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439. Attention deficits and hypothetical risk for schizophrenia
132S
Saturday Abstracts
BIOLPSYCHIATRY 1998:43 :1S-133S
rein) rmd was more sensitive to dopamine inhibition (65.2* 5.1 vs.38.6t4.0%) in schizophrenicpatients as comparedto age and sex matched controls. Antipsychoticmedicationhad no effect, and drug free patients for at least one month showed a similarly enhanced activity of complex I and the same susceptibility to dopamine as medicatedpatients. The alterations in complexI activity were disease specific, since patients with affective disorders did not differ from controls. In addition, no change was observed in the activity of cytochromec between the different groups. The results of this study demonstrate a peripheral change in mitochondrial respiration in schizophreniathat may have relevance to the pathophysiologyof the disorder, and at the same time serve as a potential peripheral marker
439. ATTENTION DEFICITS AND HYPOTHETICAL RISK FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA
of dorsolateralprethntal tortex aod/orits related subcorticalcircuitry. Consistentwith theoreticalexpectations,schizophreniapatients make significantlymore errors on antisaccadetasks than do normalsubjects. Tire clinicallynormalfmtdegrw. biologicalrelatives of schizophrenia patients rdso generate an increased proportionof sntisaccsde errors, suggestingperformanceon this measuremay indexgeneticliabilityfor the disease. If scbizotyprdpersonalitydisorder (SPD) is genetically snd/or neuropathologicallyrelated to schizophrenia,we would expect SPD subjectsto show abnormalitiessimilar to those of schizophrenia patients and their biologicalrelatives. Fitleen SPD subjects, none of whomhad a fwstdegreebiologicrdrelativewitha historyof scbizophrenia-relateddisorders,werecomparedon an antisaccadetaskto 22normal subjectsand 15schizophreniapatients.The SPDand normalgroupsdid not differ significantly(effat size = .01 standard&viation units).The schizophreniapatients, however,differed significantlyfrom both the normaland SPD groups(SZ-NFeffect size = 4.74 standarddeviation units). These data suggestthat SPD, when it occurs outsideof schizophreniafamilies,may have different neuropathologicalcorrelatesthan dces schizophrenia.
C. Evans, A. Gunther & L.S. Miller The Universityof Georgia,Athens,Georgia Previousresearch has demonstratedthat deficits in selectiveand sustained attention are characteristicof actively psychoticand remitted patientswith schizophrenia,as well as childrenat risk for the disorder. Moreover,suggestionsthat differentialpatlems of attentiondeficitsare seen in positiveversusnegativesubtypesof schizophrenicpatientshave beensubstantiatedby bothneuroanatornicslandneumcogrritiveresearch. In an effortto searchfor neuropsychological deficitswhichmayprecede psychosisand serve as bio-behavioralmarkers of vulnerabilityto the developmentof schizophrenia,research methods were developedfor identifyingindividualshypotheticallyat riskfor thedisorder.Thepresent studycomparedthe performanceof psychometrically -identifiedpositive (N=26) and negative(N=15) symptomhypotheticallyat-riskindividuals with a matchedcontrolgroupf,N=42)on neuropsychologicalmeasures of selective and sustainedattention.Analysesrevealed that the positive symptom group showed more impairmentoverall, such as increaseddistractibility(AuditoryDigit SpanTask;P<.05), moreomission errors (ContinuousPerformanceTest (CFT); p<.05), and longer responselatencies (CPT;pC.05) as comparedwith oegativesymptom andcontrolgroups.No significantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenthe negativesymptomgroupsod the controlgroupon any of the dependent measurestkomselectiveand sustainedattentiontasks,thoughtherewere several trends in the expecteddirection.These findingssupportedand extendedpreviousresearchinvestigatingneuropsychologicaldeficitsin psychometrically-identified at risk individuals,andprovidesupportfor a distinctionbetweenpositiveand negativesubtyping.
