- Email: [email protected]
75 years1
Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
75 years1 E. Raymond Andrew* Departments of Physics, Radiology and Nuclear Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
First of all I should like to thank everyone most warmly for coming to this event and for so kindly contributing many excellent papers to the program, making it a most memorable occasion. Especially I want to thank Neil Sullivan, Susan Rizzo and their band of helpers for organizing it. I can’t tell you how very deeply I appreciate it all. Actually reaching 75 is not such an outstanding feat and several others here tonight have reached this milestone before me. This holiday I received a Christmas card from Jack Allen, former Physics Chairman at St. Andrews University in Scotland where I once worked and known to low temperature physicists as discoverer of the fountain effect in liquid helium. He is now aged 88 and still cycles into the lab every day. He told me that when complaining to his doctor recently about some new aches and pains he was told he was suffering from the TMB syndrome. What’s TMB you will ask? Too many birthdays! I don’t feel I have the TMB syndrome yet, but maybe this is an occasion to look back over the 75 years and show pictures of a few people I met along the way. If I tell you I was born in Boston you might be forgiven for thinking I came from Massachusetts. In fact, I came from Boston in England, a small port on the east coast from which many New England settlers originated including five early governors of Massachusetts. Boston has this most wonderful 14th century church tower, tallest in Britain, rising 300 feet * Fax: +1 352 3928863. 1 This contribution is based on after-dinner remarks made at the 75th Anniversary Symposium held in Gainesville, FL, 5 January 1997.
0926-2040/97/$17.00 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved PII S0926-2040 (97 )0 0037-4
from the river (Fig. 1), the largest parish church in all England and well worth a visit if you are ever that way. It was here that my parents were married and a stone’s throw away my grandfather had his baker’s shop. My father, shown in Fig. 2, started as a plumber and later became an ironmonger and house furnisher. One task I was given during the war, working at the Radar Research Establishment in Malvern, was to measure the attenuation of microwave radar signals through gun flashes and I had to assemble a complex array of x-band waveguides for this purpose. It seemed to me to be only a slightly more sophisticated form of plumbing, carrying on the family tradition. My mother, shown in Fig. 3 in Boston in 1908, was, as you see, a professional photographer before she married. In due course I found my way to Cambridge University as a scholar of Christ’s College, whose entrance you see in Fig. 4. It is one of the older colleges whose alumni include Milton, the poet and Darwin, the evolutionist. For a time I lived in Milton’s old rooms to the left of the gatehouse. I suspect the plumbing may have dated back to his time! My tutor at Christ’s was C.P. Snow, the novelist. After the war I returned to Cambridge for a Ph.D. in low temperature physics and here are the assembled physics graduate students in 1946 (Fig. 5). In the center of the front row is Sir Lawrence Bragg, the famous crystallographer, who received a Nobel Prize at the age of 25 and lived to be 81. Also in the front row (sixth from the right) is David Shoenberg, my Ph.D. supervisor. Fig. 6 shows a more up-to-date picture of him taken in my office when he recently paid us a visit
Im
2
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 1. The church tower of Boston, England.
Fig. 4. The entrance of Christ’s College, Cambridge, England.
Im Fig. 2. The author’s father, Edward Richard Andrew (1885–1960).
Fig. 3. The (1887–1969).
author’s
mother,
Anne
Henderson Andrew
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
3
Fig. 5. Physics graduate students, Cambridge University, 1946. Sir Lawrence Bragg, Cavendish Professor of Physics is in the center of the front row. The author is on the back row, second from the left.
Im Fig. 6. Professor David Shoenberg in my office in the University of Florida, 1991.
4
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 7. Professor P.L. Kapitza.
Fig. 9. Professor F. Bloch.
in Gainesville. At 87, he still goes to the lab most days. Shoenberg was a student of Kapitza (Fig. 7), who was a Professor of Physics at Cambridge in the 1930s. Although working in England, Kapitza still
Im Fig. 8. Professor C.J. Gorter.
Fig. 10. Professor N. Bloembergen.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
5
Fig. 13. The author in his laboratory at Harvard University, 1948.
Fig. 11. Professor R.V. Pound.
retained his Soviet citizenship and in 1934 on one of his periodic return visits, Stalin said he needed him in Russia and he was not allowed out again for 30 years, till he was 70. I was delighted to meet him (my scientific grandfather) on several occasions later. Whenever something in the literature caught David Shoenberg’s eye, he would deputize one of his students to read it up and present a talk on it at the weekly seminar. In this way I learned about NMR in 1946 when the first papers of Purcell, Torrey and Pound and Bloch, Hansen and Packard were published. Soon afterwards the Dutch physicist, Gorter (Fig. 8), who had tried without success to find NMR in 1936 and 1942, paid us a visit and then we had a visit from Felix Bloch (Fig. 9). This was followed soon after by Nicolaas Bloembergen (Fig. 10) and Bob Pound (Fig.
