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496 Psychophysiology of interrelation between sleep and stress: possible role of some peptides
190
Abstracts
/International
Journal
sponses (Vahabzadeh et al., 1996a; Vahabzadeh et al., 1996b). The present investigation aimed to study the role of brain dopaminergic (DA) system on stress-induced behavioural responses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-3009, were implanted with microdialysis probes in the lateral ventricle under chloral hydrate (500 mg/kg i.p.1 anaesthesia. Twelve hours after implantation animals were placed in a bowl. The implanted animals were perfused at 2Qmin with Ringer solution (Ca++= 2 mM). 5 min tail pinch is applied for control group. In the sham group Ringer solution were perfused via microdialysis probes while the tail pinch (5 min) stress is performed. For the test group either LY 171555 (1OO~M) or sulpiride (1OO~M) is added to the Ringer solution while the tail pinch (5 mm) stress is performed. The tail pinch-induced behavioural responses were observed in all groups. Tail pinch stress causes a variety of behavioural responses including gnawing, licking and aggression in rats (Antelman, et al., 19751. In the present studies duration of these responses were observed at 5 min. Each group was compared with the control animals. Variation calculated in the percentage base. All statistjcal analysis were carried out using absolute data and either St& dent paired t-test (within same group) or Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test (within the different groups). The result shows that LY 171555 a dopamine D2 agonist reduces the duration of the tail pinch-induced behaviour to 56 f 4% (P < 0.005, n = 181, whereas sulpiride a dopamine D2 antagonist enhances it to 163 + 17% ( < 0.005, n = 18) of B the sham. Data from the present studies suggest an excitatory role for brain dopaminergic system in the stress-induced behavioural responses.
of Psychophysiology
30 (1998)
95-271
ions in the salivary ducts - hence lowered [Na+]. Salivary [K+] concentration increases strongly as a result of raised “autonomic activation” - sympathetic relative to parasympathetic activity. Many studies from our research groups have now been reported showing that lowered sodium ion concentration [Na+] in unstimulated saliva relates to psychological stress state, while raised potassium ion concentration [K+] indicates a state of activation (Hinton and Burton, 1997) as in states of both perceived challenge and anxiety. In this experiment subjects had to learn how to do complex problem-solving, with comprehensive feed-back on 3 highly engaging “games”, lasting overall 2.5-3.0 hours. Comparisons were made of three groups: (1) high success, (2) partial success (“strugglers”) and (3) total failure to learn. Saliva was sampled after resting and after each of 3 “games”. The “total failure” subjects had a generally significantly higher and invariant [K+] as compared to the successful ones, indicating a chronically raised autonomic activation - this outcome being interpreted from interference theories (noise as in anxiety/worry). The “failures” also had significantly higher tonic [Na+] on “games” - indicating low psychological stress as predicted from McGrath’s (1976) theory in which repeated failure leads to negation of need to do well on a task. Successful learners exhibited autonomic “flexibility” - a significant rise in [K+] on the first “game” followed by a significant fall which is consistent with a task-challenge reaction followed by fast autonomic adaptation with successful learning. The [Na+] of “Strugglers” fell significantly over the “games”, indicating mineralocorticoid-induced psychological stress response to repeated low success. This study illustrates the sensitivity of the salivary ion indices as indickors of task-challenge and psychological stress, and the practical potential for use in work-stress fieldwork.
References Antelman, SE., Szechtman, H., Chin, P. and Fisher, A.E. (1975). Tail pinch-induced eating, gnawing and licking behaviour in rats: Dependence on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Brain Research 99: 319-337. Vahabzadeh, A., Dadashzadeh, S. and Khorasani, M. (1996a). The role of brain serotonergic system on the tail pinch-induced- behavioural responses. Brain Res. Assoc. Abstr. 13: 36. Vahabzadeh, A., Ebrahemi, H. and Khorasani, M. (1996b). The effect of locus coerulus noradrenaline cell body lesion on the tail pinch-induced behavioural responses. Brain Res. Assoc.
Abstr.
13: 36.