440. ANTISACCADE PERFORMANCE IN SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER C. Brennerl, J. McDowelll’2, K. Cadenhead2 & B.A. Clementzl ‘Universityof California,San DiegoDepartmentof Psychology,Ls Jolla, CA; ‘Universityof California,San DiegoDepartmentof Psychiatry,La Jell%CA The ocular motor antisaecadetask is a behavioralmeasureof saccadic inhibition.Poorperformanceon this task is associatedwith dysfunction
441. KRAEPELIN VS. THE NEO-KRAEPELINIANS: SPLITTING THE DIFFERENCE M. Ast & S.L. Wieder HillsideHospital-Centerfor NeuropsychiatricOutcomeand RehabilitationResearch,Glen Oaks,NY 11004 Unlike his predecessors who had diagnosed “phenomenologically” accordingto the most prominent symptomsof psychiatric disorders, Emil Kraepelin’scareful studies convincedhim that cases of endogenous psychosiscould be divided into two groups, dementia praecox and manic-depression,whose symptoms might appear very similar while in fact each expressed entirely different disease processes. Kraepelin revolutionized psychiatry by synthesizing a variety of previously separate diagnoses into a single disease entity, dementia praecox, at the same time introducingthe similarly fused category of manic-depressiveillness. In recent decades diagnosis of these disorders has undergone considerable change due to a so-called “neoKraepelinian revival” in psychiatric classification. There is widespread agreement that the DSM-111and DSM-IV represented a salutary return to Kraepelinian methods and principles. Analysis of the purportedlyneo-Kraepeliniarrapproachesto diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective disorder as exemplified by the DSM-IV, however,reveals that the DSM-IVdiagnostic criteria remain similar to and in important respects consistent with Bleuler’s and other non-Kraepelinian nosologies, but are fundamentally incompatible with: (1) Kraepelin’s most highly discriminatingdiagnostic criteria, and (2) the observations and principles on which Kraepelin based those criteria. Today it is vigorously debatedwhether schizophrenia and the major affective disorders are separate entities. The authors present specific suggestions for investigating this question and recommendthat fundamentaldifferences in definition and diagnosis between Kraepelin’s diagnostic criteria, and the DSM-IV and other alternative systems for diagnosis, once clarified, provide a sound basis for improved understandingof the causes and treatments for these still deeply perplexingillnesses.
Saturday Abstracts
BIOLPSYCHIATRY 1998:43 :1S-133S
rein) rmd was more sensitive to dopamine inhibition (65.2* 5.1 vs.38.6t4.0%) in schizophrenicpatients as comparedto age and sex matched controls. Antipsychoticmedicationhad no effect, and drug free patients for at least one month showed a similarly enhanced activity of complex I and the same susceptibility to dopamine as medicatedpatients. The alterations in complexI activity were disease specific, since patients with affective disorders did not differ from controls. In addition, no change was observed in the activity of cytochromec between the different groups. The results of this study demonstrate a peripheral change in mitochondrial respiration in schizophreniathat may have relevance to the pathophysiologyof the disorder, and at the same time serve as a potential peripheral marker
439. ATTENTION DEFICITS AND HYPOTHETICAL RISK FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA
of dorsolateralprethntal tortex aod/orits related subcorticalcircuitry. Consistentwith theoreticalexpectations,schizophreniapatients make significantlymore errors on antisaccadetasks than do normalsubjects. Tire clinicallynormalfmtdegrw. biologicalrelatives of schizophrenia patients rdso generate an increased proportionof sntisaccsde errors, suggestingperformanceon this measuremay indexgeneticliabilityfor the disease. If scbizotyprdpersonalitydisorder (SPD) is genetically snd/or neuropathologicallyrelated to schizophrenia,we would expect SPD subjectsto show abnormalitiessimilar to those of schizophrenia patients and their biologicalrelatives. Fitleen SPD subjects, none of whomhad a fwstdegreebiologicrdrelativewitha historyof scbizophrenia-relateddisorders,werecomparedon an antisaccadetaskto 22normal subjectsand 15schizophreniapatients.The SPDand normalgroupsdid not differ significantly(effat size = .01 standard&viation units).The schizophreniapatients, however,differed significantlyfrom both the normaland SPD groups(SZ-NFeffect size = 4.74 standarddeviation units). These data suggestthat SPD, when it occurs outsideof schizophreniafamilies,may have different neuropathologicalcorrelatesthan dces schizophrenia.