Im Fig. 12. Professor E.M. Purcell.
Fig. 14. Professor C.P. Slichter and the author, Rio de Janiero, 1986.
6
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 15. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, visiting the author’s laboratory in the University of Wales, 1957.
Fig. 17. The author with Professor J.W. Hennel, 1960.
11), both here today, and we were very excited. This seemed such an excellent subject to work in. So in 1948, I was very fortunate to spend a postdoctoral year at Harvard in the lab of Professor Ed Purcell. Fig. 12 shows him about the time that he and Bloch shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952. He is a remarkably able and pleasant physicist but at 84 is
Im Fig. 16. Meeting the Queen and Prince Philip, 1965. The author is at the left waiting to be introduced by Earl Spencer.
Fig. 18. Robin Hood, Nottingham.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
7
Fig. 19. Professor R.L. Mo¨ssbauer, Professor A. Kastler and the author, Nottingham, 1974.
now rather frail. (Note: Professor Purcell died later in 1997.) This picture (Fig. 13) shows me in my basement NMR lab at Harvard in 1948 with my simple CW NMR spectrometer. You may notice a large rectangular hole (3’ × 1’) in the communicating wall to the next lab, which was occupied by one of Ed Purcell’s graduate students, Charlie Slichter. Charlie and I got to know each other well through that hole in the wall
Fig. 20. Meeting the Pope at the Vatican, 1979.
and our paths have crossed frequently since. Fig. 14 shows us together in Rio de Janiero for the ISMAR meeting in 1986 when we were President and VicePresident of ISMAR. Back in Britain we had some distinguished visitors coming to our lab. Here (Fig. 15) we see Prince Philip (Duke of Edinburgh) listening attentively to my explanation of magic angle spinning. A little later I
Im Fig. 21. The first international meeting on NMR imaging, Nottingham, 1976.
8
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 22. The first NMR image of a human wrist (of P.J. Bottomley) and above it a photograph of a matching cadaver section.
had the chance to meet the Queen also. I’m waiting here (Fig. 16) to be introduced by Earl Spencer, grandfather of Princess Diana. One important visitor for a whole year was Professor Jacek Hennel (Fig. 17), who with Professor Hrynkiewicz pioneered NMR in Poland. This was the start of many visits and scientific interactions and I am delighted that he is here for this symposium. My first postdoctoral fellow was Geoffrey West who returned to his native Australia in 1956 and carried out the first NMR experiments in Australia. It was in Nottingham, England that I spent my last 20 years before coming to Florida in 1983. Without doubt the most famous Nottingham character is Robin Hood (around 1200 AD) whom you see in Fig. 18 outside the castle wall. At Nottingham in 1974, we organized an AMPERE congress at which two of the speakers were Mossbauer and Kastler, well-known Nobel Laureates (Fig. 19). A little later I had the honor of an audience with the Pope at the Vatican who talked to me in excellent English (Fig. 20). Professor Hennel recently wrote a book on NMR with his colleague Dr Klinowski. He wrote to the Pope about this book (he knew the Pope
Im Fig. 23. Meeting with Professor A.D. Sakharov in Winnipeg, 1989.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
9
Fig. 24. The author with the daughter (right) and granddaughter (left) of E.K. Zavoisky at the 50th anniversary celebration of his discovery of ESR, Kazan, Russia, 1994.
very well from his student days in Krakow). They received a reply summoning them to the Vatican to present a copy of their NMR book in person. They
went and the Pope gave them 3 h of discussion. He thanked them for the book and said it would be of great help to him in managing the Holy Church!
Im Fig. 25. Gradient coils for NMR microscopy, 1995.
10
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 26. NMR microimage of cross-section of human spinal cord in vitro, 1995.
