- Email: [email protected]
69. An electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) study of actions of human wrist flexors
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Society Proceedings / Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) e147–e180
65. VEPs elicited by sinusoidal grating stimuli with low spatial frequency—Yamazaki Hiroko, Sai Gyokushu, Yatabe Kiyomi, Gunji Atsuko, Kaga Makiko, InagakI Masumi (NCNP, Kodaira, Japan) Objective: VEPs elicited by low spatial frequency and low contrast stimuli were recorded to investigate the function of the magnocellular system in normal subjects. Methods: Healthy six adults and five children participated in this study. Black and white sinusoidal gratings with spatial frequency of 0.28 c/deg and reversal rate of 15 rev/ sec were presented through CRT monitor to each subject. Results: Substantial VEP responses were recorded at Oz with 30% contrast stimuli in most subjects. Peak to trough amplitudes were decreased linearly as the decreasing of the contrast from 30% to 10%. Contrast thresholds which are obtained by extrapolating the regression lines to 0 lV, were 2.6% to 3.1% for adults and 2.7% to 4.2% for children. Conclusion: Low contrast, low spatial frequency stimuli were reported to be optimal to activate magnocellular system. Therefore, VEPs in the present study may reflect the function of such specific visual system in control subjects. Further research is needed to record more stable responses, especially in children, to estimate normal contrast thresholds. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.071
66. Megalencephaly in autism spectrum disorders—Toshiaki Hashimoto, Kenji Mori (Hinomine Rehabilitation Center, Tokushima University, Tokushina, Japan) There have been reports of increased brain volume in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as well as several studies of an increase in head circumference. The abnormal enlargement of the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter volumes occur in early infantile period of 2 and 3 years olds ASD and abnormally slow rates of volume change across later years. Recently, Dawson noticed that a period of exceptionally rapid head growth occurs during the first year of life in ASD. We analyzed the increase of head circumference from birth to 1 year of life based on the maternal and child health handbook, which is a medical record book delivered to the pregnant women in Japan, in children with ASD diagnosed later. A rapid increase in head circumference occurred from 1 month after birth, peaking at six months and lessening after 12 months. The head circumference of ASD children was similar to that of healthy children at birth. The discrepancy reached a peak at 6 months, thereafter decreased. Thus, the difference of head circumference peaked during the first year of life. However, the reasons for abnormal brain growth in ASD children are not known. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.072
67. Aging effect on the apparent motion induced brain magnetic responses—Sanae Ueno, Mitsuru Kikuchi, Tsunehisa Tsubokawa, Hiroaki Tanaka, Yasuyuki Kawabuchi, Kiyomi Sitamichi, Isamu Ozaki, Yoshio Minabe, Hisashi Kado, Isao Hashimoto (Ishikawa Sunrise Industries Creation Organization, Ishikawa, Japan) With advancing age, not only deteriorations but also neurophysiological deviations have been reported. We hypothesized that visual induced response in MEG would reflect their brain aging deviations in normal elderly subjects. Methods: Subjects were consisted of 16
younger healthy volunteers aged 24–38 years (mean 31.2 ± 4.7) and 26 elderly healthy volunteers aged 55–77 years (mean 66.8 ± 6.3). All subjects were recruited from community and had no personal or family history of psychiatric or neurological disease. None of them were taking CNS-active medications. We used MEG methods during visual apparent motion stimulus which induced motion related responses. In addition, the Wechsler Memory ScaleRevised was used to evaluate memory performance in detail. The Ethics Committee of the Kanazawa University approved this study. Result: Gamma band activities induced by apparent motion were lower in elderly group compared with younger group. In addition, positive correlations between gamma band activity and performances of memory were observed in elderly group. Conclusions: Although further study is still necessary to draw definitive conclusion, the results of this pilot study would be beneficial for our understanding of the relationship between human brain aging and gamma band activities. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.073