C. Evans, A. Gunther & L.S. Miller The Universityof Georgia,Athens,Georgia Previousresearch has demonstratedthat deficits in selectiveand sustained attention are characteristicof actively psychoticand remitted patientswith schizophrenia,as well as childrenat risk for the disorder. Moreover,suggestionsthat differentialpatlems of attentiondeficitsare seen in positiveversusnegativesubtypesof schizophrenicpatientshave beensubstantiatedby bothneuroanatornicslandneumcogrritiveresearch. In an effortto searchfor neuropsychological deficitswhichmayprecede psychosisand serve as bio-behavioralmarkers of vulnerabilityto the developmentof schizophrenia,research methods were developedfor identifyingindividualshypotheticallyat riskfor thedisorder.Thepresent studycomparedthe performanceof psychometrically -identifiedpositive (N=26) and negative(N=15) symptomhypotheticallyat-riskindividuals with a matchedcontrolgroupf,N=42)on neuropsychologicalmeasures of selective and sustainedattention.Analysesrevealed that the positive symptom group showed more impairmentoverall, such as increaseddistractibility(AuditoryDigit SpanTask;P<.05), moreomission errors (ContinuousPerformanceTest (CFT); p<.05), and longer responselatencies (CPT;pC.05) as comparedwith oegativesymptom andcontrolgroups.No significantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenthe negativesymptomgroupsod the controlgroupon any of the dependent measurestkomselectiveand sustainedattentiontasks,thoughtherewere several trends in the expecteddirection.These findingssupportedand extendedpreviousresearchinvestigatingneuropsychologicaldeficitsin psychometrically-identified at risk individuals,andprovidesupportfor a distinctionbetweenpositiveand negativesubtyping.
440. ANTISACCADE PERFORMANCE IN SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER C. Brennerl, J. McDowelll’2, K. Cadenhead2 & B.A. Clementzl ‘Universityof California,San DiegoDepartmentof Psychology,Ls Jolla, CA; ‘Universityof California,San DiegoDepartmentof Psychiatry,La Jell%CA The ocular motor antisaecadetask is a behavioralmeasureof saccadic inhibition.Poorperformanceon this task is associatedwith dysfunction
441. KRAEPELIN VS. THE NEO-KRAEPELINIANS: SPLITTING THE DIFFERENCE M. Ast & S.L. Wieder HillsideHospital-Centerfor NeuropsychiatricOutcomeand RehabilitationResearch,Glen Oaks,NY 11004 Unlike his predecessors who had diagnosed “phenomenologically” accordingto the most prominent symptomsof psychiatric disorders, Emil Kraepelin’scareful studies convincedhim that cases of endogenous psychosiscould be divided into two groups, dementia praecox and manic-depression,whose symptoms might appear very similar while in fact each expressed entirely different disease processes. Kraepelin revolutionized psychiatry by synthesizing a variety of previously separate diagnoses into a single disease entity, dementia praecox, at the same time introducingthe similarly fused category of manic-depressiveillness. In recent decades diagnosis of these disorders has undergone considerable change due to a so-called “neoKraepelinian revival” in psychiatric classification. There is widespread agreement that the DSM-111and DSM-IV represented a salutary return to Kraepelinian methods and principles. Analysis of the purportedlyneo-Kraepeliniarrapproachesto diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective disorder as exemplified by the DSM-IV, however,reveals that the DSM-IVdiagnostic criteria remain similar to and in important respects consistent with Bleuler’s and other non-Kraepelinian nosologies, but are fundamentally incompatible with: (1) Kraepelin’s most highly discriminatingdiagnostic criteria, and (2) the observations and principles on which Kraepelin based those criteria. Today it is vigorously debatedwhether schizophrenia and the major affective disorders are separate entities. The authors present specific suggestions for investigating this question and recommendthat fundamentaldifferences in definition and diagnosis between Kraepelin’s diagnostic criteria, and the DSM-IV and other alternative systems for diagnosis, once clarified, provide a sound basis for improved understandingof the causes and treatments for these still deeply perplexingillnesses.