In Nottingham we started our NMR imaging work and in 1976 we held the first international conference on NMR imaging. This small assembly of some 25 persons included almost everyone in the world working in this area at the time (Fig. 21). Nowadays the annual conferences on MRI attract over 3000 people, a 100-fold increase. One person who somehow escaped my camera in Fig. 21 is Paul Bottomley who is here at this meeting and was working with us in 1976. However, I can show you a cross-section NMR image of his wrist, the first human wrist NMR image, showing a good anatomical comparison with an actual cadaver section (Fig. 22). Soon after we moved on to whole body images. In February 1989, I was invited to give a paper at a special symposium in Winnipeg, Canada. Now nobody in their right mind goes to Winnipeg in February with outside temperatures around −30°C. But the reason I went was that Sakharov, the famous Russian dissident, recently released from exile in Gorky, was coming to Winnipeg to receive the St. Boniface Prize and the symposium was being held in his honor (Fig. 23). I had an hour with him, one on one. He
Im Fig. 27. The US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
mainly wanted to talk about NMR imaging which deeply fascinated him. In the past 2 years we have been celebrating the 50th anniversary of the discovery of NMR at Harvard and Stanford. However, ESR was discovered 1 year earlier by Zavoisky in Kazan. I never met Zavoisky who died 20 years ago and never traveled in the West. However, in 1994 we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the discovery of ESR with a meeting in Kazan and there I met his daughter and granddaughter (Fig. 24). I should like to bring my slide show to an end by telling you about one of our recent NMR projects (with Dr M. Kempka and Dr E. Szczesniak). This has been the design of novel forms of gradient coils for magnetic resonance microimaging (MR microscopy); these coils require high uniformity and low inductance. Fig. 25 shows one of our 3D gradient coil sets beautifully made in our physics workshops. Using this XYZ gradient set the cross-section image of human spinal cord shown in Fig. 26 was obtained.
11
The human spinal cord is not circular in section but is approximately elliptical, 14 × 10 mm, and the bundles of nerve fibers run perpendicular to the image separated by fine membranes, resolved to approximately 30 mm. This picture was obtained at 7 T by Ben Inglis, a colleague of Tom Mareci. Of course the higher the field strength the better the resolution and that’s just one reason why I value my connections with the US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory here in Florida at Tallahassee (Fig. 27), popularly known as the house that Jack built (after the Director, Jack Crow). Finally, I should like to say that after 50 years of doing physics, I find that physics still holds the greatest fascination. In fact, there’s nothing I’d rather be doing and I am really most grateful to the University of Florida for enabling me to continue to pursue this interest. So my take-home message to everyone is hang in there!
Im
75 years1 E. Raymond Andrew* Departments of Physics, Radiology and Nuclear Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
First of all I should like to thank everyone most warmly for coming to this event and for so kindly contributing many excellent papers to the program, making it a most memorable occasion. Especially I want to thank Neil Sullivan, Susan Rizzo and their band of helpers for organizing it. I can’t tell you how very deeply I appreciate it all. Actually reaching 75 is not such an outstanding feat and several others here tonight have reached this milestone before me. This holiday I received a Christmas card from Jack Allen, former Physics Chairman at St. Andrews University in Scotland where I once worked and known to low temperature physicists as discoverer of the fountain effect in liquid helium. He is now aged 88 and still cycles into the lab every day. He told me that when complaining to his doctor recently about some new aches and pains he was told he was suffering from the TMB syndrome. What’s TMB you will ask? Too many birthdays! I don’t feel I have the TMB syndrome yet, but maybe this is an occasion to look back over the 75 years and show pictures of a few people I met along the way. If I tell you I was born in Boston you might be forgiven for thinking I came from Massachusetts. In fact, I came from Boston in England, a small port on the east coast from which many New England settlers originated including five early governors of Massachusetts. Boston has this most wonderful 14th century church tower, tallest in Britain, rising 300 feet * Fax: +1 352 3928863. 1 This contribution is based on after-dinner remarks made at the 75th Anniversary Symposium held in Gainesville, FL, 5 January 1997.
0926-2040/97/$17.00 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved PII S0926-2040 (97 )0 0037-4
from the river (Fig. 1), the largest parish church in all England and well worth a visit if you are ever that way. It was here that my parents were married and a stone’s throw away my grandfather had his baker’s shop. My father, shown in Fig. 2, started as a plumber and later became an ironmonger and house furnisher. One task I was given during the war, working at the Radar Research Establishment in Malvern, was to measure the attenuation of microwave radar signals through gun flashes and I had to assemble a complex array of x-band waveguides for this purpose. It seemed to me to be only a slightly more sophisticated form of plumbing, carrying on the family tradition. My mother, shown in Fig. 3 in Boston in 1908, was, as you see, a professional photographer before she married. In due course I found my way to Cambridge University as a scholar of Christ’s College, whose entrance you see in Fig. 4. It is one of the older colleges whose alumni include Milton, the poet and Darwin, the evolutionist. For a time I lived in Milton’s old rooms to the left of the gatehouse. I suspect the plumbing may have dated back to his time! My tutor at Christ’s was C.P. Snow, the novelist. After the war I returned to Cambridge for a Ph.D. in low temperature physics and here are the assembled physics graduate students in 1946 (Fig. 5). In the center of the front row is Sir Lawrence Bragg, the famous crystallographer, who received a Nobel Prize at the age of 25 and lived to be 81. Also in the front row (sixth from the right) is David Shoenberg, my Ph.D. supervisor. Fig. 6 shows a more up-to-date picture of him taken in my office when he recently paid us a visit
Im
2
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 1. The church tower of Boston, England.