68. An electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) study of actions of human wrist extensors—K. Suzuki, M. Sagae, T. Sotokawa, T. Fujita, M. Naganuma, T. Sato, A. Narita, H. Nakano, H. Fujii, A. Naito (Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan) To elucidate actions of human wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis longus: ECRL, ECR brevis: ECRB, EC ulnaris: ECU), motion and force of wrist produced by ENS to each muscle with the prone (P), semiprone (SP), and supine forearm (S) were measured in 10 normal human subjects. Directions of extension/flexion and abduction/adduction were represented by 90°/270° and 0°/180°, respectively on the coronal plane. In motion study, ENS to ECRL, ECRB, and ECU produced a motion in direction of 60° (mean), 87°, and 205° with P, 66°, 83°, and 166° with SP, and 47°, 66°, and 116° with S, respectively, to the maximum range of motion in each direction. In force study, direction and strength of force produced by ENS to ECRL, ECRB, and ECU were 54° and 1.75 Nm, 74° and 1.78 Nm, and 184° and 1.49 Nm with P, 34° and 1.65 Nm, 63° and 1.66 Nm, and 152° and 1.43 Nm with SP, and 32° and 1.66 Nm, 70° and 1.49 Nm, and 147° and 1.25 Nm with S, respectively. Results of the force study suggest that ECRL is acting as abductor and extensor, ECRB as extensor rather than abductor, and ECU as adductor rather than extensor. ECU is nothing more than adductor with P. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.074
69. An electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) study of actions of human wrist flexors—A. Narita, T. Sato, K. Suzuki, M. Naganuma, T. Sotokawa, T. Fujita, H. Fujii, A. Naito (Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan) Our previous ENS study showed actions of human wrist extensors. In this study, to elucidate actions of wrist flexors (flexor carpi radialis: FCR, flexor carpi ulnaris: FCU), motion and force of the wrist produced by ENS to each muscle with the prone (P), semiprone (SP), and supine forearm (S) were measured in 10 normal human subjects. Directions of extension/flexion and abduction/adduction were represented by 90°/270° and 0°/180°, respectively on the coronal plane. In motion study, ENS to FCR and FCU produced a motion in direction of 273° (mean) and 265° with P, 249° and 232° with SP, and 242° and 229° with S, respectively, to the maximum range of motion in each
Society Proceedings / Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) e147–e180
direction. In force study, direction and strength of force produced by ENS to FCR and FCU were 298° and 1.16 Nm and 239° and 1.70 Nm with P, 279° and 1.30 Nm and 241° and 1.62 Nm with SP, and 267° and 1.24 Nm and 227° and 2.04 Nm with S, respectively. Results of the force study suggest that FCU is acting as flexor and adductor and FCR as flexor rather than abductor. FCR is nothing more than flexor with S. Our ENS studies would contribute to reconstruct motor functions of the paralyzed hand. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.075
70. Generator mechanism of ‘startle-like reflex’ in a patient with stiff-person syndrome—Takayuki Kondo, Riki Matsumoto, Tadanori Maki, Akio Ikeda, Ryosuke Takahashi (Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan) Objective: Patients with stiff-person syndrome (SPS) occasionally show the ‘startle-like reflex’, i.e., spasms elicited by unexpected sound or somatosensory stimuli. We investigated the pathophysiology of the ‘startle-like reflex’ or spasms induced by peripheral nerve stimulation. Methods: In a 32-year-old man with SPS, electrical pulses were given at the supraorbital notch (trigeminal nerve), wrist (median nerve) and ankle (tibial nerve). The induced spasms were recorded from the surface electrodes on the skin placed at the face, arm, abdomen and leg. Result: Spasms were elicited by the all nerve stimulations, and ranged from 100 to 400 ms in duration. Regardless of stimulated site, the spasms were initially evoked at the upper abdomen, followed by other body parts. Onset latency at the upper abdominal muscle was 58.6 ± 10.8, 75.3 ± 4.5 and 135.9 ± 7.4 after stimulation at the supraorbital notch, wrist and ankle, respectively (mean ± standard deviation [ms]). Conclusion: Judging from latency differences, the ‘startle-like reflex’ in this particular patient seemed to have the following long circuitry; afferent impulse run into the brainstem or subcortical central structures, then descended to the thoracic level, and finally spread both rostrally and caudally through a slow conduction pathway. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.076