495 SALIVARY ION INDICATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND ACTIVATION RELATED TO CAPABILITY OF LEARNING TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS J.W. Hintona, P. Richterb and S. Reinholdb “University of Glasgow, bTech. University, Dresden Psychological stress results in increase of ACTH. This induces release of aldosterone which causes reabsorption of sodium
496 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTERRELATION BETWEEN SLEEP AND STRESS: POSSIBLE ROLE OF SOME PEPTIDES V.M. Kovalzon Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Academy of
Our studies show an intimate relationship between both sleep and stress mechanisms. Experimental suppression of sleep, that is 4-day paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats using a “soft” arousal method (electrical stimulation of the reticular formation by slightly suprathreshold intensity for the EEG arousal) results in hypoactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortocal (stress) axIs (decrease in adrenal and increase in thymus weight) [l]. Surgical “disinhibition”of the stress hormonal aris in rats leads to a hyperactivity of the sleep system, that is an increase in slow wave and paradoxical sleep in adrenalectomized rats within the 12-hr night period following a mild emotional stress produced by 1-hr immobilization; this effect is completely abolished by preliminary treatment with dexametazone [2]. This interrelation is probably mediated by
Abstracts
/International
Journal
serotonine and several peptides, including ACTH/POMC derivatives (des-cY-MSH and CLIP) and the &sleep-inducing peptide, DSIP. However, direct injection and infusion of a synthetic DSIP into the cerebral ventricles of rats and rabbits fails to induce an excessive sleep during the following dark (in rats) and light (in rabbits) 12-hr recording period. At the same time several DSIP analogs highly resistant against aminopeptidase activity as well as obtaining optimal conformation, really possess pronounced hypnogenic activity [3-61. This activity might be mediated through stress-related and growth-related peptides which are closely connected to endogenous DSIP-like peptide either morphologically or (and) functionally [7,8]. Hypnogenic activity of the muramyl peptides is drastically different from that of DSIP analogs. Nevertheless, these peptides originated from intestinal flora could also participate in a possible linkage between stress and sleep through such intermediate substances as serotonin, interleukin-1, stress-related peptides, ACIH fragments and endogenous DSIP-like peptide [9].
497 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF HYPERVENTILATION: DECREMENT IN ETCO, AS A CONDITIONED RESPONSE IN ACQUISITION AND INCREMENT IN ETCO, IN EXTINCTION Ronald Ley, Jesska E. Ley and Charles Bassett University of Albany, State University of New York, USA Hyperventilation has an acute profound effect on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. The intensity of hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischernia and cerebral hypoxia depends on the magnitude, rate, and duration of concordant drop in the partial pressure of arterial CO, (PaCO,) and rise in arterial pH (cerebral hypoxia induced by respiratory alkalosis). Cerebral hypoxia is but one example of the systemic hypoxia that severe hyperventilation can induce; and transient hemiparesis is but one of a wide range of complaints hyperventilation can produce (see Lum, 1975, 1994, for a discussion of hyperventilatory complaints: gastrointestinal, central nervous system, respiratory, cardiovascular, skeletal system, anxiety states). All symptoms of panic disorder listed in the DSM-IV classification of panic are among those produced by hyperventilation. To date, a considerable body of evidence has demonstrated the conditionability of respiratory frequency, volume, and pattern (see Ley, in press), but not hyperventilation. The research reported here (three independent experiments) demonstrate that a reliable decrement in ETCOr can be acquired as a CR in which the UCS consists of a mental stress test (counting backwards by 7s or 17s) and the CS consists of an auditory signal. One study employs a UCS control and a CS sensitization control; and two studies use a differential conditioning paradigm followed by extinction trials. Evidence of stimulus generalization is also presented. These first demonstrations of hyperventilation as a CR have important implications for psychophysiology in terms of theory, research, and clinical applications.
