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842. Calibrating an ionization gauge by means of an absolute diamagnetic suspension gauge
Classified abstracts 835-846 20. Pumping systems 20 : 33
Ultra-high vacuum for storage rings for 28-GeV protons. See a b s t r a c t
t h a t p a r t s o f the s y s t e m were n o t a d e q u a t e l y o u t g a s s e d , t h e u l t i m a t e p r e s s u r e r e a c h e d with t h e p u m p in o p e r a t i o n was 1.6 x 10 -18 torr. J C Rivi6re et al, Vacuum, 15 (7), 353-357.
n u m b e r 856. 20 : 37 : 53
Vacuum degassing 1955-1965: A survey of processes and plant for bulk steel production. See abstract n u m b e r 859.
22. Gauges
20 : 37 : 53 Requirements for high-rate vacuum dcgassing of metal melts. See a b s t r a c t n u m b e r 863. 20 : 33
Diffusion pump oil deposition measurements utilizing radioactive tracers. See a b s t r a c t n u m b e r 837.
835. Vacuum design problems of high current electron storage rings.
n u m b e r 858.
( USA )
22 840. Use of a linear acceleration mass spectrograph for measuring the
A c o m b i n a t i o n ion-getter a n d t i t a n i u m s u b l i m a t i o n p u m p i n g s y s t e m with total p u m p i n g speed of 1.5 × 106 l./sec is p r o p o s e d for a v a c u u m o f 10 -9 torr in a 3 BeV storage ring in t h e presence of 500 k W of s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n at 3.2A. G E Fischer and R A M a c k , J Vacuum Sci Technol, 2 (3), May-June
1965, 123-130. 20 : 21 : 30 836. Vacuum evaporation practice. (Belgium) A survey paper. T y p e s of p u m p (diffusion, getter, m o l e c u l a r a n d ion) a n d their r a n g e s are discussed. T h r e e m e t h o d s o f e v a p o r a t i o n (sources) are c o m p a r e d (resistance-heated, i n d u c t i o n - h e a t e d , electron b o m b a r d m e n t ) . (West Germany) K Heine, Revue de la Socidtd Royale Beige des Ingdnieurs et des
lndustriels, (5), May 1965, 251. 20 : 22 : 32
837. Diffusion pump oil deposition measurements utilizing radioactive tracers. (USA) A quick, simple, n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e c h n i q u e for m e a s u r i n g t h e deposition of diffusion p u m p oil a n d for e v a l u a t i n g t h e efficiency o f v a c u u m c o m p o n e n t s . Si ~° in the oil is irradiated to Si ~1. R a t e s o f a few A / h were determined. J G Carter et al, J Vacuum Sci Technol, 2 (2), March-April 1965,
59-62.
22 : 20 : 32
22 : 34
Vacuum measurement techniques applied to aeronomy. See abstract
partial pressure inside a vacuum chamber.
132-137, (in French). 22 841. Principle and construction of an instrument for calibrating a
vacuum gauge.
(France)
T h e m e t h o d o f calibration is also given. J Roussel, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,109-115, (inFrench). 22 842. Calibrating an ionization gauge by means of an absolute dia-
magnetic suspension gauge.
(France)
A s a m o l e c u l a r gauge, p r e s s u r e s as low as 5 × 10 -7 torr c a n be measured. Another method employing thermo-molecular torque m e a s u r e s 10 _3 to 10 -l° torr. B o t h m e t h o d s m a y be c o m b i n e d to give very accurate calibration o f v a c u u m gauges. R Evrard and P Beaufils, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,
116-120. 22 843. Ionization gauge calibration system using a porous plug and
orifice.
II. Vacuum apparatus and auxiliaries 21. P u m p s
(France)
T h e article deals with calibration o f s u c h a s p e c t r o g r a p h , accuracy of t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s m a d e , s o m e e x a m p l e s of t h e i n s t r u m e n t ' s use, a n d a c o m p a r i s o n of t h e v a r i o u s types o f v a c u u m m e t with in metallurgy. B Sehaub and J Gallet, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,
and pump fluids 21 : 16
The sorption of N~, H~, and De on titanium films at 20 ° and - 1 9 0 ° C . See abstract n u m b e r 828. 21 : 20 : 30
Vacuum evaporation practice. See abstract n u m b e r 836. 21 : 30
838. Applications of ion pumping, titanium-getter pumping and cryogenic pumping in the construction of evaporation plant for the study of thin films, electron guns for the evaporation of the source.
(USA)
A m e t h o d u s i n g two c o n d u c t a n c e s in series, o p e r a t i n g in the molecular flow region to p r o d u c e low p r e s s u r e s at t h e test g a u g e w h i c h are referenced to h i g h e r pressures for m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e test pressure is p r o p o r t i o n a l to the ratio o f the two c o n d u c t a n c e s . R e s u l t s for the r a n g e 10 -3 to 10 -9 torr are given. C L Owens, J Vacuum Sci Technol, 2 (3), May-June 1965, 104-108. 22 : 25 : 33 844. Cryogenic measurements. (USA) Review o f i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n for m e a s u r e m e n t o f t e m p e r a t u r e , pressure, v a c u u m level a n d strain at cryogenic t e m p e r a t u r e s . J Johansson, Instrums Control Syst, 38 (5), May 1965, 107-11l.