71. Disfunction of neural network related to task set in patients with schizophrenia—T. Matsuda, T. Marutani, M. Matsuura, N. Kanaka, M. Motoshita, E. Matsushima, T. Kojima (Tamagawa University, Brain Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan) We investigated neural network deficits in schizophrenia using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during cognitive task. Patients with schizophrenia have a variety of cognitive deficits. The cognitive deficits can be divided into (1) deficits in preparation for the task (task set) (2) deficits in execution of the task (executive control) (3) deficits in feedback of the task (evaluation). Though previous researches of schizophrenia have mainly focused on deficits in executive control, it is also important to investigate the deficits in preparation for the task. For example, when the instructions of the task are given, human brain establishes a task set before the task is actually performed. We investigated brain activities related to both task set and task performance. In turn our study allows us to determine whether patients with schizophrenia set up different or similar task sets prior to the task performance and then use different or similar task strategies as normal participants. The results of this study show that patients with schizophrenia form different task sets
compared to normal participants due disturbances.
e163
to attention control
doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.077
72. The response in the human cerebral somatosensory cortex to the mechanical stimulation—Ken Inoue, Kazuyoshi Nakanishi, Hikmat Hadoush, Hiroshi Kurumadani, Akira Hashizume, Toru Sunagawa, Mitsuo Ochi (Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan) The present study examined the sensory cortex responses for 1st finger, 2nd finger and 5th finger elicited by on/off mechanical stimuli to the human glabrous skin. We recorded somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) elicited by compressing the glabrous skin of the finger and decompressing it by using a photosensor trigger. The tested fingers were the 1st finger, 2nd finger and 5th finger. The equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) were significantly stronger when the 2nd finger was stimulated compared with when 5th finger was stimulated. Moreover, the ECDs were stronger by the decompression than by the compression when the 2nd finger was stimulated, while those were not stronger by the decompression than by the compression when the 1st or 5th finger was stimulated. It is considered that the larger primary somatosensory cortex for the 2nd finger plays differently from the smaller cortex for the 1st finger or 5th finger. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.078
73. Epileptic negative drop attacks in atypical benign partial epilepsy: Neurophysiological study—Yoshiko Hirano, Hirokazu Oguni, Makiko Osawa (Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan) Purpose: We conducted a computer-assisted polygraphic analysis of drop attacks (DA) in a child with atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE) to investigate their neurophysiological characteristics. Subject and method: The patient was a 6-year-2-month-old girl, who started to have focal motor seizures, later combined with daily epileptic negative myoclonus (ENM) and DA, causing multiple injuries. We studied ENM and DA using video-polygraphic and computer-assisted back-averaging analysis. Results: A total of 12 ENM episodes, including left arm involvement in 7 (ENMlt) and both arm involvement in 5 (ENMbil), and 5 DA were captured for analysis. They were all time-locked to spikeand-wave complexes (SWC) arising from both centro-temporo-parietal (CTP) areas. The latency between the onsets of SWC and those of ENMlt, ENMbil, and DA reached 68, 42, and 8 ms, respectively. The height of the spike as well as slow-wave component of SWC in DA was significantly larger than that in both ENMlt and ENMbil (P < 0.05). Conclusion: DA was considered to be ENM involving not only upper proximal but also axial muscles, causing the dropping of her body. Thus, DA in ABPE are considered to be epileptic negative DA arising from bilateral CTP foci. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.079
