subsequently released and is available for uptake by the thyroid and urinary excretion; the remainder is excreted in the faeces in organic form. (352) The model developed by Berkovski (1999a; b) to estimate in utero doses from radioisotopes of iodine includes a more complex representation of iodine biokinetics in the mother than used by ICRP (1989) to calculate doses to adult members of the public. Changes to the adult model were considered necessary for this specific application to provide adequate estimates of doses to the embryo from iodine in non-thyroidal maternal tissues. Thus, in addition to uptake by the thyroid gland, I
is also taken up by a number of other tissues, although at much lower concentrations; these include the stomach, small intestine, salivary glands, liver, ovaries, and the placenta. Because of their large mass, the skeletal muscles contain the largest iodine pool amongst the extrathyroidal tissues. (353) The Berkovski (1999a; b) model takes account of available data on changes in iodine metabolism during pregnancy, with increases in rates of I
uptake by the maternal thyroid and release of hormone from the gland and an increased rate of urinary excretion. The model is shown in Fig. 4.1. and summarised in Annex A. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (354) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention times. (355) The model developed by Berkovski (1999a,b) fits available animal and human data on uptake of iodine by the fetal thyroid and hormone production. It takes account of bidirectional placental transfer of I
between maternal and fetal pools and retention of I
and organic iodine in the placenta. It also includes transfer of I
and organic iodine to amniotic fluid and from amniotic fluid to the fetal I
pool. The model is summarised in Annex A. (356) In Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989), the fractional uptake of iodine by the thyroid and excretion are assumed to be the same in infants and children as in adults but retention half-times for the thyroid and other tissues are reduced to 11.2 days and 1.12 days, respectively, in 3-month-old infants. These parameters are applied here to the offspring from birth.

203

ICRP Publication 88

204 Fig. 4.1. Diagram of the iodine biokinetic model for pregnant women.

ICRP Publication 88

4.19.3. References for Iodine Aboul-Khair, S.A., Buchanan, T.J., Crooks, J. et al. (1966) Structural and functional development of the human foetal thyroid. Clin. Sci. 31 415–424. Aboul-Khair, S.A., Crooks, J., Turnbull, A.C. et al. (1964) The physiological changes in thyroid function during pregnancy. Clin. Sci. 27 195–207. Berghout, A., Endert, E., Ross, A. et al. (1994) Thyroid function and thyroid size in normal pregnant women living in an iodine replete area. Clinical Endocrinology 41, 275–379. Berkovski, V. (1999a) Radioiodine biokinetics in the mother and fetus. Part 1. Pregnant woman. In: Radiation and Thyroid Cancer. World Scientific Publishing. Publication No. EUR 18552 EN of the European Commission, pp. 319–325. Berkovski, V. (1999b) Radioiodine biokinetics in the mother and fetus. Part 2. Fetus. In: Radiation and Thyroid Cancer. World Scientific Publishing. Publication No. EUR 18552 EN of the European Commission, pp. 327–332. Book, S.A., Goldman, M. (1975) Thyroidal radioiodine exposure of the fetus. Health Physics 29, 874–877. Chapman, E.M., Corner, G.W., Robinson, D. et al. (1948) The collection of radioactive iodine by the human fetal thyroid. J. Clin. Endorcinology 8, 717–720. Dyer, N.C., Brill, A.B. (1972) Maternal-fetal transport of iron and iodine in human subjects. Adv. Exer. Med. Biol. 27, 351–366. Evans, T.C., Kretzschmar, R.M., Hodges, R.E. et al. (1967) Radionuclide uptake studies of the human fetal thyroid. Nucl. Med. 8, 157. Hodges, R.E., Evans, T.C., Bradbury, J.T. et al. (1955) The accumulation of radioactive iodine by human fetal thyroids. J. Clin. Endocrinology and Metabolism 15, 661–667. ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20(2). Johnson, J.R. (1982) Foetal thyroid dose from intakes of radioiodine by the mother. Health Physics 43, 573–582. Johnson, J.R. (1987) A review of age dependent radioiodine dosimetry. In: Proc. Workshop on Age Related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry, Angers, France, 1986. pp. 249–260. Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. (1998) The Developing Human, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, London. Palmer, A.M., Preece, A.W. (1998) Placental transfer of medical radionuclides in the guinea pig and mouse. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 317–321. Roedler, H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff. Dordrecht, pp. 327–338. Stieve, F.E., Zemlin, G., Griessl, I. (1985) Placental Transfer of Iodine and Iodine Compounds. Gesellschaft fu¨r Strahlen—und Umweltforschung mbH, Mu¨nchen, Neuherberg, Germany. Inst. fu¨r Strahlenschutz. Contract FE77552. Watson, E.E. (1992) Radiation absorbed dose to the human fetal thyroid. In: S-Stelson, A., Watson, E.E. (Eds.), Fifth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. CONF-910529. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 179–187. Zanzonico, P.B., Becker, D.V. (1993) Use of potassium iodide to minimise thyroid irradiation from radiactive fallout. In Delange, F., Dunn, J.T., Glinoer, D. (Eds.), Iodine Deficiency in Europe: A Continuing Concern. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 243–253.

205

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-125 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-125 (T1/2=60.1 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 2.0E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.9E-10 3.3E-13 1.6E-11 5.7E-09 6.2E-12 3.1E-10 1.7E-08 1.4E-11 8.7E-10 3.0E-08 1.2E-11 1.6E-09 1.0E-07 NA 5.1E-09 2.3E-07 NA 1.2E-08 2.2E-07 NA 1.1E-08

<1E-15 7.8E-13 1.5E-11 4.6E-11 9.1E-11 1.7E-10 7.1E-10 6.2E-09

<1E-15 1.7E-11 3.2E-10 9.2E-10 1.7E-09 5.3E-09 1.3E-08 1.7E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 1.5E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.3E-10 2.6E-13 1.3E-11 4.4E-09 4.8E-12 2.4E-10 1.3E-08 1.1E-11 6.7E-10 2.4E-08 9.2E-12 1.2E-09 7.9E-08 NA 4.0E-09 1.8E-07 NA 9.0E-09 1.7E-07 NA 8.7E-09

<1E-15 6.1E-13 1.2E-11 3.6E-11 7.1E-11 1.4E-10 5.5E-10 4.8E-09

<1E-15 1.4E-11 2.5E-10 7.1E-10 1.3E-09 4.1E-09 9.5E-09 1.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.1E-10 1.2E-13 6.1E-12 3.0E-13 Thyroid 2.1E-09 2.3E-12 1.2E-10 5.8E-12 Thyroid 6.3E-09 5.4E-12 3.3E-10 1.7E-11 Thyroid 1.2E-08 4.5E-12 5.9E-10 3.4E-11 Thyroid 3.8E-08 NA 1.9E-09 6.6E-11 Thyroid 8.7E-08 NA 4.4E-09 2.7E-10 Thyroid 8.4E-08 NA 4.2E-09 2.3E-09

<1E-15 6.4E-12 1.3E-10 3.5E-10 6.2E-10 2.0E-09 4.7E-09 6.5E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.1E-11 3.6E-14 2.2E-12 1.4E-13 Thyroid 9.0E-10 7.0E-13 5.4E-11 3.2E-12 Thyroid 1.9E-09 1.6E-12 1.1E-10 6.5E-12 Thyroid 3.6E-09 7.4E-12 1.9E-10 1.2E-11 Thyroid 8.9E-09 NA 4.5E-10 2.3E-11 Thyroid 1.8E-08 NA 8.9E-10 8.1E-11 Thyroid 1.4E-08 NA 7.0E-10 4.4E-10

<1E-15 2.3E-12 5.7E-11 1.2E-10 2.0E-10 4.7E-10 9.7E-10 1.1E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

206

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-125 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-125 (T1/2=60.1 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.8E-12 8.4E-15 2.2E-13 1.8E-14 Thyroid 5.8E-11 2.9E-13 1.0E-11 2.1E-13 Thyroid 1.2E-10 8.2E-13 1.5E-11 4.0E-13 Thyroid 2.2E-10 7.7E-12 1.9E-11 7.2E-13 Thyroid 5.7E-10 NA 3.6E-11 1.3E-12 Thyroid 1.2E-09 NA 6.6E-11 4.8E-12 Thyroid 1.0E-09 NA 5.4E-11 3.1E-11

<1E-15 2.4E-13 1.0E-11 1.5E-11 2.0E-11 3.7E-11 7.1E-11 8.5E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 2.2E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.2E-10 3.6E-13 1.8E-11 6.3E-09 6.8E-12 3.5E-10 1.8E-08 1.6E-11 9.6E-10 3.4E-08 1.3E-11 1.7E-09 1.1E-07 NA 5.6E-09 2.5E-07 NA 1.3E-08 2.5E-07 NA 1.2E-08

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

207

<1E-15 8.7E-13 1.7E-11 5.1E-11 1.0E-10 1.9E-10 7.8E-10 6.8E-09

<1E-15 1.9E-11 3.7E-10 1.0E-09 1.8E-09 5.8E-09 1.4E-08 1.9E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-125 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-125 (T1/2=60.1 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 1.9E-10 2.1E-13 1.1E-11 9.5E-10 1.1E-12 5.2E-11 1.3E-07 4.9E-12 6.7E-09

5.2E-13 2.6E-12 1.5E-09

1.2E-11 5.5E-11 8.2E-09


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 1.5E-10 1.7E-13 8.2E-12 7.4E-10 8.3E-13 4.1E-11 1.0E-07 3.8E-12 5.2E-09

4.0E-13 2.0E-12 1.2E-09

8.6E-12 4.3E-11 6.4E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1- see Annex B Thyroid 7.2E-11 8.1E-14 4.0E-12 2.0E-13 Thyroid 3.6E-10 4.1E-13 2.0E-11 9.8E-13 Thyroid 5.0E-08 1.9E-12 2.5E-09 5.8E-10

4.2E-12 2.1E-11 3.1E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1- see Annex B Thyroid 2.9E-11 2.3E-14 1.5E-12 1.0E-13 Thyroid 1.4E-10 1.1E-13 7.7E-12 5.0E-13 Thyroid 1.0E-08 1.8E-12 5.2E-10 1.2E-10

1.6E-12 8.2E-12 6.4E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 1.9E-12 6.9E-15 1.3E-13 8.4E-15 Thyroid 9.6E-12 3.4E-14 6.6E-13 4.2E-14 Thyroid 6.9E-10 1.7E-12 4.1E-11 8.1E-12

1.4E-13 7.0E-13 4.9E-11


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 2.1E-10 2.4E-13 1.2E-11 1.1E-09 1.2E-12 5.8E-11 1.5E-07 5.5E-12 7.4E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

208

5.7E-13 2.9E-12 1.7E-09

1.3E-11 6.1E-11 9.1E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-129 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-129 (T1/2=1.57E+07 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Ingestion of elemental iodine vapour 1.7E-09 1.7E-13 8.8E-11 5.7E-08 5.7E-12 2.9E-09 1.4E-07 1.3E-11 6.9E-09 2.7E-07 1.9E-11 1.3E-08 3.4E-07 1.2E-11 1.7E-08 5.9E-07 NA 2.9E-08 9.5E-07 NA 4.8E-08 7.1E-07 NA 3.6E-08

1.5E-11 4.9E-10 1.2E-09 2.3E-09 3.0E-09 3.9E-09 7.1E-09 2.8E-08

1.0E-10 3.4E-09 8.1E-09 1.5E-08 2.0E-08 3.3E-08 5.5E-08 6.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 1.4E-09 1.3E-13 6.9E-11 4.5E-08 4.4E-12 2.3E-09 1.1E-07 1.0E-11 5.3E-09 2.1E-07 1.5E-11 1.0E-08 2.6E-07 9.2E-12 1.3E-08 4.6E-07 NA 2.3E-08 7.4E-07 NA 3.7E-08 5.5E-07 NA 2.8E-08

1.2E-11 3.8E-10 9.0E-10 1.8E-09 2.4E-09 3.0E-09 5.5E-09 2.1E-08

8.1E-11 2.7E-09 6.2E-09 1.2E-08 1.5E-08 2.6E-08 4.2E-08 4.9E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 6.6E-10 6.5E-14 3.3E-11 5.6E-12 Thyroid 2.2E-08 2.1E-12 1.1E-09 1.8E-10 Thyroid 5.1E-08 4.8E-12 2.6E-09 4.4E-10 Thyroid 1.0E-07 7.2E-12 5.1E-09 8.7E-10 Thyroid 1.3E-07 4.5E-12 6.5E-09 1.2E-09 Thyroid 2.2E-07 NA 1.1E-08 1.5E-09 Thyroid 3.6E-07 NA 1.8E-08 2.7E-09 Thyroid 2.7E-07 NA 1.4E-08 1.0E-08

3.9E-11 1.3E-09 3.0E-09 6.0E-09 7.7E-09 1.3E-08 2.1E-08 2.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 2.1E-10 2.1E-14 1.1E-11 1.9E-12 Thyroid 8.7E-09 5.9E-13 4.4E-10 8.8E-11 Thyroid 2.3E-08 1.3E-12 1.2E-09 2.4E-10 Thyroid 3.3E-08 2.0E-12 1.6E-09 3.3E-10 Thyroid 4.1E-08 5.3E-12 2.1E-09 4.1E-10 Thyroid 5.9E-08 NA 3.0E-09 5.1E-10 Thyroid 7.8E-08 NA 3.9E-09 8.1E-10 Thyroid 4.5E-08 NA 2.2E-09 2.0E-09

1.3E-11 5.3E-10 1.4E-09 1.9E-09 2.5E-09 3.5E-09 4.7E-09 4.2E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

209

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-129 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-129 (T1/2=1.57E+07 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1- see Annex B Thyroid 4.0E-10 5.2E-14 2.0E-11 5.5E-12 Thyroid 8.7E-10 1.3E-13 4.4E-11 1.1E-11 Thyroid 1.3E-09 4.6E-13 7.3E-11 1.6E-11 Thyroid 1.9E-09 8.5E-13 1.0E-10 2.0E-11 Thyroid 2.4E-09 5.3E-12 1.2E-10 2.4E-11 Thyroid 3.6E-09 NA 1.9E-10 2.9E-11 Thyroid 5.2E-09 NA 2.7E-10 4.8E-11 Thyroid 3.3E-09 NA 1.7E-10 1.4E-10

2.5E-11 5.5E-11 8.9E-11 1.2E-10 1.4E-10 2.2E-10 3.2E-10 3.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1- see Annex B 1.9E-09 1.9E-13 9.8E-11 6.3E-08 6.2E-12 3.2E-09 1.5E-07 1.4E-11 7.6E-09 3.0E-07 2.1E-11 1.5E-08 3.8E-07 1.3E-11 1.9E-08 6.5E-07 NA 3.2E-08 1.1E-06 NA 5.3E-08 7.9E-07 NA 3.9E-08

1.6E-11 5.4E-10 1.3E-09 2.5E-09 3.4E-09 4.3E-09 7.8E-09 3.0E-08

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

210

1.1E-10 3.7E-09 8.9E-09 1.7E-08 2.2E-08 3.6E-08 6.1E-08 6.9E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-129 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-129 (T1/2=1.57E+07 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 1.6E-08 1.5E-12 7.9E-10 6.5E-08 6.3E-12 3.3E-09 6.1E-07 6.1E-12 3.1E-08 Inhalation of methyl iodide 1.2E-08 1.2E-12 6.2E-10 5.0E-08 4.9E-12 2.5E-09 4.7E-07 4.8E-12 2.4E-08

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

1.3E-10 5.5E-10 9.1E-09

9.2E-10 3.8E-09 4.0E-08


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

1.0E-10 4.3E-10 7.1E-09

7.2E-10 2.9E-09 3.1E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 5.9E-09 5.8E-13 3.0E-10 5.1E-11 Thyroid 2.4E-08 2.4E-12 1.2E-09 2.1E-10 Thyroid 2.3E-07 2.3E-12 1.2E-08 3.4E-09

3.5E-10 1.4E-09 1.5E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 2.4E-09 1.6E-13 1.2E-10 2.4E-11 Thyroid 1.0E-08 6.5E-13 5.1E-10 1.0E-10 Thyroid 5.3E-08 1.5E-12 2.7E-09 8.3E-10

1.4E-10 6.1E-10 3.5E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 4.8E-10 7.1E-14 2.4E-11 6.4E-12 Thyroid 9.1E-10 1.6E-13 4.6E-11 1.2E-11 Thyroid 3.5E-09 1.2E-12 1.8E-10 5.4E-11

3.0E-11 5.8E-11 2.3E-10


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 1.7E-08 1.7E-12 8.8E-10 7.1E-08 7.0E-12 3.6E-09 6.7E-07 6.8E-12 3.4E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

211

1.5E-10 6.1E-10 1.0E-08

1.0E-09 4.2E-09 4.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-131 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-131 (T1/2=8.04 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.9E-11 4.3E-13 6.9E-11 2.2E-10 1.2E-11 7.2E-11 2.9E-09 4.5E-11 1.9E-10 2.2E-07 NA 1.1E-08 6.2E-07 NA 3.1E-08 9.9E-07 NA 5.0E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.9E-15 2.9E-12 4.8E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.9E-11 7.2E-11 1.9E-10 1.1E-08 3.1E-08 5.5E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 5.3E-11 3.4E-13 5.4E-11 1.7E-10 9.2E-12 5.6E-11 2.2E-09 3.4E-11 1.5E-10 1.7E-07 NA 8.6E-09 4.8E-07 NA 2.4E-08 7.7E-07 NA 3.9E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-15 2.3E-12 3.7E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.4E-11 5.6E-11 1.5E-10 8.6E-09 2.4E-08 4.3E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.6E-11 1.6E-13 2.6E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 8.2E-11 4.5E-12 2.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.1E-09 1.7E-11 7.1E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 8.3E-08 NA 4.2E-09 1.5E-15 Thyroid 2.3E-07 NA 1.2E-08 1.1E-12 Thyroid 3.7E-07 NA 1.9E-08 1.8E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.6E-11 2.7E-11 7.1E-11 4.2E-09 1.2E-08 2.1E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 5.2E-11 7.3E-14 5.2E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 6.8E-11 2.2E-12 5.2E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.4E-10 4.8E-11 6.8E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.4E-08 NA 7.2E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.9E-08 NA 2.0E-09 3.4E-13 Thyroid 6.0E-08 NA 3.0E-09 3.4E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.2E-11 5.2E-11 6.8E-11 7.2E-10 2.0E-09 3.3E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

212

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-131 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-131 (T1/2=8.04 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 5.4E-11 6.2E-14 5.4E-11 <1E-15 All 5.5E-11 1.8E-12 5.5E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.6E-11 5.3E-11 5.4E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.0E-09 NA 1.0E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.9E-09 NA 1.8E-10 2.0E-14 Thyroid 4.5E-09 NA 2.5E-10 2.4E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.4E-11 5.5E-11 5.4E-11 1.0E-10 1.8E-10 2.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1- see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 7.8E-11 4.8E-13 7.8E-11 2.4E-10 1.3E-11 8.1E-11 3.2E-09 5.1E-11 2.1E-10 2.4E-07 NA 1.2E-08 6.8E-07 NA 3.4E-08 1.1E-06 NA 5.5E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 4.3E-15 3.3E-12 5.3E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

213

<1E-15 <1E-15 7.8E-11 8.1E-11 2.1E-10 1.2E-08 3.4E-08 6.0E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-131 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-131 (T1/2=8.04 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 1.9E-13 2.6E-15 1.7E-13 9.7E-13 1.3E-14 8.6E-13 3.9E-07 1.2E-11 1.9E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.9E-09

1.7E-13 8.6E-13 2.1E-08


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 1.5E-13 2.0E-15 1.3E-13 7.6E-13 1.0E-14 6.7E-13 3.0E-07 8.9E-12 1.5E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-09

1.3E-13 6.7E-13 1.6E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B Thyroid 7.4E-14 <1E-15 6.5E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.7E-13 5.0E-15 3.3E-13 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.5E-07 4.4E-12 7.4E-09 7.0E-10

6.5E-14 3.3E-13 8.1E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 7.3E-14 <1E-15 7.3E-14 <1E-15 All 3.6E-13 2.1E-15 3.6E-13 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.4E-08 1.0E-11 1.2E-09 1.2E-10

7.3E-14 3.6E-13 1.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 7.1E-14 <1E-15 7.1E-14 <1E-15 All 3.5E-13 1.8E-15 3.5E-13 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.8E-09 1.1E-11 1.3E-10 8.5E-12

7.1E-14 3.5E-13 1.4E-10


260*
52* cy

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 2.2E-13 2.9E-15 1.9E-13 1.1E-12 1.5E-14 9.6E-13 4.3E-07 1.3E-11 2.1E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

214

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.1E-09

1.9E-13 9.6E-13 2.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-132 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-132 (T1/2=2.30 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-11 <1E-15 3.7E-11 3.3E-11 <1E-15 3.3E-11 3.2E-11 3.2E-11 3.2E-11 2.4E-09 NA 1.5E-10 7.2E-09 NA 3.8E-10 1.1E-08 NA 5.8E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-11 3.3E-11 3.2E-11 1.5E-10 3.8E-10 5.8E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-11 <1E-15 3.0E-11 2.7E-11 <1E-15 2.7E-11 2.6E-11 2.6E-11 2.6E-11 2.1E-09 NA 1.3E-10 6.0E-09 NA 3.2E-10 9.2E-09 NA 4.9E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-11 2.7E-11 2.6E-11 1.3E-10 3.2E-10 4.9E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.5E-11 <1E-15 1.5E-11 <1E-15 All 1.3E-11 <1E-15 1.3E-11 <1E-15 All 1.2E-11 1.2E-11 1.2E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 9.3E-10 NA 5.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.7E-09 NA 1.5E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.1E-09 NA 2.2E-10 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.5E-11 1.3E-11 1.2E-11 5.7E-11 1.5E-10 2.2E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.9E-11 <1E-15 1.9E-11 <1E-15 All 1.9E-11 <1E-15 1.9E-11 <1E-15 All 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.4E-10 NA 2.2E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.9E-10 NA 3.2E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.9E-10 NA 3.8E-11 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.9E-11 1.9E-11 1.7E-11 2.2E-11 3.2E-11 3.8E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

215

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-132 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-132 (T1/2=2.30 h) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.0E-11 <1E-15 2.0E-11 <1E-15 All 2.0E-11 <1E-15 2.0E-11 <1E-15 All 1.8E-11 1.8E-11 1.8E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.5E-11 NA 1.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.8E-11 NA 1.5E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.7E-11 NA 1.1E-11 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.0E-11 2.0E-11 1.8E-11 1.7E-11 1.5E-11 1.1E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 4.2E-11 <1E-15 4.2E-11 3.8E-11 <1E-15 3.8E-11 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 2.6E-09 NA 1.6E-10 7.6E-09 NA 4.1E-10 1.2E-08 NA 6.2E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

216

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.2E-11 3.8E-11 3.6E-11 1.6E-10 4.1E-10 6.2E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-132 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-132 (T1/2=2.30 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 2.7E-15 <1E-15 2.7E-15 1.3E-14 <1E-15 1.3E-14 4.6E-09 6.5E-12 2.6E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.3E-13

2.7E-15 1.3E-14 2.6E-10


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 2.1E-15 <1E-15 2.1E-15 1.0E-14 <1E-15 1.0E-14 3.8E-09 5.3E-12 2.2E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-13

2.1E-15 1.0E-14 2.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 1.1E-15 <1E-15 1.1E-15 <1E-15 All 5.4E-15 <1E-15 5.4E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.7E-09 2.5E-12 9.7E-11 1.6E-13

1.1E-15 5.4E-15 9.7E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 1.6E-15 <1E-15 1.6E-15 <1E-15 All 8.0E-15 <1E-15 8.0E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.5E-10 3.5E-12 2.6E-11 2.3E-14

1.6E-15 8.0E-15 2.6E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 1.7E-15 <1E-15 1.7E-15 <1E-15 All 8.6E-15 <1E-15 8.6E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.1E-11 3.8E-12 1.6E-11 1.5E-15

1.7E-15 8.6E-15 1.6E-11


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 3.0E-15 <1E-15 3.0E-15 1.5E-14 <1E-15 1.5E-14 4.9E-09 7.4E-12 2.8E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

217

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.6E-13

3.0E-15 1.5E-14 2.8E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-133 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-133 (T1/2=20.8 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.1E-11 <1E-15 6.1E-11 4.7E-11 <1E-15 4.7E-11 4.2E-11 4.2E-11 4.2E-11 4.5E-08 NA 2.3E-09 1.3E-07 NA 6.7E-09 2.3E-07 NA 1.2E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.1E-11 4.7E-11 4.2E-11 2.3E-09 6.7E-09 1.2E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 4.7E-11 <1E-15 4.7E-11 3.7E-11 <1E-15 3.7E-11 3.3E-11 3.3E-11 3.3E-11 3.5E-08 NA 1.8E-09 1.1E-07 NA 5.3E-09 1.8E-07 NA 9.1E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.7E-11 3.7E-11 3.3E-11 1.8E-09 5.3E-09 9.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.3E-11 <1E-15 2.3E-11 <1E-15 All 1.8E-11 <1E-15 1.8E-11 <1E-15 All 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.7E-08 NA 8.6E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.1E-08 NA 2.6E-09 <1E-15 Thyroid 8.7E-08 NA 4.4E-09 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.3E-11 1.8E-11 1.6E-11 8.6E-10 2.6E-09 4.4E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.6E-11 <1E-15 3.6E-11 <1E-15 All 3.6E-11 <1E-15 3.6E-11 <1E-15 All 3.3E-11 3.3E-11 3.3E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.5E-09 NA 1.6E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.6E-09 NA 4.1E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.3E-08 NA 6.8E-10 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.3E-11 1.6E-10 4.1E-10 6.8E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

218

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-133 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-133 (T1/2=20.8 h) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.8E-11 <1E-15 3.8E-11 <1E-15 All 3.9E-11 <1E-15 3.9E-11 <1E-15 All 3.7E-11 3.7E-11 3.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.2E-10 NA 4.4E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 6.0E-10 NA 5.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.0E-09 NA 6.8E-11 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.8E-11 3.9E-11 3.7E-11 4.4E-11 5.7E-11 6.8E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.8E-11 <1E-15 6.8E-11 5.3E-11 <1E-15 5.3E-11 4.8E-11 4.8E-11 4.8E-11 4.9E-08 NA 2.5E-09 1.5E-07 NA 7.4E-09 2.5E-07 NA 1.3E-08

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

219

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.8E-11 5.3E-11 4.8E-11 2.5E-09 7.4E-09 1.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-133 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-133 (T1/2=20.8 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 1.6E-14 <1E-15 1.6E-14 7.9E-14 <1E-15 7.9E-14 8.9E-08 9.2E-12 4.5E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 7.5E-11

1.6E-14 7.9E-14 4.6E-09


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 1.2E-14 <1E-15 1.2E-14 6.1E-14 <1E-15 6.1E-14 7.0E-08 7.2E-12 3.5E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.9E-11

1.2E-14 6.1E-14 3.6E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 6.0E-15 <1E-15 6.0E-15 <1E-15 All 3.0E-14 <1E-15 3.0E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.4E-08 3.5E-12 1.7E-09 2.8E-11

6.0E-15 3.0E-14 1.7E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 1.5E-14 <1E-15 1.5E-14 <1E-15 All 7.3E-14 <1E-15 7.3E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.1E-09 7.0E-12 2.8E-10 4.3E-12

1.5E-14 7.3E-14 2.8E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 1.5E-14 <1E-15 1.5E-14 <1E-15 All 7.7E-14 <1E-15 7.7E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.1E-10 7.7E-12 5.0E-11 3.2E-13

1.5E-14 7.7E-14 5.0E-11


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 1.8E-14 <1E-15 1.8E-14 9.0E-14 <1E-15 9.0E-14 9.8E-08 1.0E-11 4.9E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Note: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

