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474. Vacuum techniques and their role in the food industry
Classified Abstracts
472-478
Classified General 10.
Vacuum
Abstracts
Science
Vacuum Science and Technology
10 : 23 Ultra-high vacuum demountable heated. See Abstr. No. 513.
10 : 56 472. Progress with extremely small electronic circuits. U.S.A. Three systems of microminiturization of electronic circuits are at present under development, known as the stacked individual component, film component and integrated or solid Of these, the first has received component system respectively. extensive application in American computers and an idea of the amount of miniaturization achieved can be gained by the fact that 10,000 components of this type can be housed easily in a 15 in. cube. With film components obtained by vacuum evaporation or sputtering it is possible to go much further, 3000 of these units occupying the space of an ordinary matchbox. The minute size of some of the solid components finally renders the development of computer-like machines comparable in capacity with the human brain, no longer an idle dream. Microminiaturization is by now a fully advanced technology. The great attraction of the system is the small size and weight, which makes it possible to duplicate or even triplicate circuits to an The resultant increase in reliability extent never possible before. W. J. S. is obvious. G. W. A. Dummer, New Scien/i.st, 17 (325), 7 Feb. 1963, 283-285.
11.
and
valves
that
of vacuum
derived products. France. Vacuum
techniques are required in industries where fats are processed, e.g. in the manufacture of tallow, soaps, glycerin etc. These techniques are used to exclude air and prevent oxidation, and to extract impurities from materials To avoid oxidation it is someundergoing vacuum distillation. (in French) times necessary to apply only a partial vacuum. (Author, modified) R. FranCois, Le Vide, 17 (IO]), Sept./O&.
1962, 453-456.
II :2l 477. Roots pumps. The scope for the application of Roots pumps in the France. intermediate vacuum range grows continually. After a short review of present theories concerning these pumps, the difficulties arising from the use of formulae deduced from these theories are pointed out. Various measurements made on prototypes, pumping speed, compression ratio, average value of conductance, highest working pressure etc., are described, and a comparison is made between experimental and calculated pumping speed (Authors, modified) curves. (in Frencll) S. Choumoff 465-478.
and P. Legrand, Le Vide, 17 (IOI), Sept./O&.
12.
Measurement of Low Pressures 12 in small volumes of only a few tenths in the range 20 to 100 torr.
1962, 393-398.
of a cubic centimetre Holland. The tendency
to manufacture gas-filled miniature lamps of very small volumes involves increasing difficulties in measuring the initial gas pressure in such lamps. The article describes the measuring device and also the procedure adopted. The accuracy obtained is quite high, within a few per cent of the true gas pressure in the lamp. The pressure is measured according to lamp volume and initial gas pressure either by means of a McLeod gauge or by a U-tube manometer as the case may be. The design of both instruments, which had to be adapted to the particular application, is discussed in detail. Relevant formulae are given which allow a nomogram to be prepared, so that the lamp pressure may be found simply from (Authors, modified) the experimental data. (in German)
475. New torsion microbalances for use in ultra-high Two designs of torsion microbalances W. Germany.
are described for use in ultra-high vacuum. They are sensitive enough to weigh monoatomic layers. After a theoretical discussion concerning stabilization of such balances by suitable position of centre of gravity and initial twist of torsion filament, One of the balances the two types are described in greater detail. is made entirely of quartz, has an optical pointer and eddy The second has a torsion filament of tungsten, current damping. electronic damping and uses a null reading method by compensated voltage. W. J. S. Vakuum-Technik,
sur-
478. Pressure measurements
10 : 29 vacuum.
W. Schroen,
1962,
11 :21 :17 Production of vacuum by condensation on low-temperature faces. 1. Cryogenic pumps. See Abstr. No. 507.
474. Vacuum techniques and their role in the food industry. France. Vacuum techniques are classified into three groupsvacuum production (pumps), construction of vacuum-tight devices and measurement techniques. The main problems of the food industry where vacuum techniques are applicable are (Author, modified) indicated. (in French)
R. Niedermayer and March 1962, 36-40.
be
to the refining of fats and some
17 (328), 28 Feb. 1963, 460.
Le Vide, 17 (IOI), Sept./Ott.
can
11 :54
10 : 54
R. Musson-Genon,
seals
Production of Low Pressures
476. The application
10 : 30 473. Electra-erosion technique. Great Britain. The cutting tool in electron erosion is a spark The incident energy which can be as small as 1~ in diameter. density is very high (6.,100 MeW/cm2), but since no force is exerted on the work piece, very delicate operations can be carried out. The method has received wide applications for machining masks for the vacuum evaporation of cryotrons and W. J. S. other thin film circuitry. Anon., New Scientist,
and Engineering
11 (2),
A. J. T. Mallet and L. E. Vrenken, Feb. 1963, 6-12. 199
Vakuum-Technik,
12 (I),
472-478
Classified General 10.