74. Nerve conduction measurements for anterior interosseous nerve palsy—Shingo Nobuta, Kazuhiro Ogawa, Kenji Kanazawa (Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Japan)
Society Proceedings / Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) e147–e180
65. VEPs elicited by sinusoidal grating stimuli with low spatial frequency—Yamazaki Hiroko, Sai Gyokushu, Yatabe Kiyomi, Gunji Atsuko, Kaga Makiko, InagakI Masumi (NCNP, Kodaira, Japan) Objective: VEPs elicited by low spatial frequency and low contrast stimuli were recorded to investigate the function of the magnocellular system in normal subjects. Methods: Healthy six adults and five children participated in this study. Black and white sinusoidal gratings with spatial frequency of 0.28 c/deg and reversal rate of 15 rev/ sec were presented through CRT monitor to each subject. Results: Substantial VEP responses were recorded at Oz with 30% contrast stimuli in most subjects. Peak to trough amplitudes were decreased linearly as the decreasing of the contrast from 30% to 10%. Contrast thresholds which are obtained by extrapolating the regression lines to 0 lV, were 2.6% to 3.1% for adults and 2.7% to 4.2% for children. Conclusion: Low contrast, low spatial frequency stimuli were reported to be optimal to activate magnocellular system. Therefore, VEPs in the present study may reflect the function of such specific visual system in control subjects. Further research is needed to record more stable responses, especially in children, to estimate normal contrast thresholds. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.071
66. Megalencephaly in autism spectrum disorders—Toshiaki Hashimoto, Kenji Mori (Hinomine Rehabilitation Center, Tokushima University, Tokushina, Japan) There have been reports of increased brain volume in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as well as several studies of an increase in head circumference. The abnormal enlargement of the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter volumes occur in early infantile period of 2 and 3 years olds ASD and abnormally slow rates of volume change across later years. Recently, Dawson noticed that a period of exceptionally rapid head growth occurs during the first year of life in ASD. We analyzed the increase of head circumference from birth to 1 year of life based on the maternal and child health handbook, which is a medical record book delivered to the pregnant women in Japan, in children with ASD diagnosed later. A rapid increase in head circumference occurred from 1 month after birth, peaking at six months and lessening after 12 months. The head circumference of ASD children was similar to that of healthy children at birth. The discrepancy reached a peak at 6 months, thereafter decreased. Thus, the difference of head circumference peaked during the first year of life. However, the reasons for abnormal brain growth in ASD children are not known. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.072
67. Aging effect on the apparent motion induced brain magnetic responses—Sanae Ueno, Mitsuru Kikuchi, Tsunehisa Tsubokawa, Hiroaki Tanaka, Yasuyuki Kawabuchi, Kiyomi Sitamichi, Isamu Ozaki, Yoshio Minabe, Hisashi Kado, Isao Hashimoto (Ishikawa Sunrise Industries Creation Organization, Ishikawa, Japan) With advancing age, not only deteriorations but also neurophysiological deviations have been reported. We hypothesized that visual induced response in MEG would reflect their brain aging deviations in normal elderly subjects. Methods: Subjects were consisted of 16
younger healthy volunteers aged 24–38 years (mean 31.2 ± 4.7) and 26 elderly healthy volunteers aged 55–77 years (mean 66.8 ± 6.3). All subjects were recruited from community and had no personal or family history of psychiatric or neurological disease. None of them were taking CNS-active medications. We used MEG methods during visual apparent motion stimulus which induced motion related responses. In addition, the Wechsler Memory ScaleRevised was used to evaluate memory performance in detail. The Ethics Committee of the Kanazawa University approved this study. Result: Gamma band activities induced by apparent motion were lower in elderly group compared with younger group. In addition, positive correlations between gamma band activity and performances of memory were observed in elderly group. Conclusions: Although further study is still necessary to draw definitive conclusion, the results of this pilot study would be beneficial for our understanding of the relationship between human brain aging and gamma band activities. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.073