25. Baffles, traps and refrigeration equipment
(Belgium)
25 : 22 : 33
A survey p a p e r o n commercially-available e q u i p m e n t (Varian Associates, U l t e k C o r p o r a t i o n ) a n d a s h o r t discussion o n U H V electron g u n s . (France) A Varon, Revue de la Socidtd Royale Belge des Ingdnieurs et des
Industriels, (5), May 1965, 257, (in French). (Great Britain)
A cryo-getter p u m p which consists simply o f a liquid-nitrogen-filled reservoir o n w h o s e surface c a n be deposited a film o f t i t a n i u m f r o m a filament is described. T h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e residual gas, as well as the total pressure, is observed u n d e r a variety of conditions, including t h e provision of a gas load by h e a t i n g a s p e c i m e n of m i x e d carbides. T h e results s h o w t h a t h y d r o g e n was the m a i n c o n s t i t u e n t evolved f r o m t h e t i t a n i u m d u r i n g e v a p o r a t i o n , b u t t h a t all the evolved h y d r o g e n was t a k e n u p a g a i n by the cold film o n c e s s a t i o n o f e v a p o r a t i o n . Previously p u m p e d h y d r o g e n was reevolved as t h e film was w a r m e d to r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , b u t t h e n r e - p u m p e d by solution in the film on s t a n d i n g in c o n t a c t with it. D u r i n g h e a t i n g of t h e carbide specimen, t h e total pressure n e a r the s p e c i m e n rose at o n e stage to over 10 -6 torr; at t h e s a m e stage, however, t h e pressure on the o t h e r side o f the cryo-getter p u m p did n o t rise a b o v e 10-* torr, indicating a sticking probability for t h e evolved gas, m o s t l y h y d r o g e n , of n e a r unity. Despite t h e fact
522
27. Leak d e t e c t o r s and leak detection 27
21:4"~
839. Performance of a simple cryo-getter pump.
Cryogenic measurements. See abstract n u m b e r 844.
845. The back-pressurising technique of leak-testing. (Great Britain) T h e t e c h n i q u e o f leak-testing sealed objects is e x a m i n e d in w h i c h t h e object is first pressurised in a tracer gas a n d a f t e r w a r d s tested for re-emission o f the gas. T h e m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m sizes o f leaks detectable are e v a l u a t e d as f u n c t i o n s o f the sensitivity of the detector, the applied pressure a n d time o f pressurising, t h e time lapse before the final tests, a n d the internal v o l u m e o f t h e object. F o r m u l a e are derived for specifying pressurising c o n d i t i o n s for desired sensitivities a n d for d e t e r m i n i n g sensitivities resulting f r o m a given test, E x a m p l e s are q u o t e d f r o m practical experience in leak-testing fuel elements for nuclear reactors. D A Howl and C A Mann, Vacuum, 15 (7), July 1965, 347-351. 27
846. Design and improvement of the MC 10 cell in the leak detector Helitest 200. (France) T h e M C 10 cell is a m a s s spectrometer, c o m p r i s i n g a Nier type i o n source with crossed fields. J Moreau, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,121-131, (inFrench).
Ultra-high vacuum for storage rings for 28-GeV protons. See a b s t r a c t
t h a t p a r t s o f the s y s t e m were n o t a d e q u a t e l y o u t g a s s e d , t h e u l t i m a t e p r e s s u r e r e a c h e d with t h e p u m p in o p e r a t i o n was 1.6 x 10 -18 torr. J C Rivi6re et al, Vacuum, 15 (7), 353-357.
n u m b e r 856. 20 : 37 : 53
Vacuum degassing 1955-1965: A survey of processes and plant for bulk steel production. See abstract n u m b e r 859.
22. Gauges
20 : 37 : 53 Requirements for high-rate vacuum dcgassing of metal melts. See a b s t r a c t n u m b e r 863. 20 : 33
Diffusion pump oil deposition measurements utilizing radioactive tracers. See a b s t r a c t n u m b e r 837.
835. Vacuum design problems of high current electron storage rings.
n u m b e r 858.
( USA )
22 840. Use of a linear acceleration mass spectrograph for measuring the
A c o m b i n a t i o n ion-getter a n d t i t a n i u m s u b l i m a t i o n p u m p i n g s y s t e m with total p u m p i n g speed of 1.5 × 106 l./sec is p r o p o s e d for a v a c u u m o f 10 -9 torr in a 3 BeV storage ring in t h e presence of 500 k W of s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n at 3.2A. G E Fischer and R A M a c k , J Vacuum Sci Technol, 2 (3), May-June
1965, 123-130. 20 : 21 : 30 836. Vacuum evaporation practice. (Belgium) A survey paper. T y p e s of p u m p (diffusion, getter, m o l e c u l a r a n d ion) a n d their r a n g e s are discussed. T h r e e m e t h o d s o f e v a p o r a t i o n (sources) are c o m p a r e d (resistance-heated, i n d u c t i o n - h e a t e d , electron b o m b a r d m e n t ) . (West Germany) K Heine, Revue de la Socidtd Royale Beige des Ingdnieurs et des
lndustriels, (5