220

<1E-15 <1E-15 8.2E-11

1.8E-14 9.0E-14 5.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-134 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-134 (T1/2=0.876 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.6E-11 <1E-15 1.6E-11 1.5E-11 <1E-15 1.5E-11 1.4E-11 1.4E-11 1.4E-11 5.1E-10 NA 3.8E-11 1.4E-09 NA 8.2E-11 1.9E-09 NA 1.1E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.6E-11 1.5E-11 1.4E-11 3.8E-11 8.2E-11 1.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-11 <1E-15 1.4E-11 1.3E-11 <1E-15 1.3E-11 1.3E-11 1.3E-11 1.3E-11 4.9E-10 NA 3.5E-11 1.3E-09 NA 7.7E-11 1.8E-09 NA 1.0E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-11 1.3E-11 1.3E-11 3.5E-11 7.7E-11 1.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 6.4E-12 <1E-15 6.4E-12 <1E-15 All 5.9E-12 <1E-15 5.9E-12 <1E-15 All 5.6E-12 5.6E-12 5.6E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.9E-10 NA 1.4E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.3E-10 NA 3.1E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.1E-10 NA 4.0E-11 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.4E-12 5.9E-12 5.6E-12 1.4E-11 3.1E-11 4.0E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 6.6E-12 <1E-15 6.6E-12 <1E-15 All 6.4E-12 <1E-15 6.4E-12 <1E-15 All 5.8E-12 5.8E-12 5.8E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.9E-11 NA 6.5E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.1E-11 NA 8.0E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 9.2E-11 NA 8.0E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.6E-12 6.4E-12 5.8E-12 6.5E-12 8.0E-12 8.0E-12

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

221

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-134 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-134 (T1/2=0.876 h) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 6.7E-12 <1E-15 6.7E-12 <1E-15 All 6.6E-12 <1E-15 6.6E-12 <1E-15 All 5.9E-12 5.9E-12 5.9E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 6.7E-12 NA 5.5E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 8.2E-12 NA 4.9E-12 <1E-15 Thyroid 8.0E-12 NA 3.6E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.7E-12 6.6E-12 5.9E-12 5.5E-12 4.9E-12 3.6E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-11 <1E-15 1.8E-11 1.7E-11 <1E-15 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 5.2E-10 NA 4.0E-11 1.4E-09 NA 8.6E-11 1.9E-09 NA 1.1E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

222

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-11 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 4.0E-11 8.6E-11 1.1E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-134 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-134 (T1/2=0.876 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-15 8.5E-10 2.9E-12 5.5E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.9E-14

<1E-15 2.5E-15 5.5E-11


260*
52* cy

All Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.0E-15 <1E-15 2.0E-15 8.1E-10 2.6E-12 5.2E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.7E-14

<1E-15 2.0E-15 5.2E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.0E-15 <1E-15 1.0E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.2E-10 1.1E-12 2.1E-11 1.1E-14

<1E-15 1.0E-15 2.1E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.3E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 4.5E-11 1.2E-12 7.0E-12 1.4E-15

<1E-15 1.3E-15 7.0E-12


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.4E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-15 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.2E-12 1.2E-12 5.2E-12 <1E-15

<1E-15 1.4E-15 5.2E-12


260*
52* cy

All Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-15 8.7E-10 3.4E-12 5.9E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

223

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.9E-14

<1E-15 2.8E-15 5.9E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-135 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-135 (T1/2=6.61 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 5.9E-11 <1E-15 5.9E-11 5.0E-11 <1E-15 5.0E-11 4.6E-11 4.6E-11 4.6E-11 1.0E-08 NA 5.4E-10 2.9E-08 NA 1.5E-09 4.8E-08 NA 2.4E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.9E-11 5.0E-11 4.6E-11 5.4E-10 1.5E-09 2.4E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 4.6E-11 <1E-15 4.6E-11 3.9E-11 <1E-15 3.9E-11 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 8.0E-09 NA 4.3E-10 2.3E-08 NA 1.2E-09 3.8E-08 NA 2.0E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.6E-11 3.9E-11 3.6E-11 4.3E-10 1.2E-09 2.0E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.2E-11 <1E-15 2.2E-11 <1E-15 All 1.9E-11 <1E-15 1.9E-11 <1E-15 All 1.8E-11 1.8E-11 1.8E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 3.8E-09 NA 2.0E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.1E-08 NA 5.7E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.8E-08 NA 9.3E-10 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.2E-11 1.9E-11 1.8E-11 2.0E-10 5.7E-10 9.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.5E-11 <1E-15 3.5E-11 <1E-15 All 3.4E-11 <1E-15 3.4E-11 <1E-15 All 3.2E-11 3.2E-11 3.2E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 5.8E-10 NA 5.7E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.7E-09 NA 1.1E-10 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.7E-09 NA 1.5E-10 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.5E-11 3.4E-11 3.2E-11 5.7E-11 1.1E-10 1.5E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

224

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of I-135 (cont.) Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of I-135 (T1/2=6.61 h) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.7E-11 <1E-15 3.7E-11 <1E-15 All 3.7E-11 <1E-15 3.7E-11 <1E-15 All 3.5E-11 3.5E-11 3.5E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.2E-11 NA 3.5E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.4E-10 NA 3.3E-11 <1E-15 Thyroid 2.1E-10 NA 2.8E-11 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.7E-11 3.7E-11 3.5E-11 3.5E-11 3.3E-11 2.8E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 6.6E-11 <1E-15 6.6E-11 5.6E-11 <1E-15 5.6E-11 5.2E-11 5.2E-11 5.2E-11 1.1E-08 NA 5.9E-10 3.2E-08 NA 1.6E-09 5.2E-08 NA 2.7E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

225

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 6.6E-11 5.6E-11 5.2E-11 5.9E-10 1.6E-09 2.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of I-135 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of I-135 (T1/2=6.61 h) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Inhalation of elemental iodine vapour 8.8E-15 <1E-15 8.8E-15 4.4E-14 <1E-15 4.4E-14 1.9E-08 9.5E-12 1.0E-09

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.1E-12

8.8E-15 4.4E-14 1.0E-09


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Inhalation of methyl iodide 6.7E-15 <1E-15 6.7E-15 3.4E-14 <1E-15 3.4E-14 1.5E-08 7.5E-12 8.0E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.1E-12

6.7E-15 3.4E-14 8.0E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 3.3E-15 <1E-15 3.3E-15 <1E-15 All 1.7E-14 <1E-15 1.7E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 7.3E-09 3.6E-12 3.8E-10 1.9E-12

3.3E-15 1.7E-14 3.8E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 6.8E-15 <1E-15 6.8E-15 <1E-15 All 3.4E-14 <1E-15 3.4E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.1E-09 6.6E-12 8.0E-11 2.9E-13

6.8E-15 3.4E-14 8.0E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see Annex B All 7.3E-15 <1E-15 7.3E-15 <1E-15 All 3.6E-14 <1E-15 3.6E-14 <1E-15 Thyroid 1.1E-10 7.3E-12 3.3E-11 2.1E-14

7.3E-15 3.6E-14 3.3E-11


260*
52* cy

All All Thyroid

Ingestion: f1 - see Annex B 9.9E-15 <1E-15 9.9E-15 5.0E-14 <1E-15 5.0E-14 2.1E-08 1.1E-11 1.1E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

226

<1E-15 <1E-15 5.6E-12

9.9E-15 5.0E-14 1.1E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.20. Caesium 4.20.1. Biokinetic data (357) The transfer of caesium (Cs) isotopes to the fetus has been followed in both human studies and in work with experimental animals. Wilson and Spiers (1967) reported 137Cs concentrations arising from weapons fallout in nine newborn children and their mothers. Measurements in the children were made within 3 days of birth and the results indicated very similar concentrations of 137Cs in the mother and newborn. Similar observations have been made by other authors (Bengtsson et al., 1964; Kaul et al., 1966; Iinuma et al., 1969). Bertelli et al. (1992) reported that following an accident in Goiaˆnia, Brazil, in which a four-months pregnant woman was contaminated with 137Cs, in vivo monitoring of the mother and newborn child at 1 week after birth showed the concentration of 137Cs in the mother (0.91 kBq kg
1) was very similar to that of her newborn child (0.97 kBq kg
1). In a further study in Greece, following the accident at Chernobyl (April 1986), an infant born in July 1987 had a similar 137Cs concentration to the mother (Kalef-Ezra and Yasumura, 1997). These studies all indicate that the placenta does not present a barrier to the transfer of Cs to the fetus. Bertelli et al. (1992) reported that concentrations in the placenta were the same as whole body maternal and fetal concentrations. (358) In a further case reported following the Goiaˆnia accident a woman with a body content of about 300 MBq of 137Cs shortly after the accident became pregnant 3 years and 9 month after the intake. At the time of birth, the caesium concentration in the mother’s body was 13 times higher than in the newborn child. There was no measurable activity in the placenta. By the time of the birth the 137Cs body content of the mother had fallen to about 0.003% (9.8 Bq) of the original intake. At this time the rate of loss of 137Cs from the mother had a half-time of 475 d, indicating that the 137Cs was present in tissues with a slow turnover rate and not, therefore, readily available for transfer to the developing fetus (IAEA, 1998). (359) Animal studies suggest that rapid exchange of 137Cs between fetal and maternal tissues takes place during the course of pregnancy such that a fairly constant fetal:maternal concentration ratio is observed at birth, largely independent of the time of administration of 137Cs to the mother during pregnancy (Stather et al., 1987). However, reports by a number of authors indicate that in rodents the concentration of 137Cs in the fetus at birth is only one-to-two thirds that in maternal tissues (Kriegel and Weber, 1961; Matsusaka et al., 1967; Mahlum and Sikov, 1969; Twardock et al., 1969). These observations suggest that there is placental discrimination against caesium transport in rodents that does not occur in humans. (360) Retention half-times of Cs in adult females are reported to be less than those in adult males (Clemente et al., 1971; Miltenberger et al., 1983, Henrichs et al., 1989; Lebedev and Yakovlev, 1993). Leggett (1986) has compared the mean half-times for the long-term component (see below) of caesium retention in men and women, from 6 investigations, and these data suggest a mean female-to-male ratio of 0.79 (95% confidence limits 0.75–0.84). Data for 54 males and 32 nonpregnant females suggest 227

ICRP Publication 88

median half-times for the long-term component of whole body retention of 96 days and 80 days, respectively. (361) Bengtsson et al. (1964) and Zundel et al. (1969) have reported that during pregnancy the rate of loss of 137Cs from the mother is about twice that found after birth, with a half-time during pregnancy of approximately 50 days. Bertelli et al. (1992) reported a half-time of retention of 137Cs in a pregnant woman of 46  2 days. Rundo and Turner (1992) also reported measurements of 137Cs in women who were pregnant. The mean half-life of 137Cs just before birth averaged 59% (51 days) of the value (87  3 days) after the birth of the baby. Caywood et al., (1997) reviewed data on the retention of 137Cs during pregnancy as an input to modelling the behaviour of 137Cs in the fetus. They suggested an average half-time prior to pregnancy of 72 days and noted a progressive decrease during pregnancy which they attributed to changes in the maternal renal system. The glomerular filtration rate increases during pregnancy and potassium is retained through reabsorption by the nephrons. Caesium is less easily absorbed by the nephrons and therefore preferentially excreted. This could explain why, as pregnancy progresses, potassium is retained while the caesium half-life continues to decrease. 4.20.2. Models (a) Adult (362) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). Caesium entering blood is distributed uniformly throughout all body tissues and retained with biological half-times of 2 days (0.1) and 110 days (0.9). Half-times in female adults are significantly shorter, particularly during pregnancy. A half-time of 50 days is applied here to the long-term component of retention over the period of the pregnancy with a half-time of 75 days both before conception and after birth. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (363) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (364) On the basis of the available data the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for isotopes of caesium given in this report is 1.0 for intakes both before and during pregnancy. It is noted that for intakes some years before pregnancy the CF:CM ratio could be considerably less than 1. (365) Caesium is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all the tissues of the fetus. (366) The concentration of caesium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1.0). (367) In Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989) shorter half-times of retention are adopted for infants and children than for adults. For 3-month-old infants, a single half-time of 16 days was used and is applied here to retention by the offspring at birth. 228

ICRP Publication 88

4.20.3. References for Caesium Bengtsson, L.G., Naversten, Y., Svensson, K.G. (1964) Maternal and infantile metabolism of caesium. In: Assessment of Radioactivity in Man, vol. II. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 21–32. Bertelli, L., Oliveira, C.A.N., Lipsztein, J.L., et al. (1992) A case study of the transfer of 137Cs to the human fetus and nursing infant. In: Proc. Workshop on Age-Dependent Factors in the Biokinetics and Dosimetry of Radionuclides, Schloss Elmau, Germany. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 131–136. Caywood, K., Ice, R., Hertel, N. (1997) Biokinetic model for 137Cs in the fetus. Health Phys. 73, 736–746. Clemente, G.F., Mariani, A., Santaroni, G.P. (1971) Sex differences in Cs metabolism. Health Phys. 21, 709–711. Henrichs, K., Paretzke, H.G., Voight, G. et al. (1989) Measurements of Cs absorption and retention in man. Health Phys. 57, 571–578. IAEA (1998) Dosimetry and Medical Aspects of the Radiological Accident in Goiaˆnia. IAEA—TECDOC No. 1009 Vienna, IAEA, pp. 47–52. Iinuma, T.A., Yashiro, S., Ishihora, T. et al. (1969) Estimation of internal dose in human fetus and newborn infants due to fallout caesium-137. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp., Washington, May 1969. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge. pp. 105–116. ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2). Kalef-Ezra, J.A., Yasumura, S. (1997) Doses and risk estimates to the human conceptus due to internal prenatal exposure to radioactive caesium. Rad. Prot. Dosim. 69, 205–210. Kaul, A., Nay, V., Rajewsky, B. et al. (1966) Distribution of caesium-137 in the human organism and in the human foetus. Nature 209, 1310–1312. Kriegel, H., Weber, E. (1961) II. Mitteilung: Plazentarer u¨bertritt von Radiocaesium bei der Ratte. Strahlentherapie 116, 50–56. Lebedev, O.V., Yakovlev, V.A. (1993) The correlation between 137Cs half-time and age, body mass, and height in individuals contaminated from the Chernobyl accident. In: Merwin, S.E., Balonov, N.I. (Eds.), The Chernobyl Papers, vol 1. Doses to the Soviet Population and Early Health Effects Studies. pp. 219–243. Leggett, R.W. (1986) Predicting the retention of Cs in individuals. Health Phys. 50, 747–759. Mahlum, D.D., Sikov, M.R. (1969) Comparative metabolism of Cs-137 by adult, suckling and prenatal rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 30, 169–175. Matsusaka, W., Inaba, J., Enomoto, Y. (1967) On the uptake of Cs-137 in the mouse fetus. Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 16, 117–118. Miltenberger, R.P., Lessard, E.T., Greenhouse, N.A. (1981) 60-Co and 137-Cs long-term biological renewal rate constants for the Marshallese population. Health Phys. 40, 615–623. Rundo, J., Turner, F.M. (1992) On the biological half-life of caesium in pregnant women and infants. In: Proc. Workshop on Age-Dependent Factors in the Biokinetics and Dosimetry of Radionuclides, Schloss Elmau, Germany. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 211–216. Stather, J.W., Adams, N., Gray, S.A. et al. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclides to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 371–380. Twardock, A.R., Downey, H.G., Kirk, E.S. et al. (1969) Comparative transfer of calcium and strontium and of potassium and caesium in the guinea-pig placenta. In: Sikov. M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp., Washington, May 1969. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge, pp. 97–104. Wilson, A.R., Spiers, F.W. (1967) Fallout caesium-137 and potassium in newborn infants. Nature 215, 470–474. Zundel, W.S., Tyler, F.W., Mays, C.W. et al. (1969) Short half-times of caesium-137 in pregnant women. Nature 221, 89–90.

229

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Cs-134 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Cs-134 (T1/2=2.06 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 4.9E-13 1.3E-13 4.9E-13 8.1E-10 2.2E-10 8.1E-10 3.9E-09 1.0E-09 3.9E-09 3.7E-09 1.7E-09 3.7E-09 3.5E-09 1.5E-09 3.5E-09 3.4E-09 NA 3.4E-09 2.8E-09 NA 2.8E-09 1.0E-09 NA 1.0E-09

4.7E-15 7.8E-12 1.5E-11 2.5E-11 4.1E-11 6.9E-11 1.9E-10 5.5E-10

4.9E-13 8.2E-10 3.9E-09 3.7E-09 3.5E-09 3.5E-09 3.0E-09 1.6E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 4.7E-12 1.2E-12 4.7E-12 8.0E-14 5.6E-10 1.4E-10 5.6E-10 9.9E-12 1.4E-09 3.3E-10 1.4E-09 1.7E-11 1.3E-09 4.3E-10 1.3E-09 2.2E-11 1.2E-09 4.8E-10 1.2E-09 2.9E-11 1.1E-09 NA 1.1E-09 3.7E-11 8.3E-10 NA 8.3E-10 6.3E-11 2.9E-10 NA 2.9E-10 9.5E-11

4.8E-12 5.7E-10 1.4E-09 1.3E-09 1.2E-09 1.1E-09 8.9E-10 3.9E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 5.8E-11 1.2E-11 5.8E-11 2.5E-13 2.2E-10 4.6E-11 2.2E-10 1.0E-12 6.0E-10 8.6E-11 6.0E-10 1.0E-12 5.8E-10 1.2E-10 5.8E-10 1.2E-12 5.4E-10 2.9E-10 5.4E-10 1.4E-12 5.0E-10 NA 5.0E-10 1.7E-12 3.7E-10 NA 3.7E-10 2.8E-12 1.6E-10 NA 1.6E-10 4.7E-12

5.8E-11 2.2E-10 6.0E-10 5.8E-10 5.4E-10 5.0E-10 3.7E-10 1.6E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

1.4E-12 2.4E-09 1.1E-08 1.1E-08 1.0E-08 9.8E-09 8.0E-09 2.9E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 3.8E-13 6.4E-10 3.0E-09 5.0E-09 4.4E-09 NA NA NA

1.4E-12 2.4E-09 1.1E-08 1.1E-08 1.0E-08 9.8E-09 8.0E-09 2.9E-09

1.4E-14 2.3E-11 4.3E-11 7.1E-11 1.2E-10 2.0E-10 5.7E-10 1.6E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

230

1.4E-12 2.4E-09 1.1E-08 1.1E-08 1.0E-08 1.0E-08 8.6E-09 4.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Cs-134 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Cs-134 (T1/2=2.06 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 2.1E-10 5.5E-11 2.1E-10 7.9E-13 1.0E-09 2.7E-10 1.0E-09 3.8E-12 2.8E-09 5.3E-10 2.8E-09 1.9E-10

2.1E-10 1.0E-09 3.0E-09


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 1.1E-10 3.0E-11 1.1E-10 1.4E-12 5.1E-10 1.4E-10 5.1E-10 6.4E-12 9.4E-10 1.6E-10 9.4E-10 5.2E-11

1.1E-10 5.2E-10 9.9E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 9.0E-11 1.8E-11 9.0E-11 2.6E-13 2.3E-10 4.8E-11 2.3E-10 6.7E-13 4.2E-10 7.6E-11 4.2E-10 2.5E-12

9.0E-11 2.3E-10 4.2E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

6.0E-10 2.9E-09 8.2E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 1.6E-10 7.8E-10 1.5E-09

6.0E-10 2.9E-09 8.2E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

231

2.3E-12 1.1E-11 5.4E-10

6.0E-10 2.9E-09 8.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Cs-136 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Cs-136 (T1/2=13.1 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-14 <1E-15 1.4E-14 1.2E-09 3.9E-11 1.2E-09 1.1E-09 4.1E-10 1.1E-09 1.0E-09 9.5E-10 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 NA 1.0E-09 1.1E-09 NA 1.1E-09 8.0E-10 NA 8.0E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 8.9E-15 9.6E-13 1.0E-10

<1E-15 1.4E-14 1.2E-09 1.1E-09 1.0E-09 1.0E-09 1.1E-09 9.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 7.4E-15 <1E-15 7.4E-15 <1E-15 4.6E-10 1.2E-11 4.6E-10 <1E-15 4.5E-10 9.5E-11 4.5E-10 <1E-15 4.3E-10 4.0E-10 4.3E-10 <1E-15 4.2E-10 NA 4.2E-10 4.8E-15 3.9E-10 NA 3.9E-10 3.1E-13 2.7E-10 NA 2.7E-10 1.8E-11

<1E-15 7.4E-15 4.6E-10 4.5E-10 4.3E-10 4.2E-10 3.9E-10 2.9E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-15 <1E-15 3.2E-10 3.3E-12 3.2E-10 <1E-15 3.3E-10 2.9E-11 3.3E-10 <1E-15 3.2E-10 3.1E-10 3.2E-10 <1E-15 3.1E-10 NA 3.1E-10 <1E-15 2.7E-10 NA 2.7E-10 1.4E-14 1.8E-10 NA 1.8E-10 8.8E-13

<1E-15 1.8E-15 3.2E-10 3.3E-10 3.2E-10 3.1E-10 2.7E-10 1.8E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All

<1E-15 4.2E-14 3.5E-09 3.3E-09 3.0E-09 3.0E-09 3.1E-09 2.3E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 <1E-15 1.7E-15 1.1E-10 1.2E-09 2.8E-09 NA NA NA

<1E-15 4.2E-14 3.5E-09 3.3E-09 3.0E-09 3.0E-09 3.1E-09 2.3E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

232

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.5E-15 2.6E-14 2.8E-12 3.0E-10

<1E-15 4.2E-14 3.5E-09 3.3E-09 3.0E-09 3.0E-09 3.1E-09 2.6E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Cs-136 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Cs-136 (T1/2=13.1 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 1.0E-11 3.4E-13 1.0E-11 <1E-15 5.2E-11 1.7E-12 5.2E-11 <1E-15 1.0E-09 2.2E-10 1.0E-09 2.4E-11

1.0E-11 5.2E-11 1.0E-09


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 2.5E-12 1.1E-13 2.5E-12 <1E-15 1.3E-11 5.7E-13 1.3E-11 <1E-15 3.9E-10 9.0E-11 3.9E-10 3.8E-12

2.5E-12 1.3E-11 3.9E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 8.0E-13 3.1E-14 8.0E-13 <1E-15 4.0E-12 1.5E-13 4.0E-12 <1E-15 2.8E-10 6.7E-11 2.8E-10 1.9E-13

8.0E-13 4.0E-12 2.8E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

3.0E-11 1.5E-10 2.9E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 1.0E-12 5.0E-12 6.4E-10

3.0E-11 1.5E-10 2.9E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

233

<1E-15 <1E-15 7.0E-11

3.0E-11 1.5E-10 3.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Cs-137 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Cs-137 (T1/2=30.0 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All All All All All All

hBrain

ein

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 7.0E-13 1.9E-13 7.0E-13 6.2E-10 1.7E-10 6.2E-10 2.5E-09 6.7E-10 2.5E-09 2.4E-09 1.1E-09 2.4E-09 2.3E-09 9.4E-10 2.3E-09 2.2E-09 NA 2.2E-09 1.7E-09 NA 1.7E-09 6.1E-10 NA 6.1E-10

epostnatal

eoffspring

1.1E-14 9.6E-12 1.5E-11 2.5E-11 4.1E-11 6.7E-11 1.8E-10 4.7E-10

7.1E-13 6.3E-10 2.5E-09 2.4E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 1.9E-09 1.1E-09

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 6.6E-12 1.7E-12 6.6E-12 1.8E-13 4.2E-10 1.1E-10 4.2E-10 1.2E-11 8.3E-10 2.1E-10 8.3E-10 1.8E-11 7.8E-10 2.5E-10 7.8E-10 2.3E-11 7.2E-10 2.4E-10 7.2E-10 2.8E-11 6.5E-10 NA 6.5E-10 3.6E-11 4.5E-10 NA 4.5E-10 5.7E-11 1.4E-10 NA 1.4E-10 8.1E-11 Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 5.5E-11 1.1E-11 5.5E-11 5.8E-13 1.2E-10 2.3E-11 1.2E-10 1.2E-12 2.5E-10 3.7E-11 2.5E-10 1.1E-12 2.3E-10 4.8E-11 2.3E-10 1.2E-12 2.2E-10 1.1E-10 2.2E-10 1.4E-12 2.0E-10 NA 2.0E-10 1.6E-12 1.4E-10 NA 1.4E-10 2.5E-12 6.2E-11 NA 6.2E-11 4.0E-12 2.0E-12 1.8E-09 7.2E-09 6.9E-09 6.6E-09 6.3E-09 5.0E-09 1.8E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 5.6E-13 5.0E-10 1.9E-09 3.2E-09 2.7E-09 NA NA NA

2.0E-12 1.8E-09 7.2E-09 6.9E-09 6.6E-09 6.3E-09 5.0E-09 1.8E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

234

3.1E-14 2.8E-11 4.5E-11 7.3E-11 1.2E-10 1.9E-10 5.1E-10 1.4E-09

6.8E-12 4.3E-10 8.5E-10 8.0E-10 7.5E-10 6.9E-10 5.1E-10 2.2E-10 5.6E-11 1.2E-10 2.5E-10 2.3E-10 2.2E-10 2.0E-10 1.4E-10 6.6E-11 2.0E-12 1.8E-09 7.2E-09 7.0E-09 6.7E-09 6.5E-09 5.5E-09 3.2E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Cs-137 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Cs-137 (T1/2=30.0 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=1.0 1.4E-10 3.9E-11 1.4E-10 9.1E-13 7.0E-10 1.9E-10 7.0E-10 4.4E-12 1.8E-09 3.3E-10 1.8E-09 1.7E-10

1.4E-10 7.0E-10 2.0E-09


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 8.3E-11 2.2E-11 8.3E-11 1.7E-12 3.6E-10 9.5E-11 3.6E-10 7.5E-12 5.3E-10 8.7E-11 5.3E-10 4.7E-11

8.5E-11 3.7E-10 5.8E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 6.2E-11 1.2E-11 6.2E-11 4.5E-13 1.2E-10 2.3E-11 1.2E-10 8.1E-13 1.7E-10 3.0E-11 1.7E-10 2.2E-12

6.2E-11 1.2E-10 1.7E-10


260*
52* cy

All All All

4.2E-10 2.0E-09 5.2E-09

Ingestion: f1=1.0 1.1E-10 5.5E-10 9.7E-10

4.2E-10 2.0E-09 5.2E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes.