68. An electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) study of actions of human wrist extensors—K. Suzuki, M. Sagae, T. Sotokawa, T. Fujita, M. Naganuma, T. Sato, A. Narita, H. Nakano, H. Fujii, A. Naito (Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan) To elucidate actions of human wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis longus: ECRL, ECR brevis: ECRB, EC ulnaris: ECU), motion and force of wrist produced by ENS to each muscle with the prone (P), semiprone (SP), and supine forearm (S) were measured in 10 normal human subjects. Directions of extension/flexion and abduction/adduction were represented by 90°/270° and 0°/180°, respectively on the coronal plane. In motion study, ENS to ECRL, ECRB, and ECU produced a motion in direction of 60° (mean), 87°, and 205° with P, 66°, 83°, and 166° with SP, and 47°, 66°, and 116° with S, respectively, to the maximum range of motion in each direction. In force study, direction and strength of force produced by ENS to ECRL, ECRB, and ECU were 54° and 1.75 Nm, 74° and 1.78 Nm, and 184° and 1.49 Nm with P, 34° and 1.65 Nm, 63° and 1.66 Nm, and 152° and 1.43 Nm with SP, and 32° and 1.66 Nm, 70° and 1.49 Nm, and 147° and 1.25 Nm with S, respectively. Results of the force study suggest that ECRL is acting as abductor and extensor, ECRB as extensor rather than abductor, and ECU as adductor rather than extensor. ECU is nothing more than adductor with P. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.074
69. An electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) study of actions of human wrist flexors—A. Narita, T. Sato, K. Suzuki, M. Naganuma, T. Sotokawa, T. Fujita, H. Fujii, A. Naito (Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan) Our previous ENS study showed actions of human wrist extensors. In this study, to elucidate actions of wrist flexors (flexor carpi radialis: FCR, flexor carpi ulnaris: FCU), motion and force of the wrist produced by ENS to each muscle with the prone (P), semiprone (SP), and supine forearm (S) were measured in 10 normal human subjects. Directions of extension/flexion and abduction/adduction were represented by 90°/270° and 0°/180°, respectively on the coronal plane. In motion study, ENS to FCR and FCU produced a motion in direction of 273° (mean) and 265° with P, 249° and 232° with SP, and 242° and 229° with S, respectively, to the maximum range of motion in each
Society Proceedings / Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) e147–e180
direction. In force study, direction and strength of force produced by ENS to FCR and FCU were 298° and 1.16 Nm and 239° and 1.70 Nm with P, 279° and 1.30 Nm and 241° and 1.62 Nm with SP, and 267° and 1.24 Nm and 227° and 2.04 Nm with S, respectively. Results of the force study suggest that FCU is acting as flexor and adductor and FCR as flexor rather than abductor. FCR is nothing more than flexor with S. Our ENS studies would contribute to reconstruct motor functions of the paralyzed hand. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.075
70. Generator mechanism of ‘startle-like reflex’ in a patient with stiff-person syndrome—Takayuki Kondo, Riki Matsumoto, Tadanori Maki, Akio Ikeda, Ryosuke Takahashi (Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan) Objective: Patients with stiff-person syndrome (SPS) occasionally show the ‘startle-like reflex’, i.e., spasms elicited by unexpected sound or somatosensory stimuli. We investigated the pathophysiology of the ‘startle-like reflex’ or spasms induced by peripheral nerve stimulation. Methods: In a 32-year-old man with SPS, electrical pulses were given at the supraorbital notch (trigeminal nerve), wrist (median nerve) and ankle (tibial nerve). The induced spasms were recorded from the surface electrodes on the skin placed at the face, arm, abdomen and leg. Result: Spasms were elicited by the all nerve stimulations, and ranged from 100 to 400 ms in duration. Regardless of stimulated site, the spasms were initially evoked at the upper abdomen, followed by other body parts. Onset latency at the upper abdominal muscle was 58.6 ± 10.8, 75.3 ± 4.5 and 135.9 ± 7.4 after stimulation at the supraorbital notch, wrist and ankle, respectively (mean ± standard deviation [ms]). Conclusion: Judging from latency differences, the ‘startle-like reflex’ in this particular patient seemed to have the following long circuitry; afferent impulse run into the brainstem or subcortical central structures, then descended to the thoracic level, and finally spread both rostrally and caudally through a slow conduction pathway. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.076