of Psychophysiology
30 (1998)
498 HEART RATE TION IN PATIENTS ETY
95-271
191
VARIABILITY (HRV) EXAMINAWITH A HIGH LEVEL OF ANXI-
N.B. Khaspekova*, G.M. Diukova**, Z.N. Tumalaeva**, SM. Chechelnitskaya* * , 0.1~. Chirkova**, O.V. Varnovskaya**, Z.A. Musaeva* * , E.L. Babounashvili* * , L.N. Pokazanyeva* , M.G. Airapetyanz* and A.M. Vein * * * Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, ** Dept. of Neurology, Moscow Medical Academy, Russia Autonomic impairment in psycho-vegetative syndrome is well documented. To evaluate the cerebral autonomic control and anxiety impact, spectral analysis of HRV in the interim period between attacks was studied on the following groups of patients - 30 patients with panic attacks (PA), 24 patients with migraine (M), 33 patients with neurocardiogenic syncope (S), 23 patients with hyperventilation (H). They were compared to 26 age-matched healthy control persons. For a stationary 5-min ECG series the spectral VLF (0, 01 to 0, 03 Hz), LF (0, 03 to 0, 15 Hz) and HF (0, 15 to 0, 40 Hz) components had been computed. For all groups of patients, no significant changes in average R-R interval and total power were observed. Although, increasing of the absolute power in the VLF band comparing to control was documented. A mean correlation of r = 0.87-0.70 inherent to VLF-power and anxiety. The similar correlation was for groups PA, S and H. We observed decreasing of VLF in coincidence with decreasing of anxiety level. According our hypothesis, the absolute power of VLF band (0, 01 to 0, 03 Hz) could be applied as a marker of. anxiety.
499 TRAIT ANXIETY ATTENTION TASK
AND ERP (ND) IN A SELECTIVE
S. Hayashida*, S.-I. Niwa*, K. Kobayashi* and K. Itoh*** Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine * * University of Tokyo School of Medicine PURPOSE: Individuals with high or low trait anxiety seem different each other in information processing, especially in selective attention. Nd components of event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used as a psychophysiological measure of selective attentional processing. In the present study; we examined possible differences in selective attentional processing in high- or low-anxiety individuals by recording Nd in a dichotic syllable discrimination task. SUBJECTS and METHODS: Forty subjects were selected from 152 healthy volunteers who demonstrated normal MMPI profiles with the criteria of selecting upper 20 and lower 20 subjects in terms of the Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS). The employed paradigm for eliciting ERPs was a dichotic syllable discrimination task in which 2 kinds of syllables, /te/ and
Abstracts
/International
Journal
sponses (Vahabzadeh et al., 1996a; Vahabzadeh et al., 1996b). The present investigation aimed to study the role of brain dopaminergic (DA) system on stress-induced behavioural responses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-3009, were implanted with microdialysis probes in the lateral ventricle under chloral hydrate (500 mg/kg i.p.1 anaesthesia. Twelve hours after implantation animals were placed in a bowl. The implanted animals were perfused at 2Qmin with Ringer solution (Ca++= 2 mM). 5 min tail pinch is applied for control group. In the sham group Ringer solution were perfused via microdialysis probes while the tail pinch (5 min) stress is performed. For the test group either LY 171555 (1OO~M) or sulpiride (1OO~M) is added to the Ringer solution while the tail pinch (5 mm) stress is performed. The tail pinch-induced behavioural responses were observed in all groups. Tail pinch stress causes a variety of behavioural responses including gnawing, licking and aggression in rats (Antelman, et al., 19751. In the present studies duration of these responses were observed at 5 min. Each group was compared with the control animals. Variation calculated in the percentage base. All statistjcal analysis were carried out using absolute data and either St& dent paired t-test (within same group) or Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test (within the different groups). The result shows that LY 171555 a dopamine D2 agonist reduces the duration of the tail pinch-induced behaviour to 56 f 4% (P < 0.005, n = 181, whereas sulpiride a dopamine D2 antagonist enhances it to 163 + 17% ( < 0.005, n = 18) of B the sham. Data from the present studies suggest an excitatory role for brain dopaminergic system in the stress-induced behavioural responses.