235

2.6E-12 1.3E-11 4.8E-10

4.2E-10 2.0E-09 5.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.21. Barium 4.21.1. Biokinetic data (368) Little information is available on the placental transfer of barium (Ba). Wilkinson and Hoecker (1953) administered 140Ba nitrate or 45Ca chloride to rats on day 15 of pregnancy and measured retention in individual fetuses after 5 days as 0.6–0.8% for 140 Ba and 4–6% for 45Ca. Taylor and Bligh (1992) compared retention of 140Ba, 85Sr and 45Ca in rat neonates at birth after administration at different times during pregnancy. Retention of 140Ba in individual neonates accounted for about 0.06%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% of administered activity after administration 11, 9, 5, and 1 day previously, respectively. Corresponding values for 90Sr were 4–6 times greater and those for 45 Ca about 10–20 times greater. Priest and Rees (1986) measured retention of 140Ba, 85 Sr, and 45Ca in rat neonates after administration 5 days previously as 1.6%, 3%, and 11% of administered activity, respectively, correponding to CF:CM ratios of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.2. 4.21.2. Models (a) Adult (369) For barium entering the circulation, an age-dependent model for the alkaline earth elements, developed by Leggett (1992), was adopted in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). This model applies element-specific parameters for uptake and retention in bone and other tissues. The model is taken to apply also to female adults and has been used here as the basis for a model of transfer of the alkaline earth elements to the fetus, described in Annex A. During pregnancy, absorption of ingested Ba is taken to increase from 0.2 to 0.3 during the first trimester, 0.3 to 0.4 during the second trimester and remain at 0.4 throughout the third trimester. For inhaled forms of Ba, changes in intestinal absorption are assumed to parallel those following ingestion, with similar pro rata increases from their recommended values at conception. As for other alkaline earth elements, urinary excretion of Ba was increased by doubling the transfer rate from maternal blood to urinary bladder between conception and the end of the first trimester and maintaining this rate throughout the second and third trimester. Bone turnover was unchanged during the first trimester, doubled over the second trimester and maintained at this level throughout the third trimester; all rates to, from, and between bone compartments were doubled. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (370) The dose to the embryo, from conception until the end of the 8th week, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from the 9th week after conception until birth, the dose is estimated using the alkaline earth model described in Annex A. Rates of transfer from maternal blood to fetal blood are derived on the basis of Ca requirements, applying a placental discrimination factor of 0.4 for transfer of Ba relative to Ca. Uptake rates from fetal blood to bone surfaces (and soft tissues) were as derived for Ca. Other rates between fetal skeleton 236

ICRP Publication 88

compartments and returns to fetal blood were as specified for Ba for infants in the Publication 67 model (ICRP, 1993). (371) The concentration of barium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (372) At birth, Ba in fetal soft tissues is assigned to ST1 in the postnatal model. Trabecular and cortical bone are not distinguished in the fetal model; at birth, 20% of activity is assigned to trabecular compartments and 80% to cortical compartments. 4.21.3. References for Barium ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Leggett, R.W. (1992) A generic age-specific biokinetic model for calcium-like elements. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 183–198. Priest, N.D., Rees, M. (1986) An Investigation of the Fetal Uptake of 85Sr in the Rat and Guinea-pig and a Comparison of the Relative Uptakes of 45Ca, 85Sr and 133Ba by the Rat Foetus. HSE Contract Report No. HS/3/153/84. NRPB, Chilton. Taylor, D.M., Bligh, P.H. (1992) The transfer of 45Ca, 85Sr and 140Ba from mother to newborn in rats. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 143–145. Wilkinson, P.N., Hoecker, F.E. (1953) Selective placental transmission of radioactive alkaline earths and plutonium. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 56, 341–363.

237

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ba-133 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ba-133 (T1/2=10.7 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 5.1E-11 1.2E-11 5.1E-11 3.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 9.2E-11 1.9E-11 8.2E-11 6.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-10 3.3E-11 2.3E-10 2.0E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-10 4.0E-11 2.1E-10 2.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 1.2E-10 3.1E-10 5.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 NA 3.9E-10 1.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 NA 4.0E-10 8.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 NA 2.2E-10 3.2E-10

5.1E-11 8.3E-11 2.3E-10 2.1E-10 3.2E-10 4.1E-10 4.8E-10 5.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 2.4E-11 5.6E-12 2.4E-11 1.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-10 1.2E-11 5.8E-11 3.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-10 2.4E-11 1.9E-10 9.1E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-10 3.0E-11 1.8E-10 1.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-10 8.6E-11 1.9E-10 1.4E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-10 NA 1.9E-10 1.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-10 NA 1.5E-10 3.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 NA 6.5E-11 5.1E-11

2.4E-11 6.1E-11 2.0E-10 1.9E-10 2.0E-10 2.1E-10 1.8E-10 1.2E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-11 4.7E-12 2.6E-11 2.5E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-11 1.0E-11 5.4E-11 5.2E-13 All 1.5E-10 1.7E-11 1.5E-10 6.8E-13 All 1.4E-10 2.4E-11 1.4E-10 7.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-10 7.9E-11 1.4E-10 8.7E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-10 NA 1.3E-10 1.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-10 NA 9.7E-11 2.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-11 NA 4.5E-11 6.2E-12

2.6E-11 5.5E-11 1.5E-10 1.4E-10 1.4E-10 1.3E-10 1.0E-10 5.1E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All Red Marrow+ All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 3.8E-11 7.0E-11 3.9E-10 4.4E-10 1.2E-09 2.0E-09 2.6E-09 1.5E-09

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.21.2 9.1E-12 3.9E-11 1.5E-11 6.3E-11 2.5E-11 3.8E-10 3.4E-11 3.9E-10 3.0E-10 4.8E-10 NA 6.0E-10 NA 6.7E-10 NA 3.9E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

238

2.5E-13 5.3E-13 1.5E-12 2.3E-12 5.2E-12 1.9E-11 1.1E-10 4.6E-10

3.9E-11 6.4E-11 3.8E-10 3.9E-10 4.9E-10 6.2E-10 7.8E-10 8.5E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ba-133 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ba-133 (T1/2=10.7 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 5.6E-11 1.3E-11 5.6E-11 4.2E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-10 2.1E-11 8.9E-11 8.6E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 3.0E-11 3.1E-10 9.5E-11

5.6E-11 9.0E-11 4.1E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-11 6.9E-12 3.1E-11 9.6E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-10 1.3E-11 6.5E-11 3.8E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-10 2.2E-11 1.5E-10 2.7E-11

3.2E-11 6.9E-11 1.8E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 3.0E-11 5.6E-12 3.0E-11 2.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-11 1.1E-11 5.7E-11 5.3E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-10 2.0E-11 1.1E-10 2.5E-12

3.0E-11 5.8E-11 1.1E-10


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 4.7E-11 8.0E-11 1.6E-09

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.21.2 1.0E-11 4.3E-11 1.6E-11 6.8E-11 6.8E-11 5.2E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

239

3.2E-13 6.5E-13 1.3E-10

4.3E-11 6.9E-11 6.5E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ba-140 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ba-140 (T1/2=12.7 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.8E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-15 <1E-15 All 3.2E-10 5.2E-12 3.2E-10 <1E-15 All 3.1E-10 4.2E-11 3.1E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.1E-09 3.6E-10 9.9E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.5E-09 NA 1.2E-09 2.8E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.9E-09 NA 1.2E-09 5.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.9E-09 NA 1.3E-09 1.1E-10

<1E-15 2.8E-15 3.2E-10 3.1E-10 9.9E-10 1.2E-09 1.2E-09 1.4E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.8E-15 <1E-15 1.8E-15 <1E-15 All 2.2E-10 4.3E-12 2.2E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-10 3.7E-11 2.1E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 8.7E-10 2.0E-10 3.0E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 NA 3.2E-10 3.2E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 NA 3.1E-10 2.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 NA 2.5E-10 1.7E-11

<1E-15 1.8E-15 2.2E-10 2.1E-10 3.0E-10 3.2E-10 3.1E-10 2.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.6E-15 <1E-15 1.6E-15 <1E-15 All 1.9E-10 3.6E-12 1.9E-10 <1E-15 All 1.9E-10 3.3E-11 1.9E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-10 1.8E-10 2.0E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-10 NA 2.0E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-10 NA 1.8E-10 1.9E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-10 NA 1.3E-10 2.1E-12

<1E-15 1.6E-15 1.9E-10 1.9E-10 2.0E-10 2.0E-10 1.8E-10 1.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 <1E-15 2.1E-15 6.5E-10 6.6E-10 5.2E-09 7.3E-09 1.0E-08 1.1E-08

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.21.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.1E-15 3.9E-12 6.5E-10 3.6E-11 6.6E-10 7.0E-10 1.3E-09 NA 1.6E-09 NA 1.9E-09 NA 1.9E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

240

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.1E-15 8.3E-13 1.5E-10

<1E-15 2.1E-15 6.5E-10 6.6E-10 1.3E-09 1.6E-09 1.9E-09 2.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ba-140 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ba-140 (T1/2=12.7 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 1.4E-12 4.8E-14 1.4E-12 <1E-15 All 7.0E-12 2.4E-13 7.0E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-09 7.3E-11 9.9E-10 3.4E-11

1.4E-12 7.0E-12 1.0E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 1.0E-12 3.9E-14 1.0E-12 <1E-15 All 5.1E-12 1.9E-13 5.1E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 8.4E-10 4.4E-11 2.8E-10 4.5E-12

1.0E-12 5.1E-12 2.8E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.21.2 All 7.9E-13 3.2E-14 7.9E-13 <1E-15 All 3.9E-12 1.6E-13 3.9E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-10 3.9E-11 1.8E-10 5.9E-13

7.9E-13 3.9E-12 1.8E-10


260*
52* cy

All All Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 1.5E-12 7.3E-12 6.9E-09

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.21.2 3.7E-14 1.5E-12 1.8E-13 7.3E-12 1.4E-10 1.5E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

241

<1E-15 <1E-15 4.7E-11

1.5E-12 7.3E-12 1.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.22. Cerium 4.22.1. Biokinetic data (373) The transfer of cerium (Ce) to the fetus and associated tissues has been studied in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. (374) Naharin et al. (1969) studied placental transfer in mice of 144Ce administered intramuscularly as the citrate. Retention per neonate was 0.2% of total maternal retention after administration 2 to 3 days previously (during pregnancy) and 0.01% after administration shortly prior to mating. Retention per fetus in late gestation after administration one day previously was 0.06% of maternal retention. Mahlum and Sikov (1968) administered 144Ce chloride intravenously to rats on day 15 or 19 of pregnancy and measured transfer one day later. The 144Ce concentration in the fetus was about 0.02% g
1 in each case, corresponding to a CF:CM concentration ratio of about 0.01. (375) Beno (1973) compared the transfer of 144Ce to the rat fetus after intravenous administration as the chloride or citrate. Although significant differences were observed in the time-course of transfer, retention in the fetus at 4 days after administration on day 17 was about 0.006% of injected activity per fetus in each case. (376) Mraz and Eisele (1975) measured transfer in rats given 144Ce chloride intravenously. For administration on day 17 and measurement 2 days later, retention was 0.01–0.02% of injected activity per fetus, corresponding to about 0.005–0.008% g
1 and a CF:CM ratio of about 0.01. Stather et al. (1987) measured the retention of 141 Ce in rat neonates at birth after administration intravenously or intraperitoneally as the chloride, either one month before conception or on days 14 or 19 of pregnancy. Retention of 141Ce by each neonate was greatest after administration on day 19, accounting for 0.02% of injected activity. The corresponding CF:CM ratio was 0.01. For preconception administration, retention was about two orders of magnitude lower. Inaba et al. (1992) studied transfer of 141Ce to the rat fetus after intravenous or oral administration to the mother. For administration on day 16 and measurement on day 20, the fetus accounted for 0.02% of total retained 141Ce after intravenous injection and 0.4% after oral administration and the placenta accounted for 0.25% and 1%, respectively. The corresponding CF:CM ratios were 0.004 and 0.06 and CPl:CM ratios were 0.05 and 1. (377) Levack et al. (1994) administered 141Ce to rats by intravenous injection as the chloride, either before conception or at different stages during pregnancy, and to guinea pigs in late gestation. Retention in the rat fetus measured 3 days after administration was 4  10
5% injected activity per fetus on day 13, increasing to 0.01% shortly before birth, with whole body CF:CM ratios increasing from 0.004 to 0.02. For transfer measured on day 13, retention of 141Ce by each fetoplacental unit was about 0.001% of injected activity, with 5% of the deposited activity in the yolk sac, 30% in the placenta, 2% in the fetus with the rest in the associated tissue (decidua, Figure 1.4); the CPl:CM ratio was 0.4. Concentrations in the yolk sac were about 0.01% g
1 compared with 0.002% g
1 in the fetus. Retention in the guinea pig in late gestation after administration 7 days previously was about 0.05% injected 242

ICRP Publication 88

activity per fetus with 0.3% in the placenta, corresponding to a CF:CM ratio of 0.01 and a CPl:CM ratio of 0.6. After administration of 141Ce to rats at 4 weeks prior to conception, retention in the fetus shortly before birth was two orders of magnitude lower than after administration 3 days previously and the CPl:CM ratio was about 0.01. (378) In a model for cerium developed by Sikov and Hui (1996) a CF:CM ratio of 0.02 was assumed for calculating activity transferred to the fetus. The model assumed no further transfer of cerium to fetal tissues and thus the concentration in the fetus fell over the remainder of pregnancy due to growth. 4.22.2. Models (a) Adult (379) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989). It is assumed that of cerium entering the circulation, fractions of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.2 are taken up by the skeleton, liver, and other tissues, respectively, and retained in each case with a biological half-time of 3,500 days. These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (380) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (381) On the basis of the available data the CF:CM ratios adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients are 0.05 for intakes during pregnancy and 0.01 for intakes prior to pregnancy. (382) The concentration of cerium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (383) In Publication 56 (ICRP, 1989) the distribution of cerium between tissues in infants and children is taken to differ from that in adults. For 3-month-old infants, the distribution assumed is 0.7 to skeleton, 0.1 to liver and 0.2 to other tissues. This distribution is applied here to the fetus and to the offspring from birth. A half-time of 3,500 days is applied to retention from birth. 4.22.3. References for Cerium Beno, M. (1973) The fetal uptake of cerium-144, praesodymium-144 after injection of its chelates to pregnant rat. Health Phys. 25, 575–580. ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2). Inaba, J., Nishimura, Y., Takeda, H. et al. (1992) Placental transfer of cerium in the rat with special reference to route of administration. In: Proc. Workshop on Age-Dependent Factors in the Biokinetics and Dosimetry of Radionuclides, Schloss Elmau, Germany, November 1991. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 119–122. Levack, V.M., Pottinger, H., Ham, G.J. et al. (1994) The fetal transfer of ruthenium, cerium, plutonium and americium. In: Nimmo-Scott, W., Golding, D.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of IRPA Regional Congress 243

ICRP Publication 88 on Radiological Protection, June 1994, Portsmouth. Nuclear Technology Publishing, Ashford, pp. 161– 164. Mahlum, D.D., Sikov, M.R. (1968) Distribution of cerium-144 in the fetal and newborn rat. Health Phys. 14, 127–129. Mraz, F.R., Eisele, G.R. (1975) Increased 144Ce uptake in fetal rats after addition of carrier. Radiat. Res. 64, 399–400. Naharin, A., Lubin, E., Feige, Y. (1969) Transfer of 144Ce to mouse embryos and offspring via placenta and lactation. Health Phys. 17, 717–722. Sikov, M.R., Hui, T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation dose. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631; PNL-7445, Rev. 2. Stather, J.W., Adams, N., Gray, S.A. et al. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclides to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier. H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht. pp. 371–380.

244

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ce-141 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ce-141 (T1/2=32.5 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*
130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

epostnatal

eoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-12 3.4E-13 2.5E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-10 1.8E-11 1.5E-10 1.5E-13 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-10 3.9E-11 1.3E-10 3.2E-13 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-10 3.4E-11 1.0E-10 6.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-10 NA 1.0E-10 1.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-10 NA 9.8E-11 6.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-10 NA 4.3E-11 3.0E-11

<1E-15 2.5E-12 1.5E-10 1.3E-10 1.0E-10 1.0E-10 1.0E-10 7.3E-11

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 8.9E-13 1.1E-13 7.9E-13 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-11 4.2E-12 3.8E-11 5.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-11 7.7E-12 3.4E-11 1.0E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.6E-11 1.7E-11 3.1E-11 2.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.7E-11 NA 3.1E-11 4.2E-13 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-11 NA 2.7E-11 1.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-11 NA 1.2E-11 4.3E-12 Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 5.1E-14 9.8E-15 5.1E-14 <1E-15 All 1.7E-11 6.9E-13 1.7E-11 1.5E-15 All 1.7E-11 2.0E-12 1.7E-11 3.0E-15 All 1.6E-11 1.4E-11 1.6E-11 5.7E-15 All 1.6E-11 NA 1.6E-11 1.1E-14 All 1.3E-11 NA 1.4E-11 3.4E-14 All 7.9E-12 NA 7.9E-12 7.5E-14


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ All All All All All All


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 5.7E-15 <1E-15 5.9E-11 3.8E-14 6.0E-11 8.0E-14 5.7E-11 5.7E-11 5.4E-11 NA 4.4E-11 NA 2.8E-11 NA

<1E-15 5.1E-15 5.9E-11 6.0E-11 5.7E-11 5.4E-11 4.4E-11 2.8E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

245

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.4E-15 3.0E-15 1.4E-14 6.1E-14

<1E-15 7.9E-13 3.8E-11 3.4E-11 3.1E-11 3.1E-11 2.9E-11 1.6E-11 <1E-15 5.1E-14 1.7E-11 1.7E-11 1.6E-11 1.6E-11 1.4E-11 8.0E-12 <1E-15 5.1E-15 5.9E-11 6.0E-11 5.7E-11 5.4E-11 4.4E-11 2.8E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ce-141 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ce-141 (T1/2=32.5 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-12 4.4E-13 3.3E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-11 2.2E-12 1.6E-11 3.9E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-10 1.2E-11 9.6E-11 8.2E-12

3.3E-12 1.6E-11 1.0E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-13 1.2E-13 7.5E-13 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-12 5.8E-13 3.7E-12 1.3E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-11 4.6E-12 2.7E-11 1.4E-12

7.5E-13 3.7E-12 2.8E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 All 9.1E-14 1.5E-14 9.2E-14 <1E-15 All 4.6E-13 7.4E-14 4.6E-13 <1E-15 All 1.4E-11 3.2E-12 1.4E-11 2.8E-14

9.2E-14 4.6E-13 1.4E-11


260*
52* cy

All All All

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 4.7E-14 <1E-15 4.7E-14 2.3E-13 4.5E-15 2.3E-13 4.7E-11 1.2E-11 4.7E-11

4.7E-14 2.3E-13 4.7E-11

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

246

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.7E-14

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ce-144 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ce-144 (T1/2=284 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-10 1.4E-11 1.1E-10 1.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 9.4E-11 7.4E-10 8.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-09 2.2E-10 1.9E-09 6.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-09 2.4E-10 1.5E-09 7.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-09 1.0E-10 1.1E-09 8.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-09 NA 9.8E-10 8.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-09 NA 6.6E-10 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 NA 1.8E-10 1.3E-09

1.2E-10 8.2E-10 2.6E-09 2.2E-09 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.8E-09 1.5E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-11 5.3E-12 4.2E-11 4.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-10 3.1E-11 2.4E-10 3.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 4.8E-11 4.3E-10 2.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-09 4.1E-11 3.3E-10 2.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 2.2E-11 2.6E-10 2.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 NA 2.2E-10 2.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-10 NA 1.3E-10 2.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-10 NA 2.7E-11 1.8E-10

4.7E-11 2.7E-10 6.5E-10 5.6E-10 5.0E-10 4.7E-10 3.8E-10 2.1E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-12 4.0E-13 2.9E-12 3.3E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-11 1.7E-12 1.1E-11 1.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-11 3.0E-12 2.6E-11 6.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-11 3.7E-12 2.4E-11 6.7E-12 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-11 9.9E-12 2.1E-11 6.6E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-11 NA 1.9E-11 6.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-11 NA 1.3E-11 5.4E-12 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-12 NA 5.6E-12 3.2E-12

3.2E-12 1.2E-11 3.3E-11 3.1E-11 2.8E-11 2.5E-11 1.8E-11 8.8E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.6E-13 2.8E-14 2.5E-12 1.9E-13 4.6E-11 4.5E-13 4.7E-11 5.0E-13 4.4E-11 3.4E-11 4.2E-11 NA 3.3E-11 NA 1.8E-11 NA

ein

utero

2.2E-13 1.5E-12 3.9E-11 3.8E-11 3.6E-11 3.4E-11 2.7E-11 1.6E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

247

2.5E-14 1.7E-13 1.4E-12 1.5E-12 1.6E-12 1.8E-12 2.2E-12 2.6E-12

2.5E-13 1.7E-12 4.0E-11 4.0E-11 3.8E-11 3.6E-11 2.9E-11 1.9E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ce-144 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ce-144 (T1/2=284 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-10 3.1E-11 2.5E-10 2.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 9.8E-11 7.7E-10 8.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-09 6.2E-11 8.6E-10 9.6E-10

2.8E-10 8.6E-10 1.8E-09


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-10 1.0E-11 8.1E-11 1.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-10 3.0E-11 2.3E-10 3.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 8.7E-10 1.2E-11 1.9E-10 2.3E-10

9.1E-11 2.6E-10 4.2E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-12 6.6E-13 4.3E-12 4.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-11 1.7E-12 1.1E-11 1.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-11 2.6E-12 1.6E-11 5.6E-12

4.8E-12 1.2E-11 2.2E-11


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 8.5E-13 6.4E-14 5.3E-13 2.7E-12 2.0E-13 1.7E-12 3.6E-11 7.2E-12 2.9E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

248

5.6E-14 1.7E-13 2.0E-12

5.9E-13 1.9E-12 3.1E-11

ICRP Publication 88

4.23. Lead 4.23.1. Biokinetic data (384) Both human and animal studies have examined the transfer of lead (Pb) to the embryo and fetus, principally because of concerns about the toxicity of stable lead. Human data show nearly equal concentrations of lead in fetal and maternal blood and ready uptake of lead into fetal tissues. In contrast, animal studies suggest some degree of placental discrimination (Sikov, 1987). (385) Various authors have reported the presence of lead in human fetal tissues (e.g., Kehoe et al., 1933; Thompsett and Anderson, 1935). However, these early studies were small, with a limited range of gestational ages. A comprehensive study on the transfer of lead to the human fetus as a function of gestational age was reported by Barltrop (1969). Fetal tissues were obtained following therapeutic termination of pregnancy or as a result of neonatal death. A total of 34 fetuses were obtained at gestational ages of 10 to 40 weeks. Analysis of various tissues suggested transfer of lead to the fetus had occurred by about the 14th week, although small concentrations could have been present earlier. The maximum concentration of lead was found in the skeleton, with levels about 5 times those in the liver and 10 times those in most other soft tissues measured (heart, kidney, blood). The concentration in the brain was only a few percent of that in the skeleton. Very similar relative concentrations of lead in the tissues of still born children and in children who died within 2 weeks of birth were reported by Barry (1981). Barltrop (1969) also found that there was a progressive increase in the lead content of tissues over the period of gestation, and the level of lead in the skeleton followed that reported for calcium (Kelly et al., 1951). Very similar data have been reported by Henshaw et al. (1995) for 210Po produced by the decay of 210Pb in human fetal vertebrae. Between about 19 weeks and term, the activity concentration of 210Po increased with the increase in the stable calcium content. (386) Levels of lead in human maternal blood and in neonatal cord blood have been measured by a number of authors. The concentrations obtained were very similar, but with a somewhat higher level in maternal blood and a high correlation between mothers and their infants. (Gershanik et al., 1974; Barltrop, 1969; Baglan et al., 1974; Roels et al., 1978; Tsuchiya et al., 1984; Schramel et al., 1988). In 98 cases studied by Gershanik et al. (1974), for example, overall concentrations in neonatal cord blood were 9.4  3.7 mg Pb 100 ml
1 and in maternal blood were 10.5  3.8 mg Pb 100 ml
1. Maternal blood lead levels do not change appreciably during pregnancy; thus it would seem that transfer across the placenta is not associated with specific metabolic changes occurring during pregnancy. Similar levels of lead have also been found in erythrocytes from mothers (26.4  4.5 mg 100 ml
1 of RBCS) and newborns (25.4  4.3 mg 100 ml
1) by Cavaller et al. (1978). (387) The data of Baglan et al. (1974) for the total lead concentrations in human maternal blood, fetal blood, and placenta from more than 80 subjects show very large variations but the mean values suggest placenta:fetal blood and placenta:maternal blood concentration ratios of about 2–3. The average lead concentration in 249

ICRP Publication 88

the maternal body is about 2 mg kg
1 body weight (ICRP, 1975), and from the data of Baglan et al. (1974) and Iyengar et al. (1978) a placental concentration of about 0.3–1.4 mg Pb kg
1 can be calculated, giving a CPl:CM ratio of between about 0.2 and 0.7. (388) It has been proposed that there is mobilisation of lead stored in bone during pregnancy and that the somewhat elevated maternal blood concentration could make maternal lead more available for placental transfer (Manton, 1985; Thompson et al., 1985; Russell and Calder, 1986). This would follow the behaviour of calcium in the mother during pregnancy. (389) For 210Pb nitrate infused intravenously into rats on day 18 of pregnancy, the concentration of 210Pb in the fetus 24–48 hours later was about 60 times less than in maternal liver and kidneys (McClain and Becker, 1975). This result suggests a CF:CM ratio of less than 0.1. The corresponding concentration in the placenta was about twice that in the fetus. Kelman and Walter (1980) compared the transfer of elements across the guinea-pig placenta by external perfusion. While cadmium appeared to move freely across the placenta with measured clearance as high as 60% of the clearance of water from dam to fetal circulation, the rate of transfer of lead was more than an order of magnitude lower. Results obtained by Hackett et al. (1982 a,b) and Hackett and Kelman (1983) for the transfer of 210Pb in rats also indicate lower concentrations in the fetus than in maternal tissues; concentrations in the placenta in late gestation were about double the fetal concentrations. (390) Haines et al. (2001) studied the transfer of 210Pb to the fetus in rats and guinea pigs after administration of 210Pb citrate at different stages of pregnancy or prior to conception. Retention by the rat fetus on day 13 and 18 and by the neonate at birth after administration 3 days earlier was 710
4%, 0.07%, and 1% of injected activity, respectively, corresponding to CF:CM ratios of 0.04, 0.2, and 0.6, respectively. Placental retention was 0.007% on day 13 and 0.05% on day 18, corresponding to CPl:CM ratios of 4 and 0.4, respectively. Retention by the guinea-pig fetus on day 37 and 57 after administration 7 days previously was 0.3% and 3.6% of injected activity, respectively, corresponding to CF:CM ratios of 0.4 and 0.8. Placental retention was 0.2% and 0.45%, respectively, and CPl:CM ratios were about 0.8 and 1.1. Administration of 210Pb citrate at 3 months prior to conception resulted in fetal and placental retention on day 57 of 0.03% and 0.04%, respectively, a CF:CM ratio of 0.03 and a CPl:CM ratio of 0.05. (391) A model for the transfer of lead to the fetus has been developed by Sikov and Hui (1996). The model assumes equal average concentrations in fetal and maternal tissues at all times after an acute intake during pregnancy. 4.23.2. Models (a) Adult (392) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). A modification of the alkaline earth model is used (see strontium, Section 4.10). As well as considering uptake and retention in bone, the model is adapted for lead to include red blood cells as a separate compartment, to consider 250

ICRP Publication 88

excretion via sweat and hair, and to include two compartments for both the liver and kidneys. This model takes account of the considerable differences in the timedependent distribution of lead and the alkaline earth elements. Radioactive progeny of lead radioisotopes produced in bone volume are assumed to follow the behaviour of the parent radionuclide until removed from the bone volume. Isotopes of bismuth and polonium produced in other body tissues by the decay of lead isotopes are assumed to have their own biokinetic behaviour. These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (393) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (394) The available data indicate that the transfer of lead to the fetus follows the behaviour of calcium, with a greater transfer to skeletal tissues than to other soft tissues. On the basis of the available human data a CF:CM ratio of 1.0 is adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for the fetus. (395) The concentration of lead in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (396) The distribution of lead in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant (ICRP, 1993) is taken to be 0.6 to the skeleton and 0.4 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. (397) Decay products found either in the mother or fetus are assumed to behave independently as described in Annex A. 4.23.3. References for Lead Baglan, R.J., Brill, A.B., Schulert, A. et al. (1974) Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Env. Res. 8, 64–70. Barltrop, D. (1969) Transfer of lead to the human foetus. In: Barltrop, D., Burland, W.L. (Eds.), Mineral Metabolism in Pediatrics. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 135–151. Barry, P.S.I. (1981) Concentrations of lead in the tissues of children. Br. J. Ind. Med. 38, 61–71. Cavaller, A., Minoia, C., Pozzoli, L. et al. (1978) Lead in red blood cells in the plasma of pregnant women and their offspring. Env. Res. 17, 403–408. Gershanik, J.J., Brooks, G.G., Little, J.A. (1974) Blood lead values in pregnant women and their offspring. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 119, 509–510. Hackett, P.L., Hess, J.O., Sikov, M.R. (1982a) Distribution and effects of intravenous lead in the fetoplacental unit of the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 9, 1021–1032. Hackett, P.L., Hess, J.O., Sikov, M.R. (1982b) Effect of dose level and pregnancy on the distribution and toxicity of intravenous lead in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 9, 1007–1020. Hackett, P.L., Kelman, B.J. (1983) Availability of toxic trace metals to the conceptus. Sci. Total Environ. 28, 433–442. Haines, J.W., Pottinger, H.E., Harrison, J.D. (2001) Transfer of lead-210 and polonium-210 to the embryo and fetus of rat and guinea pig. Manuscript, NRPB, Chilton, UK. Henshaw, D.L., Allen, J.E., Keitch, P.A. et al. (1995) The microdistribution of 210Po with respect to bone surfaces in adults, children and fetal tissues at natural exposure levels. pp. 23–26. In: von Kaick, G., 251

ICRP Publication 88 Karaoglou, A., Kellerer, A.M. (Eds.), Health Effects of Internally Incorporated Radionuclides: Emphasis on Radium and Thorium. World Scientific, London, EUR 15877 EN. ICRP (1975) Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Iyengar, G.V., Kollmer, W.E., Bowen, H.J.M. (1978) The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids. Verlag Chemir, New York. Kehoe, R.A., Thammann, Cholak, J. (1933) On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. IV Lead absorption and excretion in infants and children. J. Industr. Hyg. Toxicol. 15, 301. Kelly, H.J., Sloan, R.E., Hoffman, W. et al. (1951) Accumulation of nitrogen and 6 minerals in the human fetus during gestation. Hum. Biol. 23, 61. Kelman, B.J., Walter, B. (1980) Transplacental movements of inorganic lead from mother to fetus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 163, 278–282. McClain, R.M., Becker, B.A. (1975) Teratogenicity, fetal toxicity and placental transfer of lead nitrate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31, 72–82. Manton, W.I. (1985) Total contribution of airborne lead to blood lead. Br. J. Ind. Med. 42, 168–172. Roels, H., Hubermont, G., Buchet, J.P. et al. (1978) Placental transfer of lead, mercury, cadmium and carbon monoxide in women. Environ. Res. 16, 236–247. Russell, R.A., Calder, I. (1986) Lead mobilisation during pregnancy. Med. J. Australia 144, 52–53. Schramel, P., Masse, S., Orcar-Pavlu, J. (1988) Selenium, cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in human breast milk, in placenta, maternal blood and the blood of the newborn. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 15, 111–124. Sikov, M.R. (1987) Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht. pp. 303–314. Sikov, M.R., Hui, T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation dose. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631; PNL-7445, Rev. 2. Thompsett, S.L., Anderson, A.B. (1935) The lead contents of human tissues and excreta. Biochem. J. 29, 1856–1864. Thompson, G.N., Robertson, E.F., Fitzgerald, S. (1985) Lead mobilisation during pregnancy. Med. J. Australia 143, 141. Tsuchiya, H., Mitani, K., Kodama., K. et al. (1984) Placental transfer of heavy metals in normal pregnant Japanese women. Arch. Environ. Health. 39, 11–17.