Vacuum
Abstracts
Science
Vacuum Science and Technology
10 : 23 Ultra-high vacuum demountable heated. See Abstr. No. 513.
10 : 56 472. Progress with extremely small electronic circuits. U.S.A. Three systems of microminiturization of electronic circuits are at present under development, known as the stacked individual component, film component and integrated or solid Of these, the first has received component system respectively. extensive application in American computers and an idea of the amount of miniaturization achieved can be gained by the fact that 10,000 components of this type can be housed easily in a 15 in. cube. With film components obtained by vacuum evaporation or sputtering it is possible to go much further, 3000 of these units occupying the space of an ordinary matchbox. The minute size of some of the solid components finally renders the development of computer-like machines comparable in capacity with the human brain, no longer an idle dream. Microminiaturization is by now a fully advanced technology. The great attraction of the system is the small size and weight, which makes it possible to duplicate or even triplicate circuits to an The resultant increase in reliability extent never possible before. W. J. S. is obvious. G. W. A. Dummer, New Scien/i.st, 17 (325), 7 Feb. 1963, 283-285.
11.
and
valves
that
of vacuum
derived products. France. Vacuum
techniques are required in industries where fats are processed, e.g. in the manufacture of tallow, soaps, glycerin etc. These techniques are used to exclude air and prevent oxidation, and to extract impurities from materials To avoid oxidation it is someundergoing vacuum distillation. (in French) times necessary to apply only a partial vacuum. (Author, modified) R. FranCois, Le Vide, 17 (IO]), Sept./O&.
1962, 453-456.
II :2l 477. Roots pumps. The scope for the application of Roots pumps in the France. intermediate vacuum range grows continually. After a short review of present theories concerning these pumps, the difficulties arising from the use of formulae deduced from these theories are pointed out. Various measurements made on prototypes, pumping speed, compression ratio, average value of conductance, highest working pressure etc., are described, and a comparison is made between experimental and calculated pumping speed (Authors, modified) curves. (in Frencll) S. Choumoff 465-478.
and P. Legrand, Le Vide, 17 (IOI), Sept./O&.
12.
Measurement of Low Pressures 12 in small volumes of only a few tenths in the range 20 to 100 torr.
1962, 393-398.
of a cubic centimetre Holland. The tendency
to manufacture gas-filled miniature lamps of very small volumes involves increasing difficulties in measuring the initial gas pressure in such lamps. The article describes the measuring device and also the procedure adopted. The accuracy obtained is quite high, within a few per cent of the true gas pressure in the lamp. The pressure is measured according to lamp volume and initial gas pressure either by means of a McLeod gauge or by a U-tube manometer as the case may be. The design of both instruments, which had to be adapted to the particular application, is discussed in detail. Relevant formulae are given which allow a nomogram to be prepared, so that the lamp pressure may be found simply from (Authors, modified) the experimental data. (in German)
475. New torsion microbalances for use in ultra-high Two designs of torsion microbalances W. Germany.
are described for use in ultra-high vacuum. They are sensitive enough to weigh monoatomic layers. After a theoretical discussion concerning stabilization of such balances by suitable position of centre of gravity and initial twist of torsion filament, One of the balances the two types are described in greater detail. is made entirely of quartz, has an optical pointer and eddy The second has a torsion filament of tungsten, current damping. electronic damping and uses a null reading method by compensated voltage. W. J. S. Vakuum-Technik,
sur-
478. Pressure measurements
10 : 29 vacuum.
W. Schroen,
1962,
11 :21 :17 Production of vacuum by condensation on low-temperature faces. 1. Cryogenic pumps. See Abstr. No. 507.
474. Vacuum techniques and their role in the food industry. France. Vacuum techniques are classified into three groupsvacuum production (pumps), construction of vacuum-tight devices and measurement techniques. The main problems of the food industry where vacuum techniques are applicable are (Author, modified) indicated. (in French)
R. Niedermayer and March 1962, 36-40.
be
to the refining of fats and some
17 (328), 28 Feb. 1963, 460.
Le Vide, 17 (IOI), Sept./Ott.
can
11 :54
10 : 54
R. Musson-Genon,
seals
Production of Low Pressures
476. The application
10 : 30 473. Electra-erosion technique. Great Britain. The cutting tool in electron erosion is a spark The incident energy which can be as small as 1~ in diameter. density is very high (6.,100 MeW/cm2), but since no force is exerted on the work piece, very delicate operations can be carried out. The method has received wide applications for machining masks for the vacuum evaporation of cryotrons and W. J. S. other thin film circuitry. Anon., New Scientist,
and Engineering
11 (2),
A. J. T. Mallet and L. E. Vrenken, Feb. 1963, 6-12. 199
Vakuum-Technik,
12 (I),