of Psychophysiology
30 (1998)
95-271
ions in the salivary ducts - hence lowered [Na+]. Salivary [K+] concentration increases strongly as a result of raised “autonomic activation” - sympathetic relative to parasympathetic activity. Many studies from our research groups have now been reported showing that lowered sodium ion concentration [Na+] in unstimulated saliva relates to psychological stress state, while raised potassium ion concentration [K+] indicates a state of activation (Hinton and Burton, 1997) as in states of both perceived challenge and anxiety. In this experiment subjects had to learn how to do complex problem-solving, with comprehensive feed-back on 3 highly engaging “games”, lasting overall 2.5-3.0 hours. Comparisons were made of three groups: (1) high success, (2) partial success (“strugglers”) and (3) total failure to learn. Saliva was sampled after resting and after each of 3 “games”. The “total failure” subjects had a generally significantly higher and invariant [K+] as compared to the successful ones, indicating a chronically raised autonomic activation - this outcome being interpreted from interference theories (noise as in anxiety/worry). The “failures” also had significantly higher tonic [Na+] on “games” - indicating low psychological stress as predicted from McGrath’s (1976) theory in which repeated failure leads to negation of need to do well on a task. Successful learners exhibited autonomic “flexibility” - a significant rise in [K+] on the first “game” followed by a significant fall which is consistent with a task-challenge reaction followed by fast autonomic adaptation with successful learning. The [Na+] of “Strugglers” fell significantly over the “games”, indicating mineralocorticoid-induced psychological stress response to repeated low success. This study illustrates the sensitivity of the salivary ion indices as indickors of task-challenge and psychological stress, and the practical potential for use in work-stress fieldwork.
References Antelman, SE., Szechtman, H., Chin, P. and Fisher, A.E. (1975). Tail pinch-induced eating, gnawing and licking behaviour in rats: Dependence on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Brain Research 99: 319-337. Vahabzadeh, A., Dadashzadeh, S. and Khorasani, M. (1996a). The role of brain serotonergic system on the tail pinch-induced- behavioural responses. Brain Res. Assoc. Abstr. 13: 36. Vahabzadeh, A., Ebrahemi, H. and Khorasani, M. (1996b). The effect of locus coerulus noradrenaline cell body lesion on the tail pinch-induced behavioural responses. Brain Res. Assoc.
Abstr.
13: 36.
495 SALIVARY ION INDICATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND ACTIVATION RELATED TO CAPABILITY OF LEARNING TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS J.W. Hintona, P. Richterb and S. Reinholdb “University of Glasgow, bTech. University, Dresden Psychological stress results in increase of ACTH. This induces release of aldosterone which causes reabsorption of sodium
496 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTERRELATION BETWEEN SLEEP AND STRESS: POSSIBLE ROLE OF SOME PEPTIDES V.M. Kovalzon Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Academy of
Our studies show an intimate relationship between both sleep and stress mechanisms. Experimental suppression of sleep, that is 4-day paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats using a “soft” arousal method (electrical stimulation of the reticular formation by slightly suprathreshold intensity for the EEG arousal) results in hypoactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortocal (stress) axIs (decrease in adrenal and increase in thymus weight) [l]. Surgical “disinhibition”of the stress hormonal aris in rats leads to a hyperactivity of the sleep system, that is an increase in slow wave and paradoxical sleep in adrenalectomized rats within the 12-hr night period following a mild emotional stress produced by 1-hr immobilization; this effect is completely abolished by preliminary treatment with dexametazone [2]. This interrelation is probably mediated by
Abstracts
/International
Journal
serotonine and several peptides, including ACTH/POMC derivatives (des-cY-MSH and CLIP) and the &sleep-inducing peptide, DSIP. However, direct injection and infusion of a synthetic DSIP into the cerebral ventricles of rats and rabbits fails to induce an excessive sleep during the following dark (in rats) and light (in rabbits) 12-hr recording period. At the same time several DSIP analogs highly resistant against aminopeptidase activity as well as obtaining optimal conformation, really possess pronounced hypnogenic activity [3-61. This activity might be mediated through stress-related and growth-related peptides which are closely connected to endogenous DSIP-like peptide either morphologically or (and) functionally [7,8]. Hypnogenic activity of the muramyl peptides is drastically different from that of DSIP analogs. Nevertheless, these peptides originated from intestinal flora could also participate in a possible linkage between stress and sleep through such intermediate substances as serotonin, interleukin-1, stress-related peptides, ACIH fragments and endogenous DSIP-like peptide [9].