Fig. 4. The entrance of Christ’s College, Cambridge, England.
Im Fig. 2. The author’s father, Edward Richard Andrew (1885–1960).
Fig. 3. The (1887–1969).
author’s
mother,
Anne
Henderson Andrew
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
3
Fig. 5. Physics graduate students, Cambridge University, 1946. Sir Lawrence Bragg, Cavendish Professor of Physics is in the center of the front row. The author is on the back row, second from the left.
Im Fig. 6. Professor David Shoenberg in my office in the University of Florida, 1991.
4
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 7. Professor P.L. Kapitza.
Fig. 9. Professor F. Bloch.
in Gainesville. At 87, he still goes to the lab most days. Shoenberg was a student of Kapitza (Fig. 7), who was a Professor of Physics at Cambridge in the 1930s. Although working in England, Kapitza still
Im Fig. 8. Professor C.J. Gorter.
Fig. 10. Professor N. Bloembergen.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
5
Fig. 13. The author in his laboratory at Harvard University, 1948.
Fig. 11. Professor R.V. Pound.
retained his Soviet citizenship and in 1934 on one of his periodic return visits, Stalin said he needed him in Russia and he was not allowed out again for 30 years, till he was 70. I was delighted to meet him (my scientific grandfather) on several occasions later. Whenever something in the literature caught David Shoenberg’s eye, he would deputize one of his students to read it up and present a talk on it at the weekly seminar. In this way I learned about NMR in 1946 when the first papers of Purcell, Torrey and Pound and Bloch, Hansen and Packard were published. Soon afterwards the Dutch physicist, Gorter (Fig. 8), who had tried without success to find NMR in 1936 and 1942, paid us a visit and then we had a visit from Felix Bloch (Fig. 9). This was followed soon after by Nicolaas Bloembergen (Fig. 10) and Bob Pound (Fig.
Im Fig. 12. Professor E.M. Purcell.
Fig. 14. Professor C.P. Slichter and the author, Rio de Janiero, 1986.
6
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 15. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, visiting the author’s laboratory in the University of Wales, 1957.
Fig. 17. The author with Professor J.W. Hennel, 1960.
11), both here today, and we were very excited. This seemed such an excellent subject to work in. So in 1948, I was very fortunate to spend a postdoctoral year at Harvard in the lab of Professor Ed Purcell. Fig. 12 shows him about the time that he and Bloch shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952. He is a remarkably able and pleasant physicist but at 84 is
Im Fig. 16. Meeting the Queen and Prince Philip, 1965. The author is at the left waiting to be introduced by Earl Spencer.
Fig. 18. Robin Hood, Nottingham.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
7
Fig. 19. Professor R.L. Mo¨ssbauer, Professor A. Kastler and the author, Nottingham, 1974.
now rather frail. (Note: Professor Purcell died later in 1997.) This picture (Fig. 13) shows me in my basement NMR lab at Harvard in 1948 with my simple CW NMR spectrometer. You may notice a large rectangular hole (3’ × 1’) in the communicating wall to the next lab, which was occupied by one of Ed Purcell’s graduate students, Charlie Slichter. Charlie and I got to know each other well through that hole in the wall
Fig. 20. Meeting the Pope at the Vatican, 1979.
and our paths have crossed frequently since. Fig. 14 shows us together in Rio de Janiero for the ISMAR meeting in 1986 when we were President and VicePresident of ISMAR. Back in Britain we had some distinguished visitors coming to our lab. Here (Fig. 15) we see Prince Philip (Duke of Edinburgh) listening attentively to my explanation of magic angle spinning. A little later I
Im Fig. 21. The first international meeting on NMR imaging, Nottingham, 1976.