252

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Pb-210 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Pb-210 (T1/2=22.3 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.2 Spleen 1.8E-06 2.2E-09 3.1E-08 Spleen 1.8E-06 2.9E-09 3.9E-08 Spleen 1.7E-06 3.4E-09 3.8E-08 Spleen 1.4E-06 2.4E-09 2.9E-08 Spleen 7.4E-07 4.7E-10 2.3E-08 Spleen 4.0E-07 NA 1.8E-08 Spleen 1.2E-07 NA 8.4E-09 Kidneys 5.9E-09 NA 6.0E-10

6.4E-08 9.0E-08 1.1E-07 1.2E-07 1.3E-07 1.4E-07 1.7E-07 3.0E-07

9.5E-08 1.3E-07 1.5E-07 1.5E-07 1.5E-07 1.6E-07 1.8E-07 3.0E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Spleen 8.0E-07 9.7E-10 1.4E-08 2.7E-08 Spleen 8.3E-07 1.6E-09 1.9E-08 4.1E-08 Spleen 6.1E-07 1.1E-09 1.4E-08 4.9E-08 Spleen 4.4E-07 5.9E-10 1.1E-08 5.0E-08 Spleen 2.3E-07 1.0E-10 8.4E-09 5.2E-08 Spleen 1.3E-07 NA 6.3E-09 5.4E-08 Spleen 3.4E-08 NA 2.4E-09 5.8E-08 Kidneys 1.2E-09 NA 1.2E-10 6.4E-08

4.1E-08 6.0E-08 6.3E-08 6.1E-08 6.0E-08 6.0E-08 6.0E-08 6.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Spleen 6.4E-08 9.2E-11 1.2E-09 2.5E-09 Spleen 4.4E-08 8.1E-11 1.0E-09 2.4E-09 Spleen 2.8E-08 5.1E-11 6.8E-10 2.4E-09 Spleen 2.0E-08 2.8E-11 5.1E-10 2.4E-09 Spleen 1.1E-08 5.6E-12 3.9E-10 2.4E-09 Spleen 5.9E-09 NA 2.9E-10 2.4E-09 Spleen 1.6E-09 NA 1.1E-10 2.6E-09 Kidneys 5.9E-11 NA 6.3E-12 3.1E-09

3.7E-09 3.4E-09 3.1E-09 2.9E-09 2.8E-09 2.7E-09 2.7E-09 3.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Kidneys

1.4E-06 1.4E-06 1.3E-06 1.0E-06 5.6E-07 3.0E-07 9.2E-08 4.4E-09

Ingestion: f1=0.2 1.6E-09 2.2E-09 2.6E-09 1.8E-09 3.5E-10 NA NA NA

2.4E-08 2.9E-08 2.9E-08 2.2E-08 1.8E-08 1.4E-08 6.4E-09 4.5E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

253

4.8E-08 6.9E-08 8.4E-08 8.9E-08 9.6E-08 1.0E-07 1.3E-07 2.3E-07

7.2E-08 9.8E-08 1.1E-07 1.1E-07 1.1E-07 1.1E-07 1.4E-07 2.3E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Pb-210 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Pb-210 (T1/2=22.3 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.2 Spleen 1.7E-06 2.2E-09 3.2E-08 6.7E-08 Spleen 1.8E-06 3.0E-09 3.9E-08 9.2E-08 Spleen 4.9E-07 5.8E-10 1.5E-08 1.7E-07

9.9E-08 1.3E-07 1.9E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Spleen 7.7E-07 1.0E-09 1.4E-08 2.9E-08 Spleen 8.1E-07 1.5E-09 1.8E-08 4.1E-08 Spleen 1.6E-07 1.6E-10 5.3E-09 5.6E-08

4.3E-08 5.9E-08 6.1E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Spleen 5.8E-08 8.6E-11 1.2E-09 2.4E-09 Spleen 4.3E-08 7.8E-11 1.0E-09 2.4E-09 Spleen 7.3E-09 7.5E-12 2.4E-10 2.6E-09

3.6E-09 3.4E-09 2.8E-09


260*
52* cy

Spleen Spleen Spleen

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

1.3E-06 1.4E-06 3.7E-07

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.2 1.7E-09 2.2E-09 4.4E-10

ecin

utero

2.4E-08 3.0E-08 1.1E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. y

254

5.1E-08 7.0E-08 1.3E-07

7.5E-08 1.0E-07 1.4E-07

ICRP Publication 88

4.24. Polonium 4.24.1. Biokinetic data (398) The fetal transfer of polonium (Po) has been studied using rodents and baboons. There are also limited human data . These results in experimental animals showing a low transfer of polonium to the fetus are in accord with limited data published for humans. Lacassagne and Lattes (1924) reported that salts of polonium deposited in the syncytial cells of the placental chorionic epithelium but detectable amounts of polonium did not appear to pass into the fetal tissue. Elevated concentrations of 210Po in human placentae have been reported by Hill (1966) for populations consuming reindeer and caribou meat. (399) A study of the placental transfer of 210Po in two baboons in late pregnancy (5 months post conception) showed that by 7 days after intravenous injection of 210 Po citrate, retention in each fetus (one per mother) was about 1% of the injected activity (Paquet et al., 1998). Retention in the placenta accounted for 1.8% in one animal and 8% in the other. Concentrations of 210Po in fetal and maternal bone were similar but concentrations in fetal liver, kidneys, and spleen were an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding values for maternal tissues. The overall CF:CM ratio was about 0.2–0.3. The CPl:CM ratio was about 0.5 in one animal and 19 in the other. (400) Accumulation of 210Po in the rat yolk sac and placenta was demonstrated autoradiographically by Hackett et al. (1982) following administration of an equilibrium mixture of 210Pb and 210Po. Haines et al. (1995) administered 210Po in citrate solution to rats and guinea pigs at different stages of pregnancy. Transfer to the fetus, measured 3 days after administration in rats and 7 days later in guinea pigs, increased with increasing gestational age. In rats, retention per fetus accounted for 0.002% of the administered activity on day 13, 0.005% on day 18 and 0.1% at birth. For transfer measured at 13 days, the retention of 210Po by each fetoplacental unit (FPU) was 0.008% of administered activity with about 50% of incorporated activity in the decidua, 20% in the placenta, 25% in the yolk sac and 2% in the fetus. Concentrations were greatest in the yolk sac at 4% of administered activity g
1 compared with 1% g
1 in maternal liver, an order of magnitude lower in placental tissues and two orders of magnitude lower in the fetus. For guinea pigs, retention per fetus increased to about 0.6% of the administered activity on day 57. At this stage, the retention of 210 Po by each FPU was about 3% of administered activity with about 75% in the placenta, 5% in the yolk sac and 20% in the fetus. The concentration of 210Po in the fetus was about 0.01% g
1, corresponding to a CF:CM concentration ratio of 0.1. The retention of 210Po in the rat fetus at birth also corresponded to a CF:CM ratio of 0.1. CPl:CM ratios for rats on day 18 and guinea pigs on day 57 were 2.5 and 5, respectively. (401) A number of models have been proposed for calculating doses to the embryo and fetus from 210Po. A simple model for calculating doses to the fetus from 210Po was described by Stather et al. (1984). It was assumed that there is no placental discrimination against 210Po and that fetal and maternal tissue concentrations were the same from 8–38 weeks of gestation. Harrison et al. (1991) calculated in utero hae255

ICRP Publication 88

mopoietic tissue doses, taking account of concentrations in the blastocyst/egg cylinder, yolk sac, and fetal liver and bone. To calculate doses from 210Po, concentrations ratios for these tissues relative to maternal liver of 1, 2, 0.1, and 0.1, respectively, were applied to periods of human gestation of 0–2.5 weeks, 2.5–6 weeks, 6–12 weeks, and 12–38 weeks, respectively. On this basis, the in utero haemopoietic tissue dose was dominated by contributions from the yolk sac and fetal bone marrow. The overall dose estimate was about 40% lower than that obtained previously by Stather et al. (1984). (402) In a model for polonium described by Sikov and Hui (1996) the concentration of polonium in the fetus following an acute intake by the mother at various times from 60 days after conception was taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal soft tissues (CF:CM=0.1) (other than in liver, kidney, spleen, and red marrow) but with minimal subsequent transfer from maternal tissues to the fetus. For the first 8 weeks of gestation the concentration in the embryo was taken to be the same as that in the maternal uterus. 4.24.2. Models (a) Adult (403) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). It is assumed that of polonium entering the circulation, fractions of 0.3, 0.1, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.45 are taken up by liver, kidneys, spleen, red bone marrow, and all other tissues and retained in all tissues with a biological half-time of 50 days. These parameters are taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (404) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (405) On the basis of the available data a CF:CM ratio of 0.1 is adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for the fetus for intakes of isotopes of polonium both before and during pregnancy. (406) The concentration of polonium in the placenta is taken to be five times that in maternal tissues for intakes before and during pregnancy (CPl:CM=5). (407) In Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) adult biokinetic parameters are applied to infants and children. The same parameters are applied here to distribution in the fetus and to distribution and retention in the offspring from birth. 4.24.3. References for Polonium Hackett, P.L., Hess, J.O., Sikov, M.R. (1982) Effect of dose level and pregnancy on the distribution and toxicity of intravenous lead in rats. J. Toxicol. Eviron. Health 9, 1007–1020. Haines, J.W., Harrison, J.D., Pottinger, H.E. et al. (1995) Transfer of polonium to the embryo and fetus of rats and guinea pigs. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 67, 381–390. 256

ICRP Publication 88 Harrison, J.D., Morgan, A., Haines, J.W. et al. (1991) Fetal uptake of plutonium and polonium in animals and estimates of doses in humans. In: Wilson, A. (Ed.), Meeting Report: CEIR Forum onRradionuclides and External Irradiation: Implications for the Embryo and Fetus. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 60, 543–569. Hill, C.R. (1966) Polonium-210 content of human tissue in relation to dietary habits. Science 152, 1261– 1262. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Lacassagne, A., Lattes, J. (1924) Localisations histologiques spe´ciales du polonium a l’inte´rieur de certains organes. Comp. Rend. Soc. Biol. 90, 485 (cited by Sikov and Hui, 1996). Paquet, F., Poncy, J.-L., Ham, G. et al. (1998) Transfer of Po, Np, Pu and Am to the primate fetus. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 303–306. Stather, J.W., Wrixon, A.D., Simmonds, J.R. (1984) The risks of leukaemia and other cancers in Seascale from radiation exposure. NRPB-R171. HMSO, London, pp. 272–283. Sikov, M.R., Hui, T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation doses. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR-5631 PNL-7445 Rev. 2.

257

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Po-210 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Po-210 (T1/2=138 d) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

ein

utero

epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Spleen 8.8E-14 <1E-15 4.4E-15 Spleen 8.5E-08 3.7E-10 4.2E-09 Spleen 2.7E-06 1.2E-08 1.3E-07 Spleen 5.0E-06 2.3E-08 9.8E-08 Spleen 5.1E-06 7.9E-09 6.0E-08 Spleen 2.3E-06 NA 5.9E-08 Spleen 9.0E-07 NA 5.0E-08 Spleen 2.3E-07 NA 2.0E-08

<1E-15 1.1E-11 3.4E-10 6.6E-10 1.3E-09 2.5E-09 9.3E-09 3.5E-08

4.4E-15 4.2E-09 1.3E-07 9.9E-08 6.1E-08 6.2E-08 5.9E-08 5.5E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Spleen 4.5E-11 1.7E-13 1.6E-12 2.6E-14 Spleen 1.3E-07 4.9E-10 4.9E-09 6.9E-11 Spleen 1.1E-06 4.0E-09 3.7E-08 5.3E-10 Spleen 1.5E-06 5.5E-09 2.7E-08 7.9E-10 Spleen 1.3E-06 1.7E-09 1.9E-08 1.2E-09 Spleen 6.0E-07 NA 1.8E-08 1.8E-09 Spleen 2.3E-07 NA 1.3E-08 4.0E-09 Spleen 4.6E-08 NA 4.0E-09 8.1E-09

1.6E-12 5.0E-09 3.8E-08 2.8E-08 2.0E-08 2.0E-08 1.7E-08 1.2E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Spleen 9.0E-11 2.9E-13 2.9E-12 1.2E-13 Spleen 8.0E-09 2.7E-11 2.7E-10 9.2E-12 Spleen 4.8E-08 1.8E-10 1.8E-09 3.2E-11 Spleen 7.1E-08 2.7E-10 1.3E-09 4.2E-11 Spleen 6.1E-08 8.5E-11 8.9E-10 5.8E-11 Spleen 2.9E-08 NA 8.4E-10 8.2E-11 Spleen 1.1E-08 NA 6.3E-10 1.8E-10 Spleen 2.3E-09 NA 2.0E-10 4.0E-10

3.0E-12 2.8E-10 1.8E-09 1.3E-09 9.5E-10 9.2E-10 8.1E-10 6.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen

1.7E-13 1.7E-07 5.3E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 4.6E-06 1.8E-06 4.6E-07

Ingestion: f1=0.5 <1E-15 7.4E-10 2.3E-08 4.5E-08 1.5E-08 NA NA NA

8.6E-15 8.3E-09 2.6E-07 1.9E-07 1.2E-07 1.2E-07 9.9E-08 3.9E-08

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Note: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’.

258

<1E-15 2.1E-11 6.8E-10 1.3E-09 2.5E-09 4.9E-09 1.8E-08 6.9E-08

8.6E-15 8.3E-09 2.6E-07 1.9E-07 1.2E-07 1.2E-07 1.2E-07 1.1E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Po-210 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Po-210 (T1/2=138 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Spleen 7.8E-08 3.4E-10 3.8E-09 9.9E-12 Spleen 3.9E-07 1.7E-09 1.9E-08 5.0E-11 Spleen 2.3E-06 5.2E-09 5.8E-08 1.0E-08

3.8E-09 1.9E-08 6.8E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.1 Spleen 5.1E-08 1.9E-10 1.9E-09 2.6E-11 Spleen 2.5E-07 9.5E-10 9.3E-09 1.3E-10 Spleen 6.3E-07 1.3E-09 1.6E-08 3.4E-09

1.9E-09 9.4E-09 1.9E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.01 Spleen 2.8E-09 1.0E-11 1.0E-10 2.6E-12 Spleen 1.3E-08 4.6E-11 4.6E-10 1.2E-11 Spleen 3.0E-08 6.2E-11 7.7E-10 1.6E-10

1.0E-10 4.7E-10 9.3E-10


260*
52* cy

Spleen Spleen Spleen

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

1.5E-07 7.7E-07 4.6E-06

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.5 6.8E-10 3.4E-09 1.0E-08

ecin

utero

7.6E-09 3.8E-08 1.1E-07

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. y

259

2.0E-11 9.8E-11 2.0E-08

7.6E-09 3.8E-08 1.3E-07

ICRP Publication 88

4.25. Radium 4.25.1. Biokinetic data (408) Data are available on the transfer of radium (Ra) to the human embryo and fetus following intakes by the mother. The natural radium contents of fetal tissues and tissues from unrelated adults in the Federal Republic of Germany have been reported by Muth et al. (1960). The 226Ra concentrations in fetal bones were approximately equal to those in adult bones (about 480 mBq kg
1). Concentrations of about 7 mBq kg
1 were found in the soft tissues of both fetus and adults. Rajewsky et al. (1965) measured the 226Ra content of bones and soft tissue of approximately 200 human fetuses as well as 40 additional placentas at various stages of gestation. The specific activity of bone ash (37 mBq kg
1) was independent of the stage of gestation, and was identical to that measured in adult bone. Concentrations in fetal soft tissues and the placentas were similar (3.7 10
6 Bq g
1) and did not change throughout gestation; the total content of the fetuses increased during gestation as a result of increasing fetal mass. (409) Schlenker and Keane (1987) reported measurements of the radium content in both mother and fetus for a case in which the mother, who had been a radium dial painter for 5–7 years from age 16, had died (at age 26 years) on the day of delivery of her stillborn child. Occupational exposure to radium ceased at least 2 years before the pregnancy. The fetus was thought to be in the eighth to ninth month of fetal life, the cause of death being placenta previa. From analyses of the mother’s skeleton, which was recovered nearly complete, and that of the fetus, for which about threequarters was recovered, total skeletal retention of 226Ra was estimated as 103 kBq for the mother and 64 (56–74) Bq for the fetus. Total retention in the fetus was estimated as about 0.1% of that in the mother with about half in the fetal skeleton. Assuming that the maternal and fetal skeletons contained 810 g and 27 g of Ca, respectively (see Annex A), the reported 226Ra activities correspond to concentrations of 127 Bq g
1 Ca and 2.4 Bq g
1 Ca, respectively, and a fetal:maternal ratio of about 0.02. 4.25.2. Models (a) Adult (410) For radium entering the circulation, an age-dependent model for the alkaline earth elements, developed by Leggett (1992), was adopted in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). This model applies element-specific parameters for uptake and retention in bone and other tissues. The model is taken to apply also to female adults and has been used here as the basis for a model of transfer of the alkaline earth elements to the fetus, described in Annex A. During pregnancy, absorption of ingested radium is taken to increase from 0.2 to 0.3 during the first trimester, 0.3 to 0.4 during the second trimester and remain at 0.4 throughout the third trimester. For inhaled forms of Ra, changes in intestinal absorption are assumed to parallel those following ingestion, with similar pro rata increases from their recommended values at concep260

ICRP Publication 88

tion. As for other alkaline earth elements, urinary excretion of Ra was increased by doubling the transfer rate from maternal blood to urinary bladder between conception and the end of the first trimester and maintaining this rate throughout the second and third trimester. Bone turnover was unchanged during the first trimester, doubled over the second trimester and maintained at this level throughout the third trimester; all rates to, from, and between bone compartments were doubled. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (411) The dose to the embryo, from conception until the end of the 8th week, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from the 9th week after conception until birth, the dose is estimated using the alkaline earth model described in Annex A. Rates of transfer from maternal blood to fetal blood are derived on the basis of Ca requirements, applying a placental discrimination factor of 0.4 for transfer of Ra relative to Ca. Uptake rates from fetal blood to bone surfaces (and soft tissues) were as derived for Ca. Other rates between fetal skeleton compartments and returns to fetal blood were as specified for Ra for infants in the Publication 67 model. (412) The concentration of radium in the placenta is taken to be the same as that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (413) At birth, Ra in fetal soft tissues is assigned to ST1 in the postnatal model. Trabecular and cortical bone are not distinguished in the fetal model; at birth, 20% of activity is assigned to trabecular compartments and 80% to cortical compartments. (414) Decay products found either in the mother or fetus are assumed to behave independently as described in Annex A. 4.25.3. References for Radium ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Leggett, R.W. (1992) A generic age-specific biokinetic model for calcium-like elements. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 183–198. Muth, M., Rajewsky, B., Hantke, H.J. et al. (1960) The normal radium content and the Ra-226/Ca ratio of various foods, drinking water and different organs and tissues of the human body. Health Phys. 2, 239–245. Rajewsky, B., Belloch-Zimmermann, V., Lohr, E. et al. (1965) Radium-226 in human embryonic tissue, relationship of activity to the stage of pregnancy, measurement of natural 226Ra occurrence in the human placenta. Health Phys. 11, 161–169. Schlenker, R.A., Keane, A.T. (1987) Radium uptake in utero. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordecht, pp. 339–346.

261

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ra-224 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ra-224 (T1/2=3.66 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 1.5E-08 5.3E-14 1.5E-08 <1E-15 All 1.5E-08 5.4E-11 1.5E-08 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-06 5.8E-09 2.4E-07 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-06 NA 2.5E-07 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 NA 2.0E-07 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-06 NA 2.5E-07 2.5E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.5E-08 1.5E-08 2.4E-07 2.5E-07 2.0E-07 2.5E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 3.2E-09 3.3E-14 3.2E-09 <1E-15 All 3.3E-09 3.4E-11 3.3E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-07 1.2E-09 4.8E-08 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-07 NA 5.2E-08 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-07 NA 4.8E-08 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-07 NA 6.0E-08 9.3E-11

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.2E-09 3.3E-09 4.8E-08 5.2E-08 4.8E-08 6.0E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 7.1E-10 2.6E-15 7.1E-10 <1E-15 All 7.2E-10 2.9E-12 7.3E-10 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 1.7E-10 2.8E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-08 NA 3.2E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-08 NA 3.3E-09 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-08 NA 4.1E-09 5.6E-12

<1E-15 <1E-15 7.1E-10 7.3E-10 2.8E-09 3.2E-09 3.3E-09 4.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

All All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-08 1.4E-08 1.7E-06 2.0E-06 2.1E-06 2.7E-06

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.25.2 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 4.0E-14 1.3E-08 4.6E-11 1.4E-08 5.6E-09 2.3E-07 NA 2.6E-07 NA 2.8E-07 NA 3.5E-07

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

262

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.5E-10

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-08 1.4E-08 2.3E-07 2.6E-07 2.8E-07 3.5E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ra-224 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ra-224 (T1/2=3.66 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 All 1.6E-11 <1E-15 1.6E-11 <1E-15 All 8.1E-11 <1E-15 8.1E-11 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 1.8E-09 1.8E-07 1.4E-09

1.6E-11 8.1E-11 1.8E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 All 3.9E-12 <1E-15 3.9E-12 <1E-15 All 1.9E-11 <1E-15 1.9E-11 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 3.8E-10 4.0E-08 3.4E-10

3.9E-12 1.9E-11 4.0E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 All 4.5E-13 <1E-15 4.5E-13 <1E-15 All 2.2E-12 <1E-15 2.2E-12 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-08 5.4E-11 2.7E-09 2.2E-11

4.5E-13 2.2E-12 2.7E-09


260*
52* cy

All All Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 1.4E-11 6.8E-11 1.6E-06

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.25.2 <1E-15 1.4E-11 <1E-15 6.8E-11 1.8E-09 2.2E-07

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients unit take rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

263

<1E-15 <1E-15 2.0E-09

1.4E-11 6.8E-11 2.2E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ra-226 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ra-226 (T1/2=1.60E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-09 1.2E-10 1.5E-09 5.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.5E-10 2.5E-09 8.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-08 2.3E-10 1.7E-08 2.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 3.1E-10 2.5E-08 4.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-06 1.1E-09 2.2E-07 9.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-06 NA 3.4E-07 3.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-06 NA 3.4E-07 1.5E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 NA 1.9E-07 7.1E-08

1.6E-09 2.6E-09 1.7E-08 2.5E-08 2.2E-07 3.4E-07 3.6E-07 2.6E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-09 5.3E-11 8.5E-10 3.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.6E-08 9.8E-11 1.3E-08 6.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 1.9E-10 4.1E-08 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-07 2.6E-10 5.4E-08 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.9E-07 2.7E-10 1.0E-07 3.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.8E-07 NA 1.3E-07 4.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.9E-07 NA 1.2E-07 9.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-07 NA 4.8E-08 2.2E-08

8.9E-10 1.4E-08 4.3E-08 5.6E-08 1.0E-07 1.3E-07 1.3E-07 7.0E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-09 5.9E-12 7.9E-10 6.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 6.6E-12 1.5E-09 1.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-08 1.1E-11 2.2E-09 1.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 1.7E-11 2.7E-09 1.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-08 5.0E-11 5.3E-09 1.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 NA 7.0E-09 2.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-08 NA 7.2E-09 5.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-08 NA 3.2E-09 1.4E-09

8.5E-10 1.6E-09 2.3E-09 2.9E-09 5.5E-09 7.2E-09 7.7E-09 4.6E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 4.1E-09 8.7E-09 7.4E-08 1.4E-07 1.6E-06 2.8E-06 3.7E-06 2.0E-06

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.25.2 8.7E-11 1.1E-09 1.2E-10 1.9E-09 1.8E-10 1.3E-08 2.7E-10 2.2E-08 9.3E-10 2.1E-07 NA 3.7E-07 NA 4.8E-07 NA 2.6E-07

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

264

4.4E-11 6.7E-11 2.0E-10 3.5E-10 9.2E-10 3.4E-09 2.1E-08 1.0E-07

1.1E-09 2.0E-09 1.3E-08 2.2E-08 2.1E-07 3.7E-07 5.0E-07 3.6E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ra-226 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ra-226 (T1/2=1.60E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 8.3E-09 1.2E-10 1.9E-09 6.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-08 1.6E-10 3.8E-09 1.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-06 4.9E-10 2.3E-07 2.0E-08