71. Disfunction of neural network related to task set in patients with schizophrenia—T. Matsuda, T. Marutani, M. Matsuura, N. Kanaka, M. Motoshita, E. Matsushima, T. Kojima (Tamagawa University, Brain Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan) We investigated neural network deficits in schizophrenia using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during cognitive task. Patients with schizophrenia have a variety of cognitive deficits. The cognitive deficits can be divided into (1) deficits in preparation for the task (task set) (2) deficits in execution of the task (executive control) (3) deficits in feedback of the task (evaluation). Though previous researches of schizophrenia have mainly focused on deficits in executive control, it is also important to investigate the deficits in preparation for the task. For example, when the instructions of the task are given, human brain establishes a task set before the task is actually performed. We investigated brain activities related to both task set and task performance. In turn our study allows us to determine whether patients with schizophrenia set up different or similar task sets prior to the task performance and then use different or similar task strategies as normal participants. The results of this study show that patients with schizophrenia form different task sets
compared to normal participants due disturbances.
e163
to attention control
doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.077
72. The response in the human cerebral somatosensory cortex to the mechanical stimulation—Ken Inoue, Kazuyoshi Nakanishi, Hikmat Hadoush, Hiroshi Kurumadani, Akira Hashizume, Toru Sunagawa, Mitsuo Ochi (Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan) The present study examined the sensory cortex responses for 1st finger, 2nd finger and 5th finger elicited by on/off mechanical stimuli to the human glabrous skin. We recorded somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) elicited by compressing the glabrous skin of the finger and decompressing it by using a photosensor trigger. The tested fingers were the 1st finger, 2nd finger and 5th finger. The equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) were significantly stronger when the 2nd finger was stimulated compared with when 5th finger was stimulated. Moreover, the ECDs were stronger by the decompression than by the compression when the 2nd finger was stimulated, while those were not stronger by the decompression than by the compression when the 1st or 5th finger was stimulated. It is considered that the larger primary somatosensory cortex for the 2nd finger plays differently from the smaller cortex for the 1st finger or 5th finger. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.078
73. Epileptic negative drop attacks in atypical benign partial epilepsy: Neurophysiological study—Yoshiko Hirano, Hirokazu Oguni, Makiko Osawa (Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan) Purpose: We conducted a computer-assisted polygraphic analysis of drop attacks (DA) in a child with atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE) to investigate their neurophysiological characteristics. Subject and method: The patient was a 6-year-2-month-old girl, who started to have focal motor seizures, later combined with daily epileptic negative myoclonus (ENM) and DA, causing multiple injuries. We studied ENM and DA using video-polygraphic and computer-assisted back-averaging analysis. Results: A total of 12 ENM episodes, including left arm involvement in 7 (ENMlt) and both arm involvement in 5 (ENMbil), and 5 DA were captured for analysis. They were all time-locked to spikeand-wave complexes (SWC) arising from both centro-temporo-parietal (CTP) areas. The latency between the onsets of SWC and those of ENMlt, ENMbil, and DA reached 68, 42, and 8 ms, respectively. The height of the spike as well as slow-wave component of SWC in DA was significantly larger than that in both ENMlt and ENMbil (P < 0.05). Conclusion: DA was considered to be ENM involving not only upper proximal but also axial muscles, causing the dropping of her body. Thus, DA in ABPE are considered to be epileptic negative DA arising from bilateral CTP foci. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.079
74. Nerve conduction measurements for anterior interosseous nerve palsy—Shingo Nobuta, Kazuhiro Ogawa, Kenji Kanazawa (Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Japan)