8
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 22. The first NMR image of a human wrist (of P.J. Bottomley) and above it a photograph of a matching cadaver section.
had the chance to meet the Queen also. I’m waiting here (Fig. 16) to be introduced by Earl Spencer, grandfather of Princess Diana. One important visitor for a whole year was Professor Jacek Hennel (Fig. 17), who with Professor Hrynkiewicz pioneered NMR in Poland. This was the start of many visits and scientific interactions and I am delighted that he is here for this symposium. My first postdoctoral fellow was Geoffrey West who returned to his native Australia in 1956 and carried out the first NMR experiments in Australia. It was in Nottingham, England that I spent my last 20 years before coming to Florida in 1983. Without doubt the most famous Nottingham character is Robin Hood (around 1200 AD) whom you see in Fig. 18 outside the castle wall. At Nottingham in 1974, we organized an AMPERE congress at which two of the speakers were Mossbauer and Kastler, well-known Nobel Laureates (Fig. 19). A little later I had the honor of an audience with the Pope at the Vatican who talked to me in excellent English (Fig. 20). Professor Hennel recently wrote a book on NMR with his colleague Dr Klinowski. He wrote to the Pope about this book (he knew the Pope
Im Fig. 23. Meeting with Professor A.D. Sakharov in Winnipeg, 1989.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
9
Fig. 24. The author with the daughter (right) and granddaughter (left) of E.K. Zavoisky at the 50th anniversary celebration of his discovery of ESR, Kazan, Russia, 1994.
very well from his student days in Krakow). They received a reply summoning them to the Vatican to present a copy of their NMR book in person. They
went and the Pope gave them 3 h of discussion. He thanked them for the book and said it would be of great help to him in managing the Holy Church!
Im Fig. 25. Gradient coils for NMR microscopy, 1995.
10
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
Fig. 26. NMR microimage of cross-section of human spinal cord in vitro, 1995.
In Nottingham we started our NMR imaging work and in 1976 we held the first international conference on NMR imaging. This small assembly of some 25 persons included almost everyone in the world working in this area at the time (Fig. 21). Nowadays the annual conferences on MRI attract over 3000 people, a 100-fold increase. One person who somehow escaped my camera in Fig. 21 is Paul Bottomley who is here at this meeting and was working with us in 1976. However, I can show you a cross-section NMR image of his wrist, the first human wrist NMR image, showing a good anatomical comparison with an actual cadaver section (Fig. 22). Soon after we moved on to whole body images. In February 1989, I was invited to give a paper at a special symposium in Winnipeg, Canada. Now nobody in their right mind goes to Winnipeg in February with outside temperatures around −30°C. But the reason I went was that Sakharov, the famous Russian dissident, recently released from exile in Gorky, was coming to Winnipeg to receive the St. Boniface Prize and the symposium was being held in his honor (Fig. 23). I had an hour with him, one on one. He
Im Fig. 27. The US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL.
E.R. Andrew / Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9 (1997) 1–11
mainly wanted to talk about NMR imaging which deeply fascinated him. In the past 2 years we have been celebrating the 50th anniversary of the discovery of NMR at Harvard and Stanford. However, ESR was discovered 1 year earlier by Zavoisky in Kazan. I never met Zavoisky who died 20 years ago and never traveled in the West. However, in 1994 we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the discovery of ESR with a meeting in Kazan and there I met his daughter and granddaughter (Fig. 24). I should like to bring my slide show to an end by telling you about one of our recent NMR projects (with Dr M. Kempka and Dr E. Szczesniak). This has been the design of novel forms of gradient coils for magnetic resonance microimaging (MR microscopy); these coils require high uniformity and low inductance. Fig. 25 shows one of our 3D gradient coil sets beautifully made in our physics workshops. Using this XYZ gradient set the cross-section image of human spinal cord shown in Fig. 26 was obtained.
11
The human spinal cord is not circular in section but is approximately elliptical, 14 × 10 mm, and the bundles of nerve fibers run perpendicular to the image separated by fine membranes, resolved to approximately 30 mm. This picture was obtained at 7 T by Ben Inglis, a colleague of Tom Mareci. Of course the higher the field strength the better the resolution and that’s just one reason why I value my connections with the US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory here in Florida at Tallahassee (Fig. 27), popularly known as the house that Jack built (after the Director, Jack Crow). Finally, I should like to say that after 50 years of doing physics, I find that physics still holds the greatest fascination. In fact, there’s nothing I’d rather be doing and I am really most grateful to the University of Florida for enabling me to continue to pursue this interest. So my take-home message to everyone is hang in there!
Im