2.0E-09 3.9E-09 2.5E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-08 6.3E-11 4.1E-09 2.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-07 1.1E-10 1.6E-08 8.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 6.9E-07 1.4E-10 9.0E-08 8.9E-09

4.3E-09 1.7E-08 9.9E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-09 6.0E-12 8.9E-10 7.0E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-08 7.1E-12 1.5E-09 1.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-08 1.5E-11 5.2E-09 5.4E-10

9.6E-10 1.6E-09 5.7E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 6.3E-09 1.6E-08 2.2E-06

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.25.2 9.1E-11 1.4E-09 1.2E-10 2.9E-09 4.4E-10 2.9E-07

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

265

5.0E-11 8.3E-11 2.8E-08

1.5E-09 3.0E-09 3.2E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Ra-228 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Ra-228 (T1/2=5.75 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-07 6.0E-10 2.0E-08 5.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-07 3.7E-10 1.6E-08 8.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-07 2.6E-10 1.5E-08 3.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-07 2.9E-10 1.6E-08 4.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-07 3.5E-10 3.7E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-07 NA 6.6E-08 4.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-07 NA 5.6E-08 1.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-08 NA 8.1E-09 5.8E-07

2.0E-08 1.7E-08 1.8E-08 2.1E-08 5.0E-08 1.1E-07 2.4E-07 5.9E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-07 1.3E-09 8.4E-08 8.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 7.6E-07 1.2E-09 1.0E-07 6.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-07 3.4E-10 6.0E-08 1.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-07 2.1E-10 5.0E-08 2.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-07 2.1E-10 4.4E-08 3.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 NA 4.1E-08 4.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 NA 2.2E-08 9.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-08 NA 2.2E-09 1.7E-07

8.5E-08 1.1E-07 7.9E-08 7.4E-08 7.6E-08 8.7E-08 1.1E-07 1.7E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.9E-10 2.1E-08 5.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-08 9.6E-11 6.8E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-08 6.4E-11 2.9E-09 1.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-08 7.5E-11 2.4E-09 1.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-08 1.5E-10 2.2E-09 1.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-08 NA 2.2E-09 2.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-09 NA 1.4E-09 5.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 NA 2.2E-10 1.1E-08

2.2E-08 7.8E-09 4.2E-09 3.8E-09 3.9E-09 4.6E-09 6.7E-09 1.1E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 9.8E-08 8.0E-08 8.1E-08 1.0E-07 2.6E-07 5.4E-07 6.0E-07 8.5E-08

hBrain

ein

utero

- see section 4.25.2 4.5E-10 1.5E-08 2.8E-10 1.2E-08 2.0E-10 1.2E-08 2.5E-10 1.4E-08 6.4E-10 3.5E-08 NA 7.2E-08 NA 7.9E-08 NA 1.1E-08

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

266

3.8E-10 6.4E-10 2.2E-09 4.0E-09 1.3E-08 5.1E-08 2.5E-07 8.2E-07

1.5E-08 1.3E-08 1.4E-08 1.8E-08 4.8E-08 1.2E-07 3.3E-07 8.3E-07

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Ra-228 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Ra-228 (T1/2=5.75 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-07 5.3E-10 1.9E-08 5.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-07 3.6E-10 1.6E-08 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-07 1.2E-10 3.9E-08 1.8E-07

2.0E-08 1.7E-08 2.2E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-07 1.2E-09 7.9E-08 2.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.2E-07 1.1E-09 9.8E-08 7.9E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-07 8.5E-11 3.0E-08 7.8E-08

8.1E-08 1.1E-07 1.1E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1 - see section 4.25.2 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-07 2.5E-10 1.8E-08 6.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-08 9.9E-11 6.8E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 4.3E-11 1.6E-09 4.7E-09

1.9E-08 7.8E-09 6.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

Ingestion: f1 9.3E-08 8.0E-08 3.5E-07

hcBrain

ecin

utero

- see section 4.25.2 4.0E-10 1.4E-08 2.7E-10 1.2E-08 1.7E-10 4.6E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

267

4.5E-10 8.3E-10 2.5E-07

1.4E-08 1.3E-08 3.0E-07

ICRP Publication 88

4.26. Thorium 4.26.1. Biokinetic data (415) Weiner et al. (1985) gave preliminary data on concentrations of environmental thorium (Th) in human fetoplacental tissues in the first trimester. However, the levels were at the limit of detection of the method; detectable levels were not reported for older fetuses. Wrenn (1979) measured the level of 228Th in human tissues after still birth as 20 mBq kg
1. (416) Maurer et al. (1950) and Engels et al. (1950) administered thorium nitrate to rats (4 mg Th per animal ffi 16 mg kg
1 body weight) at various stages of pregnancy and measured fetal and maternal tissue uptake at 30 minutes to 5 days after injection. In all cases fetal concentrations remained essentially constant after 3 hours. In one rat injected at 14 days of pregnancy the fetal concentration was 0.13% g
1 and the CF:CM ratio was  0.3. The concentration of Th in the fetus decreased rapidly from day 14 to levels between 0.0001 and 0.0002% g
1 after day 18. 4.26.2. Models (a) Adult (417) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995). For thorium reaching the circulation, as for plutonium, the main sites of deposition are the liver and skeleton. As discussed for plutonium (Section 4.29), an actinide model is used that takes account of the redistribution of elements between and within tissues, particularly bone, and loss by excretion (ICRP, 1993). The model uses element-specific data for transfer rates. Isotopes of other elements produced in the body by the decay of thorium isotopes are considered generally to have their own biokinetic behaviour, depending on the site where they have been produced. This model is taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (418) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (419) By analogy with plutonium (Section 4.29), the CF:CM ratios adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for intakes of thorium during pregnancy are 0.1 for all of the first trimester (90 days), increasing to 0.3 at the end of the second trimester (180 days) and 1.0 at term (266 days). A CF:CM ratio of 0.03 is used for intakes prior to pregnancy (Figure 3.2). (420) The concentration of thorium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and twice that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). (421) The distribution of Th in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995), is taken to be 0.8 to the 268

ICRP Publication 88

skeleton, 0.05 to liver, and 0.15 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. (422) Decay products found either in the mother or fetus are assumed to behave independently as described in Annex A. 4.26.3. References for Thorium Engels, A., Maurer, W., Niklas, A. (1950) U¨ber das Verhalten von Thorium in graviden und nichtgraviden Ratten. Z. Gesamte Exp. Med. 115, 525–533. ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 3. Dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. Annals of the ICRP 25 (1). Maurer, W., Niklas, A., Engels, A. (1950) U¨ber die Durchla¨ssigkeit der Rattenplacenta fu¨r Thoriumionen bei verschiedener Gravidita¨tsdauer. Z. Gesamte Exp. Med. 115, 510–524. Weiner, R.E., McInroy, J.F., Wegst, A.V. (1985) Determination of environmental levels of Pu, Am, U and Th in human fetal tissue. Health Phys. 49, 141. Wrenn, M.E. (1979) In: Actinides in Animals and Man. RD Press, Salt Lake City, p. 207.

269

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Th-228 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Th-228 (T1/2=1.91 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Spleen 3.4E-06 8.4E-08 4.7E-07 1.2E-07 Spleen 6.9E-06 1.7E-07 9.7E-07 2.5E-07 Spleen 8.3E-06 2.1E-07 1.5E-06 9.8E-07 Spleen 8.4E-06 2.2E-07 1.4E-06 1.0E-06 Kidneys 6.7E-06 1.2E-07 1.3E-06 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-06 NA 1.3E-06 1.5E-06 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-06 NA 1.2E-06 3.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-06 NA 4.8E-07 1.1E-05

5.9E-07 1.2E-06 2.5E-06 2.4E-06 2.4E-06 2.8E-06 4.6E-06 1.1E-05


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Spleen 1.3E-06 3.2E-08 1.8E-07 4.4E-08 Spleen 2.3E-06 5.6E-08 3.3E-07 9.0E-08 Kidneys+ 2.0E-06 4.6E-08 4.0E-07 3.2E-07 Kidneys 1.8E-06 3.8E-08 3.5E-07 3.2E-07 Kidneys 1.5E-06 1.7E-08 2.9E-07 3.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 2.7E-07 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 2.1E-07 8.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-07 NA 6.0E-08 1.5E-06

2.2E-07 4.2E-07 7.2E-07 6.7E-07 6.1E-07 6.9E-07 1.0E-06 1.6E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Spleen 7.9E-08 1.9E-09 1.1E-08 3.0E-09 Spleen 7.2E-08 1.7E-09 1.1E-08 3.5E-09 Kidneys 5.1E-08 1.1E-09 1.0E-08 9.8E-09 Kidneys 4.4E-08 8.7E-10 8.7E-09 9.3E-09 Kidneys 3.5E-08 4.1E-10 7.0E-09 8.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-08 NA 6.1E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-08 NA 4.4E-09 1.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.5E-09 NA 1.1E-09 2.7E-08

1.4E-08 1.5E-08 2.0E-08 1.8E-08 1.6E-08 1.7E-08 2.2E-08 2.8E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Spleen Kidneys Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 7.0E-09 1.7E-10 1.4E-08 3.5E-10 1.8E-08 4.3E-10 1.8E-08 4.5E-10 2.3E-08 7.5E-10 1.5E-08 NA 1.9E-08 NA 1.6E-08 NA

ein

utero

9.6E-10 2.0E-09 3.8E-09 3.6E-09 3.3E-09 3.3E-09 3.5E-09 2.6E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

270

2.4E-10 5.1E-10 2.0E-09 2.1E-09 2.2E-09 3.0E-09 7.0E-09 2.2E-08

1.2E-09 2.5E-09 5.8E-09 5.7E-09 5.5E-09 6.3E-09 1.0E-08 2.5E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Th-228 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Th-228 (T1/2=1.91 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Spleen 3.9E-06 9.6E-08 5.4E-07 1.3E-07 Spleen 7.0E-06 1.7E-07 9.8E-07 2.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 9.2E-06 6.5E-08 1.7E-06 3.4E-06

6.7E-07 1.2E-06 5.1E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Spleen 1.4E-06 3.4E-08 1.9E-07 5.0E-08 Spleen 2.2E-06 5.4E-08 3.2E-07 8.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-06 1.1E-08 3.6E-07 8.4E-07

2.4E-07 4.1E-07 1.2E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Spleen 7.0E-08 1.7E-09 1.0E-08 2.8E-09 Spleen 7.0E-08 1.7E-09 1.1E-08 3.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-08 2.6E-10 8.4E-09 2.1E-08

1.3E-08 1.4E-08 2.9E-08


260*
52* cy

Spleen Spleen Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 7.9E-09 2.0E-10 1.1E-09 1.4E-08 3.6E-10 2.0E-09 2.3E-08 2.4E-10 4.4E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

271

2.8E-10 5.1E-10 7.0E-09

1.4E-09 2.5E-09 1.1E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Th-230 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Th-230 (T1/2=7.70E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-07 5.6E-09 9.2E-08 3.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-07 7.0E-09 1.1E-07 3.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 1.0E-08 2.6E-07 1.3E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 1.1E-08 2.2E-07 1.3E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 2.9E-09 1.9E-07 1.3E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 NA 2.1E-07 1.7E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-06 NA 2.6E-07 3.7E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 1.8E-07 1.1E-05

4.5E-07 4.9E-07 1.6E-06 1.5E-06 1.5E-06 1.9E-06 4.0E-06 1.1E-05


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-07 2.2E-09 3.5E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.3E-09 3.5E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-07 2.2E-09 6.4E-08 4.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 1.8E-09 5.4E-08 4.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 4.0E-10 4.3E-08 3.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 NA 4.5E-08 4.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.2E-07 NA 4.6E-08 8.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 NA 2.2E-08 1.6E-06

1.7E-07 1.7E-07 4.7E-07 4.5E-07 4.2E-07 5.2E-07 9.1E-07 1.6E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 1.4E-10 2.3E-09 9.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-09 6.9E-11 1.1E-09 5.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 4.6E-11 1.6E-09 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-09 3.2E-11 1.3E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-09 6.9E-12 9.8E-10 1.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-09 NA 9.7E-10 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-09 NA 9.0E-10 1.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-09 NA 3.5E-10 2.7E-08

1.2E-08 6.4E-09 1.5E-08 1.3E-08 1.1E-08 1.3E-08 2.0E-08 2.7E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 8.7E-10 1.1E-11 9.2E-10 1.4E-11 2.9E-09 2.1E-11 2.8E-09 2.2E-11 2.6E-09 6.3E-12 2.9E-09 NA 3.7E-09 NA 2.5E-09 NA

ein

utero

1.9E-10 2.2E-10 5.2E-10 4.6E-10 3.8E-10 4.2E-10 5.3E-10 3.6E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

272

7.5E-10 7.7E-10 2.6E-09 2.6E-09 2.6E-09 3.5E-09 7.5E-09 2.2E-08

9.4E-10 9.9E-10 3.1E-09 3.1E-09 3.0E-09 3.9E-09 8.0E-09 2.2E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Th-230 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Th-230 (T1/2=7.70E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-07 5.7E-09 9.4E-08 3.7E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-07 7.0E-09 1.1E-07 3.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-06 5.2E-09 3.7E-07 3.8E-06

4.6E-07 4.9E-07 4.2E-06

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-07 2.1E-09 3.5E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.2E-09 3.4E-08 1.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-07 8.7E-10 8.2E-08 9.6E-07 Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-09 1.3E-10 2.1E-09 8.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.1E-09 6.7E-11 1.1E-09 5.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 1.6E-11 1.8E-09 2.4E-08


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+


260*
52* cy

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 8.8E-10 1.2E-11 1.9E-10 9.2E-10 1.4E-11 2.2E-10 5.2E-09 1.1E-11 7.6E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

273

7.5E-10 7.7E-10 7.8E-09

1.7E-07 1.6E-07 1.0E-06 1.1E-08 6.4E-09 2.6E-08 9.4E-10 9.9E-10 8.6E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Th-232 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Th-232 (T1/2=1.40E+10 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-07 1.0E-08 1.1E-07 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-07 6.7E-09 9.6E-08 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 9.0E-09 2.2E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 9.2E-09 1.9E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 2.5E-09 1.6E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 1.8E-07 1.9E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 NA 2.2E-07 4.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 NA 1.5E-07 1.2E-05

5.3E-07 5.2E-07 1.6E-06 1.6E-06 1.6E-06 2.1E-06 4.3E-06 1.2E-05


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 3.9E-09 4.3E-08 1.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-07 2.2E-09 3.2E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-07 1.9E-09 5.6E-08 4.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 1.5E-09 4.6E-08 4.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-07 3.4E-10 3.7E-08 4.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-07 NA 3.8E-08 5.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-07 NA 3.9E-08 9.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-07 NA 1.9E-08 1.7E-06

2.0E-07 1.8E-07 5.2E-07 5.0E-07 4.7E-07 5.7E-07 1.0E-06 1.7E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-08 3.2E-10 3.2E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-09 7.2E-11 1.1E-09 6.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.6E-09 4.1E-11 1.4E-09 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-09 2.9E-11 1.1E-09 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-09 6.2E-12 8.5E-10 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-09 NA 8.4E-10 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-09 NA 7.7E-10 2.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-09 NA 3.0E-10 3.0E-08

1.4E-08 7.1E-09 1.5E-08 1.4E-08 1.3E-08 1.5E-08 2.2E-08 3.0E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 9.1E-10 2.1E-11 8.2E-10 1.4E-11 2.5E-09 1.9E-11 2.4E-09 1.9E-11 2.3E-09 5.5E-12 2.5E-09 NA 3.1E-09 NA 2.1E-09 NA

ein

utero

2.3E-10 2.0E-10 4.5E-10 4.0E-10 3.3E-10 3.7E-10 4.5E-10 3.1E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

274

8.5E-10 8.6E-10 2.9E-09 2.9E-09 2.9E-09 3.8E-09 8.4E-09 2.4E-08

1.1E-09 1.1E-09 3.4E-09 3.3E-09 3.2E-09 4.2E-09 8.8E-09 2.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Th-232 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Th-232 (T1/2=1.40E+10 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-07 1.1E-08 1.2E-07 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-07 6.7E-09 9.6E-08 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-06 4.4E-09 3.2E-07 4.2E-06

5.4E-07 5.2E-07 4.5E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 4.0E-09 4.3E-08 1.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-07 2.2E-09 3.1E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-07 7.5E-10 7.0E-08 1.1E-06

2.0E-07 1.8E-07 1.2E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-08 3.4E-10 3.2E-09 1.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-09 7.3E-11 1.1E-09 5.9E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.4E-11 1.6E-09 2.6E-08

1.3E-08 7.0E-09 2.8E-08


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 9.3E-10 2.3E-11 2.4E-10 8.2E-10 1.4E-11 2.0E-10 4.5E-09 9.2E-12 6.6E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

275

8.5E-10 8.6E-10 8.7E-09

1.1E-09 1.1E-09 9.4E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Th-234 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Th-234 (T1/2=24.1 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 7.0E-14 <1E-15 1.2E-14 6.9E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-12 8.9E-14 1.2E-12 8.5E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-10 2.6E-11 3.6E-10 2.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 7.4E-11 3.5E-10 6.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 6.2E-11 3.0E-10 1.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-09 NA 4.2E-10 5.2E-12 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-09 NA 9.6E-10 8.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 NA 1.5E-09 1.8E-09

1.9E-14 1.2E-12 3.6E-10 3.5E-10 3.0E-10 4.3E-10 1.0E-09 3.3E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-14 <1E-15 2.4E-15 1.4E-15 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-13 2.9E-14 3.9E-13 1.8E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-10 5.7E-12 6.0E-11 8.1E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 1.2E-11 5.8E-11 1.8E-13 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-10 1.2E-11 5.1E-11 4.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-10 NA 7.1E-11 1.5E-12 Red Marrow+ 9.5E-10 NA 1.5E-10 1.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 1.8E-10 2.6E-10

3.8E-15 3.9E-13 6.0E-11 5.8E-11 5.1E-11 7.2E-11 1.7E-10 4.4E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-14 1.3E-15 1.3E-14 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.9E-12 2.6E-13 5.7E-12 2.4E-15 Red Marrow+ 8.4E-12 8.0E-13 5.7E-12 5.2E-15 Red Marrow+ 9.5E-12 4.4E-12 5.4E-12 1.2E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-11 NA 5.7E-12 3.7E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-11 NA 6.5E-12 4.3E-13 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-11 NA 5.3E-12 4.6E-12

<1E-15 1.3E-14 5.7E-12 5.7E-12 5.4E-12 5.7E-12 6.9E-12 9.9E-12


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ All All Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 3.4E-15 <1E-15 1.7E-11 5.4E-14 1.7E-11 1.5E-13 1.9E-11 1.6E-11 2.0E-11 NA 2.5E-11 NA 2.9E-11 NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 2.5E-15 1.7E-11 1.8E-11 1.7E-11 1.6E-11 1.4E-11 1.1E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

276

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 1.3E-15 3.1E-15 1.1E-14 1.7E-13 3.7E-12

<1E-15 2.5E-15 1.7E-11 1.8E-11 1.7E-11 1.6E-11 1.4E-11 1.5E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Th-234 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Th-234 (T1/2=24.1 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-12 3.4E-13 4.9E-12 8.0E-15 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-11 1.7E-12 2.4E-11 1.4E-14 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-09 4.9E-11 7.9E-10 1.6E-10

4.9E-12 2.4E-11 9.5E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-12 8.4E-14 1.0E-12 1.8E-15 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-12 4.2E-13 5.0E-12 3.5E-15 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-10 8.0E-12 1.3E-10 2.5E-11

1.0E-12 5.0E-12 1.5E-10


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-14 4.2E-15 3.9E-14 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-13 2.1E-14 2.0E-13 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-11 1.1E-12 6.2E-12 4.7E-13

3.9E-14 2.0E-13 6.7E-12


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ All Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 2.5E-14 <1E-15 2.2E-14 1.1E-13 3.5E-15 1.1E-13 2.3E-11 3.5E-12 1.5E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

277

<1E-15 <1E-15 3.2E-13

2.2E-14 1.1E-13 1.5E-11

ICRP Publication 88

4.27. Uranium 4.27.1. Biokinetic data (423) Weiner et al. (1985) measured significant concentrations of environmental uranium (U) in 3 out of 7 first trimester samples from human abortuses and 12 out of 16 second trimester samples. Combining all data, a concentration range of about 2–5 mBq kg
1 was obtained compared with average adult concentrations of about 30 mBq kg
1, corresponding to a CF:CM ratio of about 0.1. (424) Sikov and Mahlum (1968) administered 9 mmol kg
1 233U citrate intravenously to rats on day 15 or 19 of pregnancy; at the pH of blood this would be converted to the bicarbonate. After 24 hours, concentrations in the fetuses were 0.01 and 0.03% injected activity g
1, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in the placenta were 0.01% g
1 and 0.05% g
1 and those in fetal membranes were 0.1% g
1 and 0.3% g
1. The CF:CM ratio for the whole fetuses can be estimated as 0.1 and 0.3 for day 15 and 19, respectively. At 16 days, the concentration in the fetal liver was 0.01% injected activity g
1, corresponding to concentration ratio for this organ of about 0.3. At 20 days, the concentrations in the fetal liver and femora were 0.08% g
1 and 0.7% g
1, respectively, corresponding to concentration ratios for these organs of 3 and 1, respectively. (425) Sikov (1987) and Sikov and Rommereim (1986) reported studies of placental transfer of 233U administered as citrate to rats on day 9, 15 or 19 of pregnancy. After administration on day 9, highest concentrations in the egg cylinder (0.07% g
1) were at one day after exposure. The concentrations in the embryo, fetus, and placenta decreased thereafter, although concentrations in fetal membranes remained constant. The concentrations in the fetus at one day after administration on day 15 or 19 were 0.004% g
1, and 0.009% g
1, respectively. The corresponding concentrations in the placenta were 0.02% g
1 and 0.04% g
1 and in fetal membranes were 0.2% g
1 and 0.4% g
1. Estimated average maternal concentrations suggest CF:CM ratios of 0.02 on day 16 and 0.06 on day 20 and CPl:CM ratios of 0.1 and 0.3, respectively. 4.27.2. Models (a) Adult (426) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995). The principal site of retention of uranium in the body is the skeleton. Because uranium tends to follow the behaviour of calcium in bone, the model used for the alkaline earth elements is applied, using transfer rates specific for uranium. Isotopes of other elements produced in the body by the decay of uranium isotopes are considered to have their own biokinetic behaviour depending on the site where they have been produced. This model is taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (427) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. 278

ICRP Publication 88

(428) On the basis of the data available, the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for uranium given in this report is 1 for intakes during pregnancy and 0.1 for intakes prior to pregnancy. (429) The concentration of uranium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and equal to that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (430) The distribution of U in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant in Publication 69 (ICRP, 1995), is taken to be 0.8 to skeleton, 0.02 to kidneys, and 0.18 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. (431) Decay products found either in the mother or fetus are assumed to behave independently as described in Annex C. 4.27.3. References for Uranium ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 3. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. Annals of the ICRP 25 (1). Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (1968) Cross placental transfer of selected actinides in the rat. Health Phys. 14, 205–208. Sikov, M.R., Rommereim, D.N. (1986) Evaluation of the embryotoxicity of uranium in rats. Teratology 33, 41C. Sikov, M.R. (1987) Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 303–314. Weiner, R.E., McInroy, J.F., Wegst, A.V. (1985) Determination of environmental levels of Pu, Am, U, and Th in human fetal tissue. Health Phys. 49, 141.

279

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of U-232 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of U-232 (T1/2=72.0 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Spleen 4.7E-07 1.1E-08 7.2E-08 2.3E-08 Kidneys 3.0E-07 6.5E-09 5.1E-08 2.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 8.4E-09 1.9E-07 2.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 1.1E-08 2.0E-07 2.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 8.7E-09 2.2E-07 2.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 NA 2.1E-07 2.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 NA 1.5E-07 3.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-07 NA 6.2E-08 6.9E-07

9.5E-08 7.4E-08 3.9E-07 4.1E-07 4.4E-07 4.5E-07 4.7E-07 7.5E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Spleen 3.5E-07 8.4E-09 5.1E-08 1.3E-08 Kidneys 2.6E-07 5.6E-09 4.2E-08 1.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-07 3.1E-09 7.8E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-07 2.6E-09 7.4E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-07 1.4E-09 6.8E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-07 NA 5.7E-08 1.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-07 NA 3.4E-08 1.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-08 NA 8.8E-09 1.3E-07

6.4E-08 5.8E-08 1.8E-07 1.7E-07 1.7E-07 1.7E-07 1.5E-07 1.4E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Spleen 5.1E-08 1.2E-09 7.8E-09 2.1E-09 Kidneys 1.3E-08 2.5E-10 2.2E-09 9.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-08 9.2E-11 2.6E-09 4.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-08 7.0E-11 2.3E-09 3.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 3.6E-11 2.0E-09 3.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 NA 1.6E-09 3.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-09 NA 8.9E-10 3.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 NA 2.1E-10 3.1E-09

9.9E-09 3.2E-09 6.7E-09 6.1E-09 5.6E-09 5.1E-09 4.3E-09 3.3E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Spleen Kidneys Bone sur Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 3.9E-08 9.1E-10 2.4E-08 5.3E-10 9.0E-08 6.9E-10 1.0E-07 8.6E-10 1.2E-07 7.1E-10 1.1E-07 NA 8.6E-08 NA 3.5E-08 NA

ein

utero

5.9E-09 4.1E-09 1.5E-08 1.6E-08 1.8E-08 1.7E-08 1.2E-08 5.0E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

280

1.9E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-08 1.7E-08 1.8E-08 2.0E-08 2.6E-08 5.6E-08

7.8E-09 6.0E-09 3.2E-08 3.3E-08 3.6E-08 3.7E-08 3.8E-08 6.1E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of U-232 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of U-232 (T1/2=72.0 y) for different exposure scenarios Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy
260*
52* cy
260*
52* cy
260*
52* cy

ecpostnatal

ecoffspring

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Kidneys+ 4.3E-07 1.0E-08 6.8E-08 2.2E-08 Kidneys 2.9E-07 6.4E-09 5.1E-08 2.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 3.4E-09 1.7E-07 3.7E-07

9.0E-08 7.4E-08 5.4E-07

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Spleen 3.1E-07 7.3E-09 4.6E-08 1.3E-08 Kidneys 2.5E-07 5.3E-09 4.1E-08 1.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-07 7.6E-10 5.2E-08 1.3E-07 Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Spleen 4.5E-08 1.1E-09 6.8E-09 1.9E-09 Kidneys 1.4E-08 2.6E-10 2.2E-09 9.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 2.1E-11 1.5E-09 4.1E-09 Kidneys+ Kidneys Bone sur

Ingestion: f1=0.02 3.5E-08 8.3E-10 2.4E-08 5.2E-10 9.4E-08 2.7E-10

5.5E-09 4.2E-09 1.4E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

281

1.8E-09 1.9E-09 3.0E-08

5.9E-08 5.7E-08 1.8E-07 8.7E-09 3.2E-09 5.6E-09 7.3E-09 6.1E-09 4.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of U-233 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of U-233 (T1/2=1.58E+05 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-08 3.7E-10 9.1E-09 2.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-08 4.3E-10 1.1E-08 2.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.9E-07 5.0E-09 1.4E-07 3.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 7.9E-09 1.6E-07 3.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 7.5E-09 1.8E-07 3.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 1.7E-07 3.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.1E-07 NA 1.3E-07 4.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-07 NA 5.5E-08 1.1E-07

1.1E-08 1.4E-08 1.7E-07 1.9E-07 2.1E-07 2.1E-07 1.8E-07 1.7E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-08 1.5E-10 3.7E-09 9.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-08 2.2E-10 5.0E-09 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-07 1.6E-09 5.0E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 1.7E-09 5.1E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 1.2E-09 5.1E-08 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 NA 4.4E-08 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-07 NA 2.7E-08 1.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-08 NA 7.8E-09 1.9E-08