497 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF HYPERVENTILATION: DECREMENT IN ETCO, AS A CONDITIONED RESPONSE IN ACQUISITION AND INCREMENT IN ETCO, IN EXTINCTION Ronald Ley, Jesska E. Ley and Charles Bassett University of Albany, State University of New York, USA Hyperventilation has an acute profound effect on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. The intensity of hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischernia and cerebral hypoxia depends on the magnitude, rate, and duration of concordant drop in the partial pressure of arterial CO, (PaCO,) and rise in arterial pH (cerebral hypoxia induced by respiratory alkalosis). Cerebral hypoxia is but one example of the systemic hypoxia that severe hyperventilation can induce; and transient hemiparesis is but one of a wide range of complaints hyperventilation can produce (see Lum, 1975, 1994, for a discussion of hyperventilatory complaints: gastrointestinal, central nervous system, respiratory, cardiovascular, skeletal system, anxiety states). All symptoms of panic disorder listed in the DSM-IV classification of panic are among those produced by hyperventilation. To date, a considerable body of evidence has demonstrated the conditionability of respiratory frequency, volume, and pattern (see Ley, in press), but not hyperventilation. The research reported here (three independent experiments) demonstrate that a reliable decrement in ETCOr can be acquired as a CR in which the UCS consists of a mental stress test (counting backwards by 7s or 17s) and the CS consists of an auditory signal. One study employs a UCS control and a CS sensitization control; and two studies use a differential conditioning paradigm followed by extinction trials. Evidence of stimulus generalization is also presented. These first demonstrations of hyperventilation as a CR have important implications for psychophysiology in terms of theory, research, and clinical applications.
of Psychophysiology
30 (1998)
498 HEART RATE TION IN PATIENTS ETY
95-271
191
VARIABILITY (HRV) EXAMINAWITH A HIGH LEVEL OF ANXI-
N.B. Khaspekova*, G.M. Diukova**, Z.N. Tumalaeva**, SM. Chechelnitskaya* * , 0.1~. Chirkova**, O.V. Varnovskaya**, Z.A. Musaeva* * , E.L. Babounashvili* * , L.N. Pokazanyeva* , M.G. Airapetyanz* and A.M. Vein * * * Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, ** Dept. of Neurology, Moscow Medical Academy, Russia Autonomic impairment in psycho-vegetative syndrome is well documented. To evaluate the cerebral autonomic control and anxiety impact, spectral analysis of HRV in the interim period between attacks was studied on the following groups of patients - 30 patients with panic attacks (PA), 24 patients with migraine (M), 33 patients with neurocardiogenic syncope (S), 23 patients with hyperventilation (H). They were compared to 26 age-matched healthy control persons. For a stationary 5-min ECG series the spectral VLF (0, 01 to 0, 03 Hz), LF (0, 03 to 0, 15 Hz) and HF (0, 15 to 0, 40 Hz) components had been computed. For all groups of patients, no significant changes in average R-R interval and total power were observed. Although, increasing of the absolute power in the VLF band comparing to control was documented. A mean correlation of r = 0.87-0.70 inherent to VLF-power and anxiety. The similar correlation was for groups PA, S and H. We observed decreasing of VLF in coincidence with decreasing of anxiety level. According our hypothesis, the absolute power of VLF band (0, 01 to 0, 03 Hz) could be applied as a marker of. anxiety.
499 TRAIT ANXIETY ATTENTION TASK
AND ERP (ND) IN A SELECTIVE
S. Hayashida*, S.-I. Niwa*, K. Kobayashi* and K. Itoh*** Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine * * University of Tokyo School of Medicine PURPOSE: Individuals with high or low trait anxiety seem different each other in information processing, especially in selective attention. Nd components of event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used as a psychophysiological measure of selective attentional processing. In the present study; we examined possible differences in selective attentional processing in high- or low-anxiety individuals by recording Nd in a dichotic syllable discrimination task. SUBJECTS and METHODS: Forty subjects were selected from 152 healthy volunteers who demonstrated normal MMPI profiles with the criteria of selecting upper 20 and lower 20 subjects in terms of the Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS). The employed paradigm for eliciting ERPs was a dichotic syllable discrimination task in which 2 kinds of syllables, /te/ and