4.6E-09 6.2E-09 6.3E-08 6.4E-08 6.5E-08 5.8E-08 4.3E-08 2.7E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-09 1.2E-11 2.9E-10 7.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 9.2E-12 2.2E-10 5.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 4.3E-11 1.6E-09 5.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 4.5E-11 1.5E-09 5.0E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 2.9E-11 1.4E-09 4.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-09 NA 1.2E-09 4.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-09 NA 7.0E-10 4.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 NA 1.9E-10 4.7E-10

3.7E-10 2.8E-10 2.1E-09 2.0E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-09 1.1E-09 6.6E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.5E-09 3.0E-11 5.5E-09 3.5E-11 7.3E-08 4.0E-10 8.6E-08 6.5E-10 1.1E-07 6.1E-10 9.8E-08 NA 7.4E-08 NA 3.1E-08 NA

ein

utero

7.4E-10 8.9E-10 1.1E-08 1.3E-08 1.5E-08 1.4E-08 1.0E-08 4.4E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

282

1.9E-10 2.2E-10 2.4E-09 2.5E-09 2.7E-09 2.9E-09 3.9E-09 8.6E-09

9.3E-10 1.1E-09 1.3E-08 1.5E-08 1.8E-08 1.7E-08 1.4E-08 1.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of U-233 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of U-233 (T1/2=1.58E+05 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-08 3.9E-10 9.5E-09 2.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.1E-08 5.1E-10 1.2E-08 2.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-07 2.6E-09 1.3E-07 5.3E-08

1.2E-08 1.5E-08 1.8E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-08 1.7E-10 3.9E-09 9.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-08 2.4E-10 5.2E-09 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-07 5.1E-10 3.4E-08 1.6E-08

4.9E-09 6.4E-09 5.0E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 1.2E-11 2.8E-10 7.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 9.5E-12 2.2E-10 5.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-09 1.3E-11 9.5E-10 4.8E-10

3.6E-10 2.8E-10 1.4E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.6E-09 3.2E-11 5.8E-09 4.1E-11 7.6E-08 2.1E-10

ecin

utero

7.8E-10 1.0E-09 1.1E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

283

1.9E-10 2.2E-10 4.3E-09

9.7E-10 1.2E-09 1.5E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of U-234 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of U-234 (T1/2=2.44E+05 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 3.6E-10 8.9E-09 2.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.7E-08 4.2E-10 1.1E-08 2.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.8E-07 4.9E-09 1.4E-07 2.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-06 7.8E-09 1.6E-07 3.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 7.3E-09 1.8E-07 3.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 1.7E-07 3.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.0E-07 NA 1.3E-07 4.5E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-07 NA 5.4E-08 1.0E-07

1.1E-08 1.4E-08 1.7E-07 1.9E-07 2.1E-07 2.0E-07 1.8E-07 1.5E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-08 1.4E-10 3.6E-09 8.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-08 2.1E-10 4.9E-09 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-07 1.5E-09 5.0E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 1.7E-09 5.1E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 1.2E-09 5.0E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 NA 4.3E-08 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-07 NA 2.7E-08 1.5E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 NA 7.7E-09 1.8E-08

4.5E-09 6.0E-09 6.2E-08 6.4E-08 6.3E-08 5.7E-08 4.2E-08 2.6E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-09 1.1E-11 2.8E-10 7.2E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 9.0E-12 2.2E-10 5.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 4.2E-11 1.6E-09 4.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 4.4E-11 1.5E-09 4.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 2.8E-11 1.4E-09 4.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.3E-09 NA 1.2E-09 4.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-09 NA 6.9E-10 4.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 NA 1.8E-10 4.5E-10

3.5E-10 2.8E-10 2.1E-09 2.0E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-09 1.1E-09 6.3E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.4E-09 2.9E-11 5.4E-09 3.4E-11 7.2E-08 4.0E-10 8.5E-08 6.4E-10 1.0E-07 5.9E-10 9.6E-08 NA 7.3E-08 NA 3.1E-08 NA

ein

utero

7.2E-10 8.8E-10 1.1E-08 1.3E-08 1.5E-08 1.4E-08 1.0E-08 4.4E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

284

1.8E-10 2.1E-10 2.3E-09 2.4E-09 2.6E-09 2.8E-09 3.7E-09 8.2E-09

9.0E-10 1.1E-09 1.3E-08 1.5E-08 1.8E-08 1.7E-08 1.4E-08 1.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of U-234 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of U-234 (T1/2=2.44E+05 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-08 3.8E-10 9.4E-09 2.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.0E-08 5.0E-10 1.2E-08 2.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.2E-07 2.5E-09 1.3E-07 5.1E-08

1.2E-08 1.5E-08 1.8E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-08 1.6E-10 3.9E-09 9.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-08 2.3E-10 5.2E-09 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-07 5.1E-10 3.4E-08 1.5E-08

4.8E-09 6.3E-09 4.9E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 1.1E-11 2.7E-10 6.9E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 9.2E-12 2.2E-10 5.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-09 1.3E-11 9.4E-10 4.5E-10

3.4E-10 2.8E-10 1.4E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.6E-09 3.1E-11 5.7E-09 4.0E-11 7.5E-08 2.1E-10

ecin

utero

7.6E-10 9.9E-10 1.1E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

285

1.8E-10 2.1E-10 4.1E-09

9.4E-10 1.2E-09 1.5E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of U-235 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of U-235 (T1/2=7.04E+08 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-08 3.4E-10 8.3E-09 2.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-08 4.0E-10 1.0E-08 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.2E-07 4.5E-09 1.3E-07 2.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-07 7.3E-09 1.4E-07 2.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 6.8E-09 1.7E-07 3.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 NA 1.6E-07 3.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 8.3E-07 NA 1.2E-07 4.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 NA 5.0E-08 9.5E-08

1.0E-08 1.3E-08 1.6E-07 1.7E-07 2.0E-07 1.9E-07 1.6E-07 1.5E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 1.4E-10 3.4E-09 8.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-08 2.0E-10 4.6E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 1.4E-09 4.6E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.2E-07 1.6E-09 4.7E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.2E-07 1.1E-09 4.6E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-07 NA 4.0E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 NA 2.5E-08 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-08 NA 7.1E-09 1.7E-08

4.2E-09 5.6E-09 5.8E-08 5.9E-08 5.9E-08 5.3E-08 3.9E-08 2.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 1.3E-11 2.8E-10 6.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 1.2E-11 2.2E-10 5.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 4.6E-11 1.5E-09 4.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.8E-09 5.0E-11 1.5E-09 4.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-09 5.8E-11 1.4E-09 4.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 7.8E-09 NA 1.1E-09 4.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-09 NA 6.7E-10 4.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 1.9E-10 4.3E-10

3.5E-10 2.7E-10 2.0E-09 1.9E-09 1.8E-09 1.5E-09 1.1E-09 6.2E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.1E-09 2.7E-11 5.0E-09 3.2E-11 6.7E-08 3.7E-10 7.9E-08 5.9E-10 9.6E-08 6.7E-10 9.0E-08 NA 6.8E-08 NA 2.9E-08 NA

ein

utero

6.7E-10 8.1E-10 1.1E-08 1.2E-08 1.4E-08 1.3E-08 9.7E-09 4.1E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

286

1.7E-10 2.0E-10 2.2E-09 2.3E-09 2.4E-09 2.6E-09 3.5E-09 7.8E-09

8.4E-10 1.0E-09 1.3E-08 1.4E-08 1.6E-08 1.6E-08 1.3E-08 1.2E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of U-235 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of U-235 (T1/2=7.04E+08 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.2E-08 3.6E-10 8.7E-09 2.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.5E-08 4.7E-10 1.1E-08 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-07 2.4E-09 1.2E-07 4.8E-08

1.1E-08 1.4E-08 1.7E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-08 1.5E-10 3.6E-09 8.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-08 2.2E-10 4.8E-09 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-07 4.8E-10 3.1E-08 1.4E-08

4.5E-09 5.9E-09 4.5E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 1.3E-11 2.7E-10 6.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 1.3E-11 2.3E-10 5.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-09 2.0E-11 9.1E-10 4.3E-10

3.3E-10 2.8E-10 1.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.2E-09 2.9E-11 5.3E-09 3.8E-11 6.9E-08 2.2E-10

ecin

utero

7.1E-10 9.2E-10 1.0E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

287

1.7E-10 2.0E-10 3.9E-09

8.8E-10 1.1E-09 1.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of U-236 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of U-236 (T1/2=2.34E+07 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.1E-08 3.4E-10 8.4E-09 2.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-08 4.0E-10 1.0E-08 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.3E-07 4.6E-09 1.3E-07 2.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.9E-07 7.4E-09 1.5E-07 2.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 6.9E-09 1.7E-07 3.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 NA 1.6E-07 3.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 8.5E-07 NA 1.2E-07 4.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-07 NA 5.1E-08 9.5E-08

1.0E-08 1.3E-08 1.6E-07 1.8E-07 2.0E-07 1.9E-07 1.6E-07 1.5E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-08 1.4E-10 3.4E-09 8.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-08 2.0E-10 4.6E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 1.4E-09 4.7E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-07 1.6E-09 4.8E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-07 1.1E-09 4.7E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-07 NA 4.1E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 NA 2.5E-08 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.1E-08 NA 7.3E-09 1.7E-08

4.2E-09 5.6E-09 5.9E-08 6.0E-08 6.0E-08 5.4E-08 3.9E-08 2.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 1.1E-11 2.7E-10 6.8E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 8.5E-12 2.0E-10 5.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 4.0E-11 1.5E-09 4.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 4.2E-11 1.4E-09 4.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.5E-09 2.7E-11 1.3E-09 4.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 7.9E-09 NA 1.1E-09 4.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-09 NA 6.5E-10 4.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 NA 1.7E-10 4.3E-10

3.4E-10 2.5E-10 2.0E-09 1.9E-09 1.7E-09 1.5E-09 1.1E-09 6.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.2E-09 2.8E-11 5.1E-09 3.2E-11 6.8E-08 3.8E-10 8.0E-08 6.0E-10 9.8E-08 5.6E-10 9.1E-08 NA 6.9E-08 NA 2.9E-08 NA

ein

utero

6.9E-10 8.3E-10 1.1E-08 1.2E-08 1.4E-08 1.3E-08 9.8E-09 4.1E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

288

1.7E-10 2.0E-10 2.2E-09 2.3E-09 2.4E-09 2.6E-09 3.5E-09 7.8E-09

8.6E-10 1.0E-09 1.3E-08 1.4E-08 1.6E-08 1.6E-08 1.3E-08 1.2E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of U-236 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of U-236 (T1/2=2.34E+07 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-08 3.6E-10 8.9E-09 2.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-08 4.7E-10 1.2E-08 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.7E-07 2.4E-09 1.2E-07 4.8E-08

1.1E-08 1.5E-08 1.7E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-08 1.5E-10 3.6E-09 8.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-08 2.2E-10 4.9E-09 1.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-07 4.8E-10 3.2E-08 1.4E-08

4.5E-09 6.0E-09 4.6E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-09 1.1E-11 2.6E-10 6.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-09 8.7E-12 2.1E-10 5.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-09 1.2E-11 8.9E-10 4.3E-10

3.2E-10 2.6E-10 1.3E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.3E-09 2.9E-11 5.4E-09 3.8E-11 7.1E-08 2.0E-10

ecin

utero

7.2E-10 9.4E-10 1.0E-08

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

289

1.7E-10 2.0E-10 3.9E-09

8.9E-10 1.1E-09 1.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of U-238 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of U-238 (T1/2=4.47E+09 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-08 3.2E-10 7.9E-09 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-08 3.7E-10 9.6E-09 2.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.8E-07 4.3E-09 1.2E-07 2.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.2E-07 6.9E-09 1.4E-07 2.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 6.5E-09 1.6E-07 2.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 NA 1.5E-07 3.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.9E-07 NA 1.1E-07 4.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-07 NA 4.8E-08 9.2E-08

9.9E-09 1.2E-08 1.5E-07 1.7E-07 1.9E-07 1.8E-07 1.5E-07 1.4E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 1.3E-10 3.2E-09 8.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-08 1.9E-10 4.4E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-07 1.4E-09 4.4E-08 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 1.5E-09 4.5E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-07 1.0E-09 4.4E-08 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-07 NA 3.8E-08 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 NA 2.4E-08 1.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-08 NA 6.8E-09 1.7E-08

4.0E-09 5.4E-09 5.5E-08 5.7E-08 5.6E-08 5.1E-08 3.8E-08 2.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 1.1E-11 2.6E-10 6.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 8.8E-12 2.0E-10 5.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.6E-09 3.8E-11 1.4E-09 4.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-09 4.0E-11 1.4E-09 4.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 8.8E-09 2.7E-11 1.3E-09 4.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-09 NA 1.1E-09 4.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-09 NA 6.1E-10 3.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 NA 1.6E-10 4.1E-10

3.3E-10 2.5E-10 1.9E-09 1.8E-09 1.7E-09 1.5E-09 1.0E-09 5.7E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 3.9E-09 2.6E-11 4.8E-09 3.0E-11 6.3E-08 3.5E-10 7.5E-08 5.6E-10 9.2E-08 5.3E-10 8.5E-08 NA 6.5E-08 NA 2.7E-08 NA

ein

utero

6.4E-10 7.8E-10 1.0E-08 1.1E-08 1.3E-08 1.2E-08 9.2E-09 3.9E-09

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

290

1.6E-10 1.9E-10 2.1E-09 2.2E-09 2.3E-09 2.5E-09 3.4E-09 7.5E-09

8.0E-10 9.7E-10 1.2E-08 1.3E-08 1.5E-08 1.5E-08 1.3E-08 1.1E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of U-238 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of U-238 (T1/2=4.47E+09 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-08 3.4E-10 8.3E-09 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-08 4.4E-10 1.1E-08 2.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-07 2.3E-09 1.2E-07 4.7E-08

1.0E-08 1.3E-08 1.7E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.02 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 1.4E-10 3.4E-09 8.3E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-08 2.1E-10 4.6E-09 1.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-07 4.5E-10 3.0E-08 1.4E-08

4.2E-09 5.6E-09 4.4E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.002 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 1.0E-11 2.4E-10 6.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 9.0E-12 2.0E-10 5.1E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-09 1.2E-11 8.4E-10 4.1E-10

3.0E-10 2.5E-10 1.2E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.02 4.0E-09 2.8E-11 5.0E-09 3.6E-11 6.6E-08 1.8E-10

ecin

utero

6.8E-10 8.8E-10 9.5E-09

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

291

1.6E-10 2.0E-10 3.8E-09

8.4E-10 1.1E-09 1.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88

4.28. Neptunium 4.28.1. Biokinetic data (432) A study of the placental transfer of neptunium (Np) and other elements in two baboons in late pregnancy (5 months post conception) showed that at 7 days after intravenous injection of 237Np citrate, retention in each fetus (one per mother) was 1–2% of injected activity (Paquet et al., 1998). Retention in the placenta accounted for 0.7–1.2% of injected activity. The overall CF:CM ratio was 0.4–0.8 and the CPl:CM ratio was 0.5–0.6. (433) Sikov and Mahlum (1968) administered 237Np citrate (90 mmol kg
1) intravenously to rats on day 15 or 19 of pregnancy. At 24 hours after injection, concentrations in the fetus were 0.01 and 0.02% g
1 of the injected activity, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in the placenta were 0.04% g
1 and 0.18 g
1 and in fetal membranes were 0.8% g
1 and 1.2% g
1. Assuming that the overall concentration of the dam was 0.15% g
1 (estimated from data in paper), the CF:CM ratio for the whole fetus can be estimated as 0.07 and 0.13 for days 15 and 19, respectively, and CPl:CM ratios as about 0.3 and 1.2, respectively. The concentration was substantially less in each fetal tissue than in the comparable tissue of the dam. At 16 days, the concentration in the fetal liver was 0.03% g
1, corresponding to a fetal:maternal concentration ratio for this organ of about 0.02. At 20 days, the concentrations in the kidneys, liver and femora were 0.23% g
1, 0.01% g
1, and 0.41% g
1, respectively, corresponding to fetal:maternal concentration ratios for these organs of about 0.06, 0.007, and 0.22, respectively. (434) Moskalev et al. (1960) and Ovcharenko (1972) administered 237Np nitrate intravenously (1.2 10
8 mol g
1) to rats on days 13, 16 or 19 of pregnancy. Two days after administration, the concentrations in the fetuses were estimated to be 0.01%, 0.003%, and 0.004% of the injected dose per gram, respectively (Sikov, 1987). Placental concentrations were estimated as 0.4% g
1, 0.2% g
1, and 0.5% g
1, respectively. Assuming the body mass of the rats was 200 g with 80% retention of the administered 237Np gives a CF:CM ratio for the fetus of < 0.1 and a CPl:CM of about 1. 4.28.2. Models (a) Adult (435) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). For neptunium reaching the circulation, as for plutonium, the main sites of deposition are the liver and skeleton. As discussed for plutonium, an actinide model is used which takes account of the redistribution of elements between and within tissues, particularly bone, and loss by excretion (ICRP, 1993). The model uses elementspecific data for transfer rates. This model is taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (436) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 292

ICRP Publication 88

weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (437) By analogy with plutonium (Section 4.29), the CF:CM ratios adopted in the report for the calculation of dose coefficients for intakes of neptunium during pregnancy are 0.1 for all of the first trimester (90 days), increasing to 0.3 at the end of the second trimester (180 days) and 1.0 at term (266 days). A CF:CM ratio of 0.03 is used for intakes prior to pregnancy (Figure 3.2). (438) The concentration of neptunium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and equal to that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=1). (439) The distribution of neptunium in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993), is taken to be 0.8 to skeleton, 0.05 to liver, and 0.15 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. 4.28.3. References for Neptunium ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Moskalev, J.I., Buldakov, L.A., Lyaginskaya, A.M. et al. (1969) Experimental study of radionuclide transfer through the placenta and their biological action on the fetus. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. USAEC Division of Technical Information Extension. Oak Ridge, TN, USA, pp. 153–160. Ovcharenko, E.P. (1972) An experimental evaluation of the effects of transuranic elements on reproductive ability. Health Phys. 22, 641. Paquet, F., Poncy, J.-L., Ham, G. et al. (1998) Transfer of Po, Np, Pu and Am to the primate fetus. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 303–306. Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (1968) Cross-placental transfer of selected actinides in the rat. Health Phys. 14, 205–208. Sikov, M.R. (1987) Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 303–314.

293

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Np-237 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Np-237 (T1/2=2.14E+06 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-07 2.2E-09 4.8E-08 1.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 2.9E-09 5.8E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-06 6.8E-09 1.8E-07 4.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-06 7.5E-09 1.6E-07 4.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 9.4E-07 2.2E-09 1.4E-07 4.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-06 NA 1.5E-07 6.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 NA 1.9E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 9.2E-07 NA 1.3E-07 4.2E-06

1.8E-07 2.0E-07 6.6E-07 6.4E-07 6.2E-07 8.0E-07 1.6E-06 4.3E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-07 8.3E-10 1.8E-08 4.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-07 1.1E-09 2.1E-08 5.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-07 1.5E-09 4.6E-08 1.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-07 1.3E-09 3.9E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-07 3.1E-10 3.1E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-07 NA 3.3E-08 1.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-07 NA 3.4E-08 3.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-07 NA 1.6E-08 6.1E-07

6.6E-08 7.2E-08 2.1E-07 1.9E-07 1.8E-07 2.2E-07 3.7E-07 6.3E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-09 6.1E-11 1.3E-09 3.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-09 4.1E-11 7.3E-10 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-09 4.0E-11 1.2E-09 4.9E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-09 3.2E-11 9.7E-10 4.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-09 1.5E-11 7.6E-10 4.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-09 NA 7.5E-10 4.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-09 NA 6.8E-10 7.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-09 NA 2.7E-10 1.1E-08

4.7E-09 2.7E-09 6.1E-09 5.4E-09 4.8E-09 5.6E-09 8.1E-09 1.1E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 5.4E-10 4.5E-12 6.1E-10 6.0E-12 2.1E-09 1.4E-11 2.1E-09 1.5E-11 1.9E-09 3.1E-11 2.2E-09 NA 2.7E-09 NA 1.9E-09 NA

ein

utero

9.7E-11 1.2E-10 4.0E-10 3.6E-10 3.0E-10 3.4E-10 4.1E-10 2.8E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

294

2.6E-10 2.8E-10 9.8E-10 9.8E-10 9.9E-10 1.3E-09 2.9E-09 8.6E-09

3.6E-10 4.0E-10 1.4E-09 1.3E-09 1.3E-09 1.6E-09 3.3E-09 8.9E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Np-237 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Np-237 (T1/2=2.14E+06 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-07 2.4E-09 5.0E-08 1.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-07 3.1E-09 6.0E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-06 3.8E-09 2.7E-07 1.5E-06

1.8E-07 2.0E-07 1.8E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-07 8.9E-10 1.9E-08 4.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-07 1.1E-09 2.0E-08 5.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-07 6.4E-10 6.0E-08 3.7E-07

6.7E-08 7.0E-08 4.3E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 6.3E-09 5.9E-11 1.2E-09 3.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-09 4.1E-11 7.2E-10 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-09 1.5E-11 1.4E-09 9.3E-09

4.4E-09 2.7E-09 1.1E-08


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 5.5E-10 4.9E-12 1.0E-10 6.2E-10 6.4E-12 1.2E-10 3.8E-09 1.3E-11 5.8E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

295

2.6E-10 2.8E-10 3.0E-09

3.6E-10 4.0E-10 3.6E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Np-239 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Np-239 (T1/2=2.36 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 7.6E-14 <1E-15 1.4E-14 3.6E-14 Red Marrow+ 8.6E-14 <1E-15 1.7E-14 4.0E-14 All 3.7E-11 1.9E-15 3.7E-11 1.4E-13 All 3.6E-11 2.0E-13 3.6E-11 1.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 7.1E-11 1.8E-11 2.5E-11 1.4E-13 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-11 NA 2.8E-11 1.9E-13 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-10 NA 4.2E-11 4.1E-13 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-10 NA 9.6E-11 1.4E-12

5.0E-14 5.7E-14 3.7E-11 3.6E-11 2.5E-11 2.8E-11 4.2E-11 9.7E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-14 <1E-15 5.2E-15 1.4E-14 Red Marrow+ 3.0E-14 <1E-15 6.0E-15 1.5E-14 All 2.2E-11 <1E-15 2.2E-11 4.6E-14 All 2.2E-11 4.0E-14 2.2E-11 4.4E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-11 1.9E-11 2.0E-11 4.3E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-11 NA 1.9E-11 5.4E-14 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-11 NA 1.8E-11 9.7E-14 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-11 NA 1.9E-11 2.0E-13

1.9E-14 2.1E-14 2.2E-11 2.2E-11 2.0E-11 1.9E-11 1.8E-11 1.9E-11


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 All 2.0E-11 <1E-15 2.0E-11 1.4E-15 All 2.0E-11 1.3E-14 2.0E-11 1.3E-15 All 1.9E-11 1.9E-11 1.9E-11 1.2E-15 All 1.8E-11 NA 1.8E-11 1.4E-15 All 1.5E-11 NA 1.5E-11 2.1E-15 All 1.0E-11 NA 1.0E-11 3.4E-15

1.3E-15 <1E-15 2.0E-11 2.0E-11 1.9E-11 1.8E-11 1.5E-11 1.0E-11

Time (weeks)*


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

All All All All All All

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 9.1E-11 <1E-15 9.2E-11 <1E-15 8.7E-11 8.7E-11 8.3E-11 NA 6.8E-11 NA 4.3E-11 NA

ein

utero

<1E-15 <1E-15 9.1E-11 9.2E-11 8.7E-11 8.3E-11 6.8E-11 4.3E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

296

<1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 <1E-15 2.8E-15

<1E-15 <1E-15 9.1E-11 9.2E-11 8.7E-11 8.3E-11 6.8E-11 4.3E-11

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Np-239 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Np-239 (T1/2=2.36 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-13 <1E-15 5.4E-14 3.6E-14 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-13 <1E-15 2.1E-13 4.0E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 4.5E-12 4.1E-11 7.7E-13

9.0E-14 2.5E-13 4.2E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-14 <1E-15 2.1E-14 1.4E-14 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-13 <1E-15 8.3E-14 1.5E-14 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-11 4.1E-12 1.9E-11 1.4E-13

3.5E-14 9.8E-14 1.9E-11


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-14 <1E-15 1.3E-14 <1E-15 All 6.1E-14 <1E-15 6.1E-14 <1E-15 All 1.6E-11 4.0E-12 1.6E-11 3.2E-15

1.4E-14 6.2E-14 1.6E-11

Time (weeks)


260*
52* cy

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

All All All

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 4.9E-14 <1E-15 4.9E-14 2.4E-13 <1E-15 2.4E-13 7.3E-11 1.8E-11 7.3E-11

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

297

<1E-15 <1E-15 1.5E-15

4.9E-14 2.4E-13 7.3E-11

ICRP Publication 88

4.29. Plutonium 4.29.1. Biokinetic data (440) Most published data on the transfer of plutonium (Pu) across the placenta have been obtained using rats, although some data are also available for baboons, mice, and guinea pigs. Limited human data are also available. (441) Prosser et al. (1994) reported measurements of 239Pu in human fetal tissue obtained from second trimester terminations in the U.K., using alpha spectrometry and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Typical fetal tissue concentrations of less than 50 mBq kg
1 were recorded. Average whole-body concentrations in adults can be estimated from measurements of 239Pu in liver and skeleton (Popplewell et al., 1985; 1989) to be about 2 mBq kg
1, indicating a CF:CM of < 0.03. (442) Sikov (1987) reported results obtained by Weiner et al. (1985) who measured the plutonium content of first and second trimester samples of human fetal tissue arising from environmental levels. No detectable levels of 239Pu were found in first trimester samples but values were reported for 3 of 5 second trimester samples of between 2 and 8 mBq kg
1. The results were taken to suggest a 3-fold greater concentration factor in the second trimester fetus than in the average adult female. However, these levels were not quantitatively confirmed by the later studies reported by Prosser et al. (1994) using more sensitive techniques and are likely to be a consequence of working at the limit of detection of the measurement technique and with small sample sizes. (443) A study of the placental transfer of 239Pu in the baboon (two animals) in late pregnancy (5 months post conception, total gestation 6 months) showed that at 7 days after intravenous injection of 239Pu citrate, retention by each fetus (one per mother) was about 3–4% (Paquet et al., 1998). Retention in the placenta accounted for 8–12% of injected activity. Concentrations of 239Pu in fetal and maternal bone were similar, although concentrations in fetal liver and other soft tissues were considerably lower than corresponding values for maternal tissues. The overall CF:CM ratio was about 1 and the CPl:CM ratio was about 4–5. (444) Animal data on the transfer of plutonium to the embryo/fetus are summarised in Table 4.29.1. For both rats and baboons the CF:CM ratios for plutonium are highest for intakes early in gestation (up to about 9 days in the rat and 22 days in the baboon), when these ratios approach unity for rats (Sikov and Andrew, 1979) and even exceed unity for baboons (Sikov et al., 1978). Such values are what would be expected if the placenta at that time showed little discrimination against plutonium so that for both fetus and mother nutrient requirements and plutonium uptake showed roughly the same proportionality. Much lower average concentrations in the fetus relative to the mother (
0.1 or less) are observed for intakes of plutonium later in gestation (more than14 days in the rat and 40 days in the baboon) and indicate marked discrimination against actinide transport by the placenta. They are accompanied by the retention of higher concentrations of activity in the placenta (Sikov and Andrew, 1979; Sikov and Mahlum, 1968; 1976; Sikov et al., 1978). 298

ICRP Publication 88

(445) Results obtained by Sikov and Andrew (1979) following the intravenous administration of 239Pu citrate to rats on day 9 of gestation show a 30-fold smaller concentration in the fetus on day 22 (full term) than on day 10. These results indicate that transfer to the fetus continues between day 10 and 22 as the fetus increases in mass by more than a factor of 100 over this period. For intakes on day 15 of gestation or later, this combined transfer results in concentrations in the fetus being maintained at about the same level throughout the remainder of gestation. The total transfer of plutonium to the fetus is greatest for administration late in gestation. Concentrations of Pu in the fetal membranes were considerably greater than in the fetus from early organogenesis (see Table 4.29.1). (446) Morgan et al. (1991) reported measurements of the transfer of 238Pu to the fetus in rats and guinea pigs. Following administration of 238Pu citrate at different stages of gestation, retention in the fetus and associated tissues was determined 3 days later in rats and 7 days later in guinea pigs. Transfer was greatest after administration in late gestation with about 0.2% injected 238Pu per fetus for the guinea pig on day 57 and the rat at birth. The concentrations of 238Pu in the yolk sac were generally about two to three orders of magnitude greater than fetal concentrations. CF:CM ratios in late gestation were about 0.1 in rats and 0.05 in guinea pigs. In similar studies, Levack et al. (1994) compared the transfer of 238Pu and 241 Am to the fetus in rats and guinea pigs. Whole-body CF:CM ratios for 238Pu in the rat were 0.003 on day 13, 0.03 by late gestation and 0.05 by birth. Retention in the guinea pig fetus in late gestation after administration 7 days previously on day 50 was 0.3% injected activity per fetus for 238Pu; the CF:CM ratio was about 0.06. The concentration of 238Pu in fetal bone was about 0.02% injected activity g
1, corresponding to a fetal:maternal concentration ratio of 0.02 to 0.03. Concentrations of 238 Pu in the guinea pig fetus on day 57 after administration one month prior to conception were two orders of magnitude lower than after administration on day 50. CPl:CM ratios in the guinea pig on day 57 were about 2 after administration on day 50 and 0.2 after preconception administration. (447) Mountford-Lister and Lambert (1992) reported a technique of chronic infusion throughout pregnancy in the mouse. The concentration in the fetoplacental unit was close to that in the mother on day 8. The CF:CM ratio decreased between day 10 and day 15 and subsequently increased to 0.033 at one day before birth. By birth 0.1% of the injected activity per g was localised in the tissues of the fetus. (448) The availability of maternal plutonium to the fetus in successive pregnancies has been studied by Green et al. (1979) using mice given 239Pu citrate by intravenous injection one day before mating. About 0.015% of injected 239Pu was retained by each neonate of the first litter. In subsequent litters the amount retained progressively fell, reaching 0.002% per neonate by the ninth litter. In an experiment in which rats were mated at 8 days after injection of 239Pu citrate, about 0.001% of the injected activity was incorporated into each fetus by 20 days of gestation (Hackett et al., 1977), corresponding to a CF:CM ratio of less than 0.001. (449) Several studies have examined the distribution of plutonium within the tissues of the fetus. They have shown that it deposits preferentially in the liver and skeleton, as in adults. Sikov and Andrew (1979) found liver and skeletal concentra299

ICRP Publication 88 Table 4.29.1. Summary of animal data on the uptake of plutonium by the embryo and fetus Species

Day of gestation

Pu concentration

CF:CM ratio

Reference

Injection Analysis Membranes Embryo/fetus % g
1 % g
1 Baboon

22/33 38/39 106 150

23/24 39/40 107 157

0.007 0.04 0.09 -

0.03 0.001 0.0003 0.008

3.75 0.13 0.04 1

10 10 20 30 30 50

17 birth 27 37 birth 57

0.7 0.04 0.04 0.1–0.3

0.01 0.00015 0.00005 0.005 0.00045 0.004–0.006

0.14 0.002 0.0006 0.0075 0.006 0.05–0.07


30a 60 60

57 61 birth

0.004 0.18 -

0.0001 0.0025 0.0025

0.004 0.035 0.035

Rabbit

9 15

10 20

-

0.021 0.003

-

Rat

3 6 7 7 8 9 9

6 9 10 birth 11 10 12

0.5 0.13 0.19 3.03 0.3–1.9

0.0006 0.08 0.1 0.006–0.1

0.35 0.5 0.0015 0.2 0.22 0.015–0.25

9 9 9 9 11 11 15

14 18 20 birth 12 14 16

0.5–2.1 0.34 19.5 10.8 1.9–6.2

0.005–0.03 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.05 0.025 0.01–0.04

0.013–0.075 0.01 0.008 0.008 0.13 0.06 0.025–0.1

15

18

11.5

0.02–0.04

0.05–0.1

15 15

20 birth

2.8 -

0.03 0.02

0.075 0.05

19

20

3.2–11.5

0.01–0.04

0.025–0.1

18

birth

-

0.02

0.06

Guinea pig

Sikov et al., 1978

Paquet et al., 1998 Morgan et al., 1991

Morgan et al., 1991, Levack et al., 1994 Levack, unpub. Sikov, 1986 Morgan et al., 1991 Sikov, 1985

Morgan et al., 1991

Sikov and Andrew, 1979 Morgan et al., 1991; Sikov, 1986; Hackett et al., 1979 Hackett et al., 1979 Sikov and Andrew, 1979 Sikov, 1986 Sikov and Andrew, 1979 Morgan et al., 1991 Sikov, 1986; Sikov and Mahlum, 1968, 1976 Morgan et al., 1991; Sikov and Andrew, 1979 Sikov, 1986 Morgan et al., 1991; Sikov and Andrew, 1979 Morgan et al., 1991; Sikov, 1986; Sikov and Mahlum, 1968, 1976 Levack, unpub.

(continued on next page) 300

ICRP Publication 88 Table 4.29.1 (continued) Species

Day of gestation

Pu concentration

CF:CM ratio

Reference

Sikov and Andrew, 1979

Injection Analysis Membranes Embryo/fetus % g
1 % g
1

Mouse

a b


30a 19

birth birth

-

0.001 0.05

0.003 0.13

13 13 13 4 8 9 14 17

14 16 birth 17 birth birth birth birth

37.1 51.3 -

0.45 0.7 0.57 0.014 0.011 0.027 0.08 0.16–0.5

0.17 0.27 0.22 0.019 0.008 0.021 0.062 0.12–0.19

19 16

birth 18

5.5–12.3

0.06 0.25–0.9

0.04 0.11–0.48

0–10b

10

-

0.07

0.022

0–15b 0–19b

15 19

-

0.04 0.08

0.014 0.031

Mason, 1989

Bluzat et al., 1966

Mason, 1989; Bluzat et al., 1966 Weiss and Walburg, 1978 Mountford-Lister and Lambert, 1992

Days prior to conception Infusion throughout period

tions of plutonium in the rat fetus were very similar, while Sullivan (1980) showed that about 25% of the systemic deposit of plutonium in the newborn rat was accumulated by the liver, a value similar to that obtained in adults. In an autoradiographic study of the distribution of plutonium in the pregnant mouse, Ullberg et al. (1962) were able to detect deposits of plutonium only in the fetal skeleton. (450) A simple model for calculating in utero doses from isotopes of plutonium was described by Stather et al. (1984). Essentially, estimates of the doses to fetal organs (i.e., from the completion of organogenesis at 8 weeks to full-term at 38 weeks) were taken to be one-tenth of the doses accumulated by the corresponding maternal organs during the 30-week period; doses during the first 8 weeks were not considered. This model was extended to assess doses to haemopoietic tissues (Harrison et al., 1991; Morgan et al., 1992). Animal data were used to compare concentrations of Pu in the blastocyst/egg cylinder, yolk sac, liver, and bone marrow with the corresponding maternal liver concentrations and these were applied to the appropriate period of human development. The estimated in utero doses to the red bone marrow, calculated for chronic intake throughout pregnancy, were dominated by contributions to the yolk sac and bone marrow but were small compared with doses to maternal bone marrow. 301

ICRP Publication 88

4.29.2. Models (a) Adult (451) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). For plutonium entering the circulation, the main sites of deposition are the liver and skeleton. Leggett and his colleagues have developed an actinide model, adopted by the Commission, which takes into account bone remodelling and recycling of elements from the skeleton and soft tissues to body fluids (Leggett and Eckerman, 1984; Leggett, 1985; 1992; ICRP, 1993). Movement of plutonium and other actinides within the skeleton is modelled, taking account of burial of initial surface deposits and transfer from surfaces and bone volume to the marrow. This model is taken to apply to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (452) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (453) On the basis of the available data, the CF:CM ratios adopted in this report for the calculation of dose coefficients for intakes of plutonium during pregnancy are 0.1 for all of the first trimester (90 days), increasing to 0.3 at the end of the second trimester (180 days) and 1.0 at term (266 days). A CF:CM ratio of 0.03 is used for intakes prior to pregnancy (Figure 3.2). (454) The concentration of plutonium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and five times that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=5). (455) The age-dependent model for plutonium used in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) takes account of greater initial deposition on bone surfaces and greater bone turnover in infants and children. The distribution of plutonium in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant, is taken to be 0.8 to skeleton, 0.15 to liver and 0.05 to all other tissues. For the offspring following birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. 4.29.3. References for Plutonium Bluzat, R., Lutz, A., Me´tivier, H. (1966) Quantitative study of the transplacental passage of plutonium in mice. Compte rendu des seances de la Sonile-de-Biologie 160, 1134–1137. Green, D., Howells, G.R., Watts., R.H. (1979) Plutonium in the tissues of fetal/neonatal and suckling mice after Pu administration to their dams. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 35, 417–432. Hackett, P.L., Mahlum, D.D., Sikov, M.R. (1977) Mobilisation of Plutonium Burdens During Pregnancy. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1976. BNWL–2100, Pt. 1, pp. 105–107. Hackett, P.L., Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D., et al. (1979) Strain Differences in the Embryotoxicity of 239 Pu. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1978, PNL-2850, Pt. 1, pp. 3.77–3.80. Harrison, J.D., Morgan, A., Haines, J.W. et al. (1991) Fetal uptake of plutonium and polonium in animals and estimates of doses to humans. In: Wilson, A. (Ed.), Meeting Report—CEIR Forum on Radionuclides and External Irradiation: Implications for the Embryo and Fetus. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 60, 543–569. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). 302

ICRP Publication 88 Leggett, R.W. (1985) A model of the retention, translocation, and excretion of systemic plutonium. Health Phys. 49, 1115–1137. Leggett, R.W. (1992) A retention-excretion model for americium in humans. Health Phys. 62, 288–310. Leggett, R.W., Eckerman, K.F. (1984) A model for the age-dependent skeletal retention of plutonium. In: Kaul, A., Neider, R., Pensko, J. et al. (Eds.), Radiation-Risk-Protection 1. Fachverband fur Strahlenschutz e. V. Berlin, pp. 454–457. Levack, V.M., Pottinger, H., Ham, G.J. et al. (1994) The fetal transfer of ruthenium, cerium, plutonium and americium. In: Nimmo-Scott, W., Golding, D.J. (Eds.), Proc. IRPA Regional Congress on Radiological Protection, June 1994, Portsmouth. Nuclear Technology Publishing, Ashford, pp. 161–164. Mason, T.M. (1989) A Study of the Effects of Perinatal Plutonium Contamination on the Development of Haemopoietic Tissue. PhD thesis, University of Manchester. Morgan, A., Harrison, J.D., Stather, J.W. (1992) Estimates of embryonic and fetal doses from 239Pu. Health Phys. 63, 552–559. Morgan, A., Haines, J.W., Harrison, J.D. (1991) The incorporation of plutonium by the embryo and fetus of rats and guinea-pigs. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 59, 1375–1413. Paquet, F., Poncy, J.-L., Ham, G. et al. (1998) Transfer of Po, Np, Pu and Am to the primate fetus. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 303–306. Popplewell, D.S., Ham, G.J., Johnson, T.E. et al. (1985) Plutonium in autopsy tissues in Great Britain. Health Phys. 49, 304–309. Popplewell, D.S., Ham, G.J., McCarthy, W.M. et al. (1989) Isotopic composition of plutonium in human tissue samples determined by mass spectrometry. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 26, 313–316. Prosser, S.L., McCarthy, W.M., Lands, C. (1994) The plutonium content of human fetal tissue and implications for fetal dose. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 55, 1–5. Mountford-Lister, P.G., Lambert, B.E. (1992) Exposure to radionuclides and cancer incidence: distribution of 241Pu-citrate in neonatal and young adult mice following exposure throughout pregnancy. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 41, 173–176. Sikov, M.R. (1985) Fetal and Juvenile Radiotoxicology. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1984; PNL-5500, Pt. 1, pp. 43–47. Sikov, M.R. (1986) Fetal and juvenile radiotoxicity. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1985; PNL-5750, Pt. 1, pp. 45–98. Sikov, M.R. (1987) Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 303–314. Sikov, M.R., Andrew, F.D. (1979) Fetal and Juvenile Radiotoxicity. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1978; PNL-2850, Pt. 1, pp. 3.75–3.76. Sikov, M.R., Andrew, F.D., Bernstine, R.L. et al. (1978) Cross-placental Transfer of Plutonium-239 in Gravid Baboons. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1977; PNL-2500, Pt. 1, pp. 3.87–3.88. Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (1968) Cross-placental Transfer of Selected Actinides in the Rat. Health Phys. 14, 205–208. Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (1976) Comparative Cross-placental Transfer and Fetoplacental Distribution of Plutonium-237, -238, -239. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1975; BNWL2000, Pt. 1. pp. 83–84. Stather, J.W., Wrixon, A.D., Simmonds, J.R. (1984) The risks of leukaemia and other cancers in Seascale from radiation exposure. NRPB-R171. HMSO, London, pp. 272–283. Sullivan, M.F. (1980) Transplacental Absorption of 238Pu in Rats and Guinea Pigs. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1979; PNL-3300, Pt. 1, pp. 193–194. Ullberg, A, Nelson, A., Kristofferson, H. et al. (1962) Distribution of plutonium in mice. Acta Radiol. 58, 459–471. Weiner, R.E., McInroy, J.F., Wegst, A.U. (1985) Determination of environmental levels of Pu, Am, U and Th in human fetal tissue. Abstract for 30th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, May 1985, Chicago. Health Physics 49, 141. Weiss, J.F., Walburgh, H.E. (1978) Influence of the mass of administered plutonium on cross-placental transfer in mice. Health Phys. 35, 773–778. 303

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Pu-238 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Pu-238 (T1/2=87.7 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-07 5.2E-09 1.0E-07 3.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-07 7.1E-09 1.2E-07 3.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-06 9.1E-09 3.2E-07 1.3E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-06 9.4E-09 2.8E-07 1.3E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 1.2E-09 2.3E-07 1.3E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-06 NA 2.6E-07 1.8E-06 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-06 NA 3.2E-07 3.8E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 NA 2.2E-07 1.1E-05

4.6E-07 5.0E-07 1.6E-06 1.6E-06 1.5E-06 2.1E-06 4.1E-06 1.1E-05


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-07 2.0E-09 4.0E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 2.4E-09 4.2E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-07 1.9E-09 8.0E-08 4.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-07 1.5E-09 6.7E-08 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-07 1.6E-10 5.3E-08 4.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-07 NA 5.5E-08 5.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-07 NA 5.7E-08 9.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 NA 2.7E-08 1.6E-06

1.8E-07 1.8E-07 5.1E-07 4.9E-07 4.5E-07 5.5E-07 9.6E-07 1.6E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-08 1.3E-10 2.6E-09 9.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-09 6.7E-11 1.3E-09 5.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 3.5E-11 1.8E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.4E-09 2.4E-11 1.4E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-09 2.2E-12 1.1E-09 1.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.3E-09 NA 1.1E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.5E-09 NA 9.6E-10 1.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.3E-09 NA 3.4E-10 2.3E-08

1.2E-08 6.5E-09 1.4E-08 1.2E-08 1.1E-08 1.3E-08 1.9E-08 2.3E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 1.0E-09 1.1E-11 1.1E-09 1.5E-11 3.5E-09 1.9E-11 3.4E-09 1.9E-11 3.2E-09 2.6E-12 3.6E-09 NA 4.5E-09 NA 3.0E-09 NA

ein

utero

2.1E-10 2.6E-10 6.5E-10 5.7E-10 4.7E-10 5.3E-10 6.6E-10 4.4E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

304

7.4E-10 7.8E-10 2.7E-09 2.7E-09 2.7E-09 3.6E-09 7.9E-09 2.3E-08

9.5E-10 1.0E-09 3.4E-09 3.3E-09 3.2E-09 4.1E-09 8.6E-09 2.3E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Pu-238 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Pu-238 (T1/2=87.7 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.9E-07 5.4E-09 1.1E-07 3.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-07 7.1E-09 1.3E-07 3.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-06 3.3E-09 4.6E-07 4.0E-06

4.7E-07 5.1E-07 4.5E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 2.0E-09 4.0E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 2.3E-09 4.1E-08 1.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-07 5.5E-10 1.0E-07 1.0E-06

1.8E-07 1.8E-07 1.1E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.2E-10 2.4E-09 8.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-09 6.5E-11 1.3E-09 5.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-08 8.7E-12 2.1E-09 2.3E-08

1.1E-08 6.5E-09 2.5E-08


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 1.0E-09 1.1E-11 2.2E-10 1.1E-09 1.5E-11 2.6E-10 6.3E-09 6.9E-12 9.5E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

305

7.4E-10 7.8E-10 8.1E-09

9.6E-10 1.0E-09 9.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Pu-239 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Pu-239 (T1/2=2.41E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-07 5.0E-09 1.0E-07 3.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-07 6.7E-09 1.2E-07 4.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 8.5E-09 3.0E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 8.8E-09 2.6E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 1.1E-09 2.2E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 NA 2.4E-07 1.8E-06 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-06 NA 3.0E-07 4.0E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 NA 2.0E-07 1.2E-05

4.9E-07 5.2E-07 1.7E-06 1.7E-06 1.6E-06 2.0E-06 4.3E-06 1.2E-05


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 2.0E-09 3.9E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.2E-09 4.0E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-07 1.8E-09 7.5E-08 4.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-07 1.4E-09 6.3E-08 4.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-07 1.5E-10 5.0E-08 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 NA 5.2E-08 5.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-07 NA 5.4E-08 9.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 NA 2.5E-08 1.7E-06

1.9E-07 1.9E-07 5.3E-07 5.0E-07 4.7E-07 5.8E-07 1.0E-06 1.7E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.3E-10 2.5E-09 9.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-09 6.3E-11 1.2E-09 5.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 3.3E-11 1.7E-09 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 8.8E-09 2.2E-11 1.4E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.0E-09 2.1E-12 1.0E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-09 NA 1.0E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-09 NA 9.0E-10 1.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-09 NA 3.1E-10 2.4E-08

1.2E-08 6.7E-09 1.5E-08 1.3E-08 1.2E-08 1.3E-08 2.0E-08 2.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 9.6E-10 1.0E-11 1.0E-09 1.4E-11 3.3E-09 1.7E-11 3.2E-09 1.8E-11 3.0E-09 2.4E-12 3.4E-09 NA 4.2E-09 NA 2.8E-09 NA

ein

utero

2.1E-10 2.4E-10 6.1E-10 5.4E-10 4.4E-10 5.0E-10 6.2E-10 4.1E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

306

7.9E-10 8.3E-10 2.8E-09 2.8E-09 2.8E-09 3.8E-09 8.3E-09 2.4E-08

1.0E-09 1.1E-09 3.4E-09 3.3E-09 3.2E-09 4.3E-09 8.9E-09 2.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Pu-239 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Pu-239 (T1/2=2.41E+04 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-07 5.2E-09 1.0E-07 3.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-07 6.7E-09 1.2E-07 4.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-06 3.1E-09 4.4E-07 4.2E-06

4.9E-07 5.2E-07 4.6E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 1.9E-09 3.8E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.1E-09 3.8E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 6.4E-07 5.2E-10 9.6E-08 1.1E-06

1.9E-07 1.9E-07 1.2E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-08 1.2E-10 2.3E-09 9.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-09 6.2E-11 1.2E-09 5.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 8.1E-12 1.9E-09 2.4E-08

1.2E-08 6.7E-09 2.6E-08


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 9.6E-10 1.1E-11 2.1E-10 1.0E-09 1.4E-11 2.4E-10 5.9E-09 6.4E-12 8.9E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

307

7.9E-10 8.3E-10 8.6E-09

1.0E-09 1.1E-09 9.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Pu-240 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Pu-240 (T1/2=6.54E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-07 5.0E-09 1.0E-07 3.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-07 6.7E-09 1.2E-07 4.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 8.5E-09 3.0E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 8.8E-09 2.6E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 1.1E-09 2.2E-07 1.4E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 NA 2.4E-07 1.8E-06 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-06 NA 3.0E-07 4.0E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 NA 2.0E-07 1.2E-05

4.9E-07 5.2E-07 1.7E-06 1.7E-06 1.6E-06 2.0E-06 4.3E-06 1.2E-05


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 2.0E-09 3.9E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.2E-09 4.0E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.4E-07 1.8E-09 7.5E-08 4.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.0E-07 1.4E-09 6.3E-08 4.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-07 1.5E-10 5.0E-08 4.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 NA 5.2E-08 5.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-07 NA 5.4E-08 9.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 NA 2.5E-08 1.7E-06

1.9E-07 1.9E-07 5.3E-07 5.0E-07 4.7E-07 5.8E-07 1.0E-06 1.7E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.3E-10 2.5E-09 9.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-09 6.3E-11 1.2E-09 5.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 3.3E-11 1.7E-09 1.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 8.8E-09 2.2E-11 1.4E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.0E-09 2.1E-12 1.0E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-09 NA 1.0E-09 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-09 NA 9.0E-10 1.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-09 NA 3.2E-10 2.4E-08

1.2E-08 6.7E-09 1.5E-08 1.3E-08 1.2E-08 1.3E-08 2.0E-08 2.4E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 9.6E-10 1.0E-11 1.0E-09 1.4E-11 3.3E-09 1.8E-11 3.2E-09 1.8E-11 3.0E-09 2.5E-12 3.4E-09 NA 4.2E-09 NA 2.8E-09 NA

ein

utero

2.1E-10 2.4E-10 6.1E-10 5.4E-10 4.5E-10 5.0E-10 6.2E-10 4.2E-10

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

308

7.9E-10 8.3E-10 2.8E-09 2.8E-09 2.8E-09 3.8E-09 8.3E-09 2.4E-08

1.0E-09 1.1E-09 3.4E-09 3.3E-09 3.3E-09 4.3E-09 8.9E-09 2.4E-08

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Pu-240 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Pu-240 (T1/2=6.54E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-07 5.2E-09 1.0E-07 3.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-07 6.7E-09 1.2E-07 4.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-06 3.1E-09 4.4E-07 4.2E-06

4.9E-07 5.2E-07 4.6E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 1.9E-09 3.8E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.1E-09 3.8E-08 1.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 6.4E-07 5.2E-10 9.6E-08 1.1E-06

1.9E-07 1.9E-07 1.2E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 1.2E-10 2.3E-09 9.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-09 6.2E-11 1.2E-09 5.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-08 8.1E-12 1.9E-09 2.4E-08

1.2E-08 6.7E-09 2.6E-08


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 9.7E-10 1.1E-11 2.1E-10 1.0E-09 1.4E-11 2.4E-10 5.9E-09 6.5E-12 8.9E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

309

7.9E-10 8.3E-10 8.6E-09

1.0E-09 1.1E-09 9.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Pu-241 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Pu-241 (T1/2=14.4 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-09 2.1E-11 4.6E-10 6.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-10 7.8E-12 1.6E-10 5.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-09 2.9E-12 2.0E-10 1.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-09 1.6E-12 1.6E-10 1.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-10 1.8E-13 1.2E-10 1.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.6E-10 NA 1.1E-10 2.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.2E-10 NA 9.1E-11 5.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-10 NA 2.8E-11 1.5E-07

6.6E-09 5.8E-09 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 2.4E-08 5.2E-08 1.5E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 8.4E-10 8.4E-12 1.8E-10 2.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-10 2.6E-12 5.6E-11 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-10 6.2E-13 5.8E-11 6.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.9E-10 2.6E-13 4.3E-11 5.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-10 2.6E-14 3.0E-11 5.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-10 NA 2.7E-11 6.9E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-10 NA 1.8E-11 1.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-11 NA 3.5E-12 2.1E-08

2.5E-09 2.1E-09 6.1E-09 5.8E-09 5.5E-09 6.9E-09 1.2E-08 2.1E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-11 5.6E-13 1.1E-11 1.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-12 7.4E-14 1.8E-12 7.7E-11 Red Marrow+ 9.5E-12 1.2E-14 1.4E-12 1.7E-10 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-12 4.4E-15 1.0E-12 1.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-12 <1E-15 6.7E-13 1.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-12 NA 5.5E-13 1.6E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-12 NA 3.1E-13 2.4E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.1E-13 NA 4.5E-14 3.0E-10

1.6E-10 7.9E-11 1.7E-10 1.6E-10 1.4E-10 1.6E-10 2.4E-10 3.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 4.5E-12 4.4E-14 1.7E-12 1.6E-14 2.7E-12 6.0E-15 2.2E-12 3.2E-15 1.7E-12 1.8E-15 1.6E-12 NA 1.3E-12 NA 3.9E-13 NA

ein

utero

9.4E-13 3.4E-13 4.2E-13 3.3E-13 2.5E-13 2.3E-13 1.9E-13 5.8E-14

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

310

1.2E-11 1.1E-11 3.8E-11 3.7E-11 3.7E-11 4.9E-11 1.1E-10 3.0E-10

1.3E-11 1.1E-11 3.8E-11 3.7E-11 3.7E-11 4.9E-11 1.1E-10 3.0E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Pu-241 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Pu-241 (T1/2=14.4 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-09 2.0E-11 4.4E-10 6.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.0E-10 7.6E-12 1.6E-10 5.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-09 6.8E-13 2.2E-10 5.4E-08

6.5E-09 5.8E-09 5.4E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 8.1E-10 7.7E-12 1.7E-10 2.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-10 2.6E-12 5.6E-11 2.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-10 1.2E-13 5.6E-11 1.4E-08

2.5E-09 2.1E-09 1.4E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.00001 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-11 5.6E-13 1.2E-11 1.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 9.7E-12 8.0E-14 1.9E-12 7.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 8.4E-12 2.2E-15 1.2E-12 3.1E-10

1.6E-10 7.8E-11 3.1E-10


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 4.4E-12 4.1E-14 9.0E-13 1.6E-12 1.6E-14 3.3E-13 3.0E-12 1.7E-15 4.5E-13

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

311

1.2E-11 1.1E-11 1.1E-10

1.3E-11 1.1E-11 1.1E-10

ICRP Publication 88

4.30. Americium 4.30.1. Biokinetic data (456) Measurements have been made of the transfer of americium (Am) to the embryo and fetus of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and baboons. The results obtained, summarised in Table 4.30.1, show that levels of transfer are consistently lower than corresponding values for Pu. (457) Measurement of the levels of 241Am in human fetal tissue resulting from environmental contamination have been reported by Weiner et al. (1985). Americium-241 was not detected in significant amounts in first trimester abortuses. Six second trimester samples were reported to contain measurable levels of activity, with concentrations ranging between 1 mBq kg
1 and 5 mBq kg
1. The interpretation of these measurements is difficult however due to the small size of samples being analysed and the difficulties involved in working at the limit of detection of the measurement technique (see Section 4.29). (458) A study of the placental transfer of 241Am in the baboon (2 animals) in late pregnancy (5 months post conception) showed that at 7 days after intravenous injection of 241Am citrate, retention by each fetus (one per mother) was about 0.3– 0.4% (Paquet et al., 1998). Retention in the placenta accounted for 2–3% of injected activity. Concentrations of 241Am in fetal bone and soft tissues were an order of magnitude or more lower than corresponding values for maternal tissues. The overall CF:CM ratio was about 0.1 and the CPl:CM ratio was about 1. (459) Moskalev et al. (1969) administered 241Am citrate to pregnant rats on days 13, 16, or 19 and measured transfer 2 days later. The results indicate CF:CM ratios of about 0.7, 0.2, and 0.2, respectively. Concentrations in the placenta were an order of magnitude greater than fetal concentrations. Weiss et al. (1980) measured transfer in mice two days after administration of 241Am (or 243Am) on day 16. CF:CM ratios were about 0.01 and concentrations in the placenta were about five times greater than in the fetus. Corresponding values obtained for 239Pu were a factor of 40 higher for fetal concentrations and about an order of magnitude greater for placental concentrations. (460) Rommereim and Sikov (1986) administered 241Am to rats on day 9, 15 or 19 of pregnancy and measured transfer shortly afterwards or on day 20 in each case. Transfer between days 9 and 12 corresponded to a CF:CM ratio of about 0.005, with a value of about an order of magnitude lower by day 20. The concentrations in the placenta and membranes were 10–15 times greater than in the fetus on day 12 and only decreased by a factor of two to three by day 20. For administration on day 15, CF:CM ratios on day 16 and 20 were about 0.005. Concentrations in the placenta and membranes were about two orders of magnitude greater in each case. For administration on day 19, the CF:CM ratio on day 20 was about 0.08 and placental and membrane concentrations were about ten times greater. (461) Levack et al. (1994) compared the transfer of 238Pu and 241Am to the fetus in rats and guinea pigs. The nuclides were administered together as the citrates at different stages of gestation and retention determined 3 days later in the rat and 7 days later in the guinea pig. Retention in the rat fetus on day 13 after administration on day 10 312

ICRP Publication 88 Table 4.30.1. Summary of animal data on the uptake of americium by the embryo and fetus 241

Am concentration

Day of gestation Species

Injection

Analysis

Membranes % g
1

Placenta % g
1

Embryo/fetus % g
1

CF:CM ratio

Reference

Baboon

150

157

-

0.01

0.0007

0.1

Paquet et al., 1998

Guinea pig

17

19

0.006

0.015

0.0002

0.001

Levack et al., 1994

50
30a 60

57 57 61

0.005 0.0002 0.01

0.1 0.002 0.06

0.002 0.0001 0.0006

0.02 0.003 0.005

6

9

-

-

0.0006

0.001

9 14 18
30a 9

12 17 birth birth 12

0.008 0.05 0.04

0.03 0.07 0.013

0.0001 0.001 0.004 0.0002 -

0.0002 0.003 0.009 0.0008 -

9 15

14 15(+2h)

0.008 -

0.006 0.2

0.0003 0.002

0.001 0.005

15 15 18 19

17 20 19 20

-

0.12 0.083 0.21 0.087

0.001 0.001 0.004 0.004

0.003 0.002 0.01 0.01

13

15

-

0.3

0.03

0.1

16 19 20

18 21 21

-

0.2 0.2 -

0.01 0.01 -

0.02 0.02 0.1


7a

birth

-

-

0.0015

0.005

14 19 9 9 15 15 19

birth birth 12 20 16 20 20

0.02 0.01 0.08 0.06 0.19

0.02 0.01 0.11 0.07 0.26

0.0015 0.008 0.002 0.0002 0.001 0.001 0.032

0.004 0.02 0.005 0.0005 0.004 0.004 0.08

16

18

1b

0.75

0.03

0.01

14

15

-

-

0.04

0.02

14 14

17 birth

-

-

0.02 0.02

0.01 0.01

Rat

Mouse

a b

Days prior to conception. Americium-243.

313

Sikov and Kelman, 1989 Levack et al., unpub.

Sikov and Mahlum, 1975 Hisamatsu and Takizawa, 1983

Sasser et al., 1986 Moskalev et al., 1969

Moskalev et al., 1989 Stather et al., 1987

Sikov, 1987

Weiss et al., 1980 Schoeters et al., 1987

ICRP Publication 88

was 2  10
5% injected activity per fetus for 241Am and 4 10
6% per fetus for 238Pu. Total retention in each fetoplacental unit was 0.004% injected activity for 241Am; with about 60% in the decidua, 37% in the placenta, 3% in the yolk sac, and less than 0.01% in the fetus. By late gestation, retention by the rat fetus was 0.001% per fetus for 241Am and 0.006% for 238Pu with totals per FPU of 0.002% and 0.3%, respectively. The placenta accounted for 61% of 241Am in the FPU, the yolk sac accounted for 18%, and the fetus retained 1–2% of FPU activity. Whole-body CF:CM ratios for 241 Am were 0.0002 on day 13, 0.003 by late gestation, and 0.01 by birth. (462) Retention of 241Am in the guinea pig fetus in late gestation after administration 7 days previously on day 50 was 0.1% injected activity per fetus with total retention per FPU of 0.5% (Levack et al., 1994). The placenta accounted for 77% of 241 Am in the FPU, the yolk sac for 0.7% and the fetus for 20%. The CF:CM ratio was about 0.02 and the CPl:CM ratio was 1.5. Concentrations of 241Am in the guinea pig fetus on day 57 after administration one month prior to conception were two orders of magnitude lower than after administration on day 50 and placental concentrations were one order of magnitude lower (CPl:CM=0.1). (463) Stather et al. (1984) calculated in utero doses from 241Am using the same model as for 239Pu; this is likely to result in conservative estimation of dose from 241 Am. Harrison et al. (1992) compared the in utero dose to haemopoietic tissue from 239Pu and 241Am (see Section 4.29). As for 239Pu, the estimated in utero doses from 241Am, calculated for chronic intake throughout pregnancy, were dominated by contributions to the yolk sac and bone marrow, but were small compared with doses to maternal bone marrow. Estimated doses from 241Am were more than an order of magnitude less than doses from 239Pu. 4.30.2. Models (a) Adult (464) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). For americium entering the circulation, as for plutonium, the main sites of deposition are the liver and skeleton. As discussed for plutonium, an actinide model is used which takes account of the redistribution of elements between and within tissues, particularly bone, and loss by excretion (ICRP, 1993). This model is taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (465) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (466) On the basis of the available data, a CF:CM ratio of 0.1 has been adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for intakes of americium during pregnancy and a value of 0.01 for intakes prior to pregnancy. (467) The concentration of americium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and twice that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). 314

ICRP Publication 88

(468) The age-dependent model for americium used in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993) takes account of greater initial deposition on bone surfaces and greater bone turnover in infants and children. The distribution of americium in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant, is taken to be 0.8 to the skeleton, 0.15 to liver and 0.05 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. 4.30.3. References for Americium Harrison, J.D., Haines, J.W., Levack, V.M. (1992) Fetal doses from plutonium-239, polonium-210 and americium-241 based on experimental data. EULEP Newsletter 67, pp. 17–20. Hisamatsu, S., Takizawa, Y. (1983) Placental transfer and distribution of 241Am in the rat. Radiat. Res. 94, 81–88. ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). Levack, V.M., Pottinger, H., Ham, G.J. et al. (1994) The fetal transfer of ruthenium, cerium, plutonium and americium. In: Nimmo-Scott, W., Golding, D.J. (Eds.), Proc. IRPA Regional Congress on Radiological Protection, June 1994, Portsmouth. Nuclear Technology Publishing, Ashford, pp. 161–164. Moskalev, Y.I., Buldakov, L.A., Lyaginskaya, A.M. et al. (1969) Experimental studies of radionuclide transfer through the placenta and their biological action on the fetus. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. US AEC, Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge, pp. 153–160. Moskalev, Y.I., Lyaginskaya, A.M., Zalikin, G.A. et al. (1989) Carcinogenic effects in rat progeny exposed perinatally to radionuclides. In: Napalkov, N.P., Rice, J.M., Tomatis, L. et al. (Eds.), Perinatal and Multigeneration Carcinogenesis. Lyon International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC, Lyon, pp. 421–428. Paquet, F., Poncy, J.-L., Ham, G. et al. (1998) Transfer of Po, Np, Pu and Am to the primate fetus. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79, 303–306. Rommereim, D.N., Sikov, M.R. (1986) Relative embryotoxicity of 239Pu and 241Am in rats. Teratology 33, 93C. Sasser, L.B., Mahlum, D.D., Rommereim, D.N. (1986) Influence of pregnancy and lactation on maternal deposition and perinatal uptake of 241Am in the rat. Health Phys. 50, 595–604. Schoeters, G., Van Den Heuvel, R., Hurtgen, C. et al. (1987) 241Am distribution in foetal haemopoietic organs of balb/c mice. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 193–200. Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (1975) The toxicity and distribution of 241Am and 244Cm in the rat after administration at 9 days of gestation. Radiat. Res. 62, 565. Sikov, M.R. (1987) Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 303–314. Sikov, M.R., Kelman, B.J. (1989) Factors affecting the placental transfer of actinides. Health Phys. 57, 109–114. Stather, J.W., Wrixon, A.D., Simmonds, J.R. (1984) The risks of leukaemia and other cancers in Seascale from radiation exposure. NRPB-R171. HMSO, London, pp. 272–283. Stather, J.W., Adams, N., Gray, S.A. et al. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclide to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Agerelated Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 371–380. Weiner, R.E., McInroy, J.F., Wegst, A.U. (1985) Determination of environmental levels of Pu, Am, U and Th in human fetal tissue. Abstract for the 30th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, May 1985, Chicago. Health Phys. 49, 141. Weiss, J.F., Walburg, J.E., McDowall, W.J. (1980) Placental transfer of americium and plutonium in mice. Health Phys. 39, 903–911. 315

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Am-241 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Am-241 (T1/2=4.32E+02 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.3E-09 3.8E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-07 2.0E-09 3.7E-08 1.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 4.8E-09 2.6E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 5.8E-09 2.4E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 1.1E-09 2.2E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 1.8E-07 1.2E-06 Red Marrow+ 7.1E-07 NA 1.0E-07 1.2E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 NA 2.5E-08 1.2E-06

1.4E-07 1.5E-07 1.4E-06 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 1.4E-06 1.3E-06 1.2E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-08 8.6E-10 1.4E-08 3.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-08 7.5E-10 1.3E-08 4.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-07 1.1E-09 6.9E-08 3.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.9E-07 9.2E-10 6.0E-08 3.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-07 1.6E-10 5.0E-08 3.5E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-07 NA 3.9E-08 3.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-07 NA 1.9E-08 2.7E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-08 NA 3.1E-09 1.7E-07

5.3E-08 5.3E-08 4.5E-07 4.2E-07 4.0E-07 3.7E-07 2.9E-07 1.7E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-09 5.1E-11 8.8E-10 2.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-09 2.4E-11 4.4E-10 1.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 2.3E-11 1.8E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.6E-09 1.8E-11 1.5E-09 1.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.7E-09 8.4E-12 1.1E-09 9.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-09 NA 8.5E-10 8.4E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-09 NA 3.7E-10 6.0E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-10 NA 5.2E-11 3.0E-09

3.6E-09 2.0E-09 1.3E-08 1.2E-08 1.1E-08 9.2E-09 6.4E-09 3.1E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.1E-10 4.8E-12 3.3E-10 4.1E-12 3.2E-09 9.9E-12 3.2E-09 1.2E-11 3.0E-09 2.5E-11 2.5E-09 NA 1.5E-09 NA 3.5E-10 NA

ein

utero

7.7E-11 7.6E-11 5.6E-10 5.2E-10 4.6E-10 3.9E-10 2.3E-10 6.1E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

316

2.1E-10 2.3E-10 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.4E-09 2.4E-09 2.4E-09

2.9E-10 3.1E-10 2.9E-09 2.8E-09 2.8E-09 2.8E-09 2.6E-09 2.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Am-241 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Am241 (T1/2=4.32E+02 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.4E-09 3.8E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.2E-09 3.9E-08 1.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 9.6E-07 1.3E-09 1.5E-07 1.2E-06

1.4E-07 1.5E-07 1.4E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-08 8.6E-10 1.4E-08 3.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-08 7.5E-10 1.3E-08 4.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.1E-07 2.2E-10 3.2E-08 2.9E-07

5.3E-08 5.3E-08 3.2E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-09 5.0E-11 8.4E-10 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-09 2.4E-11 4.3E-10 1.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.8E-09 5.4E-12 7.2E-10 7.2E-09

3.3E-09 2.0E-09 7.9E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.2E-10 4.9E-12 7.8E-11 3.4E-10 4.5E-12 8.1E-11 2.0E-09 7.6E-12 3.2E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

317

2.1E-10 2.3E-10 2.4E-09

2.9E-10 3.1E-10 2.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Am-243 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Am-243 (T1/2=7.38E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.4E-09 3.7E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-07 2.1E-09 3.6E-08 1.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 4.8E-09 2.5E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 5.7E-09 2.4E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-06 1.2E-09 2.1E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-06 NA 1.7E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 6.8E-07 NA 1.0E-07 1.1E-06 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-07 NA 2.4E-08 1.2E-06

1.4E-07 1.5E-07 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 1.2E-06 1.2E-06


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-08 8.8E-10 1.4E-08 3.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-08 7.6E-10 1.3E-08 4.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.2E-07 1.1E-09 6.7E-08 3.7E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.8E-07 9.1E-10 5.8E-08 3.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.2E-07 1.8E-10 4.8E-08 3.4E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-07 NA 3.8E-08 3.2E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-07 NA 1.8E-08 2.7E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-08 NA 3.0E-09 1.7E-07

5.2E-08 5.3E-08 4.4E-07 4.2E-07 3.9E-07 3.6E-07 2.9E-07 1.7E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.7E-09 5.5E-11 8.8E-10 2.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-09 2.9E-11 4.6E-10 1.6E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-08 3.0E-11 1.7E-09 1.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.3E-09 2.8E-11 1.5E-09 1.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 7.5E-09 3.0E-11 1.2E-09 9.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-09 NA 8.7E-10 8.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-09 NA 3.9E-10 5.9E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-10 NA 6.2E-11 2.9E-09

3.5E-09 2.1E-09 1.3E-08 1.2E-08 1.0E-08 9.1E-09 6.3E-09 3.0E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.0E-10 4.9E-12 3.2E-10 4.2E-12 3.2E-09 9.8E-12 3.1E-09 1.2E-11 3.0E-09 8.6E-11 2.5E-09 NA 1.5E-09 NA 3.7E-10 NA

ein

utero

7.6E-11 7.5E-11 6.0E-10 5.7E-10 5.1E-10 4.4E-10 2.7E-10 8.9E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

318

2.1E-10 2.2E-10 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.4E-09

2.9E-10 2.9E-10 2.9E-09 2.9E-09 2.8E-09 2.7E-09 2.6E-09 2.5E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Am-243 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Am243 (T1/2=7.38E+03 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.4E-09 3.7E-08 1.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-07 2.3E-09 3.9E-08 1.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 9.2E-07 1.3E-09 1.4E-07 1.1E-06

1.4E-07 1.5E-07 1.2E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 5.6E-08 8.8E-10 1.4E-08 3.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 7.7E-10 1.3E-08 3.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-07 2.2E-10 3.1E-08 2.9E-07

5.2E-08 5.2E-08 3.2E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-09 5.3E-11 8.4E-10 2.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.9E-09 2.9E-11 4.5E-10 1.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 4.7E-09 1.1E-11 7.4E-10 7.1E-09

3.3E-09 1.9E-09 7.8E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.1E-10 4.9E-12 7.7E-11 3.3E-10 4.6E-12 8.0E-11 2.0E-09 2.0E-11 3.6E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

319

2.1E-10 2.2E-10 2.3E-09

2.9E-10 3.0E-10 2.7E-09

ICRP Publication 88

4.31. Curium 4.31.1. Biokinetic data (469) Neton et al. (1979) administered 244Cm intravenously as the citrate to a baboon at about 4 months post-conception and measured transfer after 45 days. Total retention in the fetus was 0.45% of total maternal retention with 95% in the fetal skeleton. Placental retention was 1% of total maternal retention. CF:CM and CPl:CM ratios can be estimated as about 0.2 and 1. (470) Sikov and Mahlum (1975) injected curium intravenously into rats as 244Cm citrate at 9, 15 or 19 days of pregnancy and the animals were killed at 1, 3 or 5 days post injection. The concentration of 244Cm in the 10 day embryo at the egg cylinder stage was about 0.08% of the injected dose g
1. At 3 and 5 days after exposure, the concentrations in the embryo were 0.002% g
1 and 0.001% g
1, respectively. The corresponding concentrations in the placenta were 0.012% g
1 and 0.011 g
1 and in fetal membranes were 0.01% g
1 and 0.004% g
1, respectively. After injection on day 15, the concentrations in the fetuses, placenta, and membranes were 0.001% g
1, 0.021% g
1, and 0.007% g
1, respectively, at 1 day after exposure. After injection on day 19, these concentrations were 0.013% g
1, 0.11% g
1, and 0.05% g
1, respectively, at 1 day after exposure (Sikov, 1987). For injection on day 9, the results correspond to CF:CM ratios of 0.2, 0.005, and 0.002 on days 10, 12, and 14, resecptively and CPl:CM ratios of 0.03–0.05. For injection on day 15 or 19, CF:CM ratios one day later were 0.002 and 0.03, respectively, and CPl:CM ratios were 0.05 and 0.3, respectively. 4.31.2. Models (a) Adult (471) The biokinetic model for the reference adult is that given in Publication 71 (ICRP, 1995). For curium entering the circulation, as for americium, the main sites of deposition are the liver and skeleton. As discussed for americium, an actinide model is used which takes account of the redistribution of elements between and within tissues, particularly bone, and loss by excretion (ICRP, 1993). This model is taken to apply also to female adults. (b) Embryo, fetus, and newborn child (472) The dose to the embryo, from conception to 8 weeks, is taken to be the same as that to the maternal uterus. For the fetus, from 8 weeks until birth at 38 weeks, the dose is estimated using element specific tissue activities and retention half-times. (473) On the basis of the available data and by analogy with americium, the CF:CM ratio adopted for the calculation of dose coefficients for curium given in this report are 0.1 for intakes during pregnancy and 0.01 for intakes prior to pregnancy. (474) The concentration of curium in the placenta is taken to be one-tenth of that in maternal tissues for intakes before pregnancy (CPl:CM=0.1) and twice that in maternal tissues for intakes during pregnancy (CPl:CM=2). 320

ICRP Publication 88

(475) The age-dependent model for curium used in Publication 71 (ICRP, 1995) takes account of greater initial deposition on bone surfaces and greater bone turnover in infants and children. The distribution of curium in the fetus, based on the short-term distribution in the 3-month-old infant, is taken to be 0.8 to the skeleton, 0.15 to liver and 0.05 to all other tissues. For the offspring from birth, the model for the 3-month-old infant is applied. 4.31.3. References for Curium ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4). ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 4. Inhalation dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 71. Annals of the ICRP 25 (3/4). Neton, J., Lo Sasso, T., Cohen, N. et al. (1979) Cross-placental transfer of 243/244Cm in the baboon. COO3382-18, Inst. Env. Med., New York University, NY. Sikov, M.R. (1987) Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In: Gerber, G.B., Me´tivier, H., Smith, H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 303–314. Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (1975) Toxicity of 241Am and 244Cm after administration at nine days of gestation in the rat. Radiat. Res. 62, 565.

321

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Cm-242 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Cm-242 (T1/2=163 d) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 2.7E-09 5.4E-11 7.8E-10 5.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-08 8.2E-10 1.3E-08 3.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.1E-07 4.1E-09 1.6E-07 6.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-06 5.8E-09 1.7E-07 7.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-06 1.2E-09 1.6E-07 8.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 9.8E-07 NA 1.5E-07 9.9E-08 Red Marrow+ 6.5E-07 NA 9.6E-08 1.3E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 NA 2.6E-08 1.8E-07

1.4E-09 1.6E-08 2.2E-07 2.4E-07 2.5E-07 2.5E-07 2.3E-07 2.1E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-09 2.0E-11 2.9E-10 2.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-08 3.0E-10 4.6E-09 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-07 9.1E-10 4.1E-08 2.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.5E-07 9.1E-10 3.9E-08 2.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.4E-07 1.6E-10 3.5E-08 2.6E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-07 NA 3.0E-08 2.8E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.1E-07 NA 1.7E-08 3.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-08 NA 3.2E-09 2.6E-08

5.1E-10 5.8E-09 6.2E-08 6.3E-08 6.1E-08 5.8E-08 4.8E-08 2.9E-08


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 6.6E-11 1.2E-12 1.8E-11 1.5E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-10 9.9E-12 1.5E-10 4.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 6.1E-09 1.9E-11 9.9E-10 6.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.9E-09 1.6E-11 9.1E-10 6.8E-10 Red Marrow+ 5.3E-09 2.7E-12 7.8E-10 7.1E-10 Red Marrow+ 4.3E-09 NA 6.4E-10 7.2E-10 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-09 NA 3.2E-10 6.9E-10 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-10 NA 5.2E-11 4.5E-10

3.3E-11 2.0E-10 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 1.5E-09 1.4E-09 1.0E-09 5.0E-10


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 5.5E-12 1.1E-13 9.5E-11 1.7E-12 1.9E-09 8.5E-12 2.1E-09 1.2E-11 2.2E-09 2.6E-12 2.0E-09 NA 1.3E-09 NA 3.6E-10 NA

ein

utero

1.6E-12 2.6E-11 3.4E-10 3.5E-10 3.3E-10 3.0E-10 2.0E-10 5.3E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

322

1.2E-12 6.5E-12 1.3E-10 1.5E-10 1.8E-10 2.0E-10 2.7E-10 3.7E-10

2.8E-12 3.3E-11 4.7E-10 5.0E-10 5.1E-10 5.0E-10 4.7E-10 4.2E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Cm-242 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Cm-242 (T1/2=163 d) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.4E-08 2.7E-10 4.1E-09 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 1.1E-09 1.6E-08 3.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 7.5E-07 1.3E-09 1.1E-07 1.2E-07

5.3E-09 1.9E-08 2.3E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 4.6E-09 9.0E-11 1.3E-09 4.5E-10 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-08 3.4E-10 5.0E-09 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.1E-10 2.3E-08 2.8E-08

1.8E-09 6.2E-09 5.1E-08


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-10 3.2E-12 4.7E-11 2.3E-11 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-10 1.0E-11 1.5E-10 4.6E-11 Red Marrow+ 3.4E-09 3.8E-12 5.1E-10 6.5E-10

7.0E-11 2.0E-10 1.2E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 2.9E-11 5.6E-13 8.5E-12 1.1E-10 2.2E-12 3.3E-11 1.5E-09 2.7E-12 2.3E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

323

2.5E-12 7.1E-12 2.4E-10

1.1E-11 4.0E-11 4.7E-10

ICRP Publication 88 Acute intakes of Cm-244 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from acute intake of Cm-244 (T1/2=18.1 y) for different exposure scenarios epostnatal

eoffspring


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.2E-09 3.6E-08 7.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.1E-09 3.8E-08 8.3E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 5.1E-09 2.7E-07 8.7E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.6E-06 6.1E-09 2.5E-07 8.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-06 1.2E-09 2.3E-07 8.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-06 NA 1.9E-07 9.0E-07 Red Marrow+ 7.4E-07 NA 1.1E-07 9.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.8E-07 NA 2.6E-08 9.4E-07

1.1E-07 1.2E-07 1.1E-06 1.1E-06 1.1E-06 1.1E-06 1.0E-06 9.7E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 5.5E-08 8.2E-10 1.3E-08 2.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.8E-08 7.7E-10 1.4E-08 3.1E-08 Red Marrow+ 4.5E-07 1.1E-09 7.2E-08 2.9E-07 Red Marrow+ 4.1E-07 9.6E-10 6.3E-08 2.8E-07 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-07 1.6E-10 5.2E-08 2.7E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.8E-07 NA 4.1E-08 2.6E-07 Red Marrow+ 1.3E-07 NA 2.0E-08 2.1E-07 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-08 NA 3.2E-09 1.4E-07

4.0E-08 4.5E-08 3.6E-07 3.4E-07 3.2E-07 3.0E-07 2.3E-07 1.4E-07


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.6E-09 4.9E-11 8.4E-10 1.9E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-09 2.5E-11 4.5E-10 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 1.2E-08 2.3E-11 1.8E-09 8.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 9.9E-09 1.7E-11 1.5E-09 8.1E-09 Red Marrow+ 8.0E-09 2.8E-12 1.2E-09 7.3E-09 Red Marrow+ 6.0E-09 NA 8.9E-10 6.5E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.6E-09 NA 3.8E-10 4.7E-09 Red Marrow+ 3.5E-10 NA 5.2E-11 2.3E-09

2.7E-09 1.7E-09 1.1E-08 9.6E-09 8.5E-09 7.4E-09 5.1E-09 2.4E-09


130y
26 c{ 5 10 15 25 35

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)*

Highest organ dose hT (in utero)

hBrain

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.0E-10 4.6E-12 3.4E-10 4.2E-12 3.3E-09 1.0E-11 3.3E-09 1.3E-11 3.1E-09 2.7E-12 2.6E-09 NA 1.5E-09 NA 3.6E-10 NA

ein

utero

7.3E-11 7.8E-11 5.5E-10 5.2E-10 4.6E-10 3.9E-10 2.2E-10 5.3E-11

* Intake at the indicated time (weeks); negative times are prior to pregnancy. y
130 weeks=acute intake 2.5 years before conception. { c=acute intake at time of conception. Notes: Dose coefficients less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ <1E-15’. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

324

1.5E-10 1.7E-10 1.8E-09 1.8E-09 1.8E-09 1.8E-09 1.9E-09 1.9E-09

2.2E-10 2.5E-10 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 2.2E-09 2.1E-09 2.0E-09

ICRP Publication 88 Chronic intakes of Cm-244 Dose coefficients (Sv/Bq) for the offspring of female members of the public from chronic intake of Cm-244 (T1/2=18.1 y) for different exposure scenarios ecpostnatal

ecoffspring


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type F, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 1.5E-07 2.3E-09 3.6E-08 7.2E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.7E-07 2.3E-09 4.0E-08 8.4E-08 Red Marrow+ 1.0E-06 1.4E-09 1.5E-07 9.1E-07

1.1E-07 1.2E-07 1.1E-06


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type M, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 5.4E-08 8.2E-10 1.3E-08 2.7E-08 Red Marrow+ 5.7E-08 7.7E-10 1.3E-08 3.0E-08 Red Marrow+ 2.2E-07 2.3E-10 3.3E-08 2.3E-07

4.0E-08 4.3E-08 2.6E-07


260*
52* cy

Inhalation: Absorption Type S, 1 m AMAD, f1=0.0005 Red Marrow+ 3.3E-09 4.7E-11 7.9E-10 1.8E-09 Red Marrow+ 2.0E-09 2.5E-11 4.4E-10 1.2E-09 Red Marrow+ 5.0E-09 4.2E-12 7.5E-10 5.6E-09

2.6E-09 1.6E-09 6.4E-09


260*
52* cy

Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+ Red Marrow+

Time (weeks)

Highest organ dose hcT (in utero)

hcBrain

ecin

utero

Ingestion: f1=0.0005 3.0E-10 4.6E-12 7.5E-11 3.5E-10 4.7E-12 8.3E-11 2.1E-09 2.9E-12 3.1E-10

* Intake commencing at the indicated time prior to pregnancy. y Intake commencing at the time of conception. Notes: Dose per unit intake rates less than 1E-15 Sv/Bq are shown as ‘ < 1E-15’. hc and ec denote dose coefficients for chronic intakes. + At least one other tissue receives the same dose as that listed, see x 135.

325

1.5E-10 1.7E-10 1.9E-09

2.3E-10 2.5E-10 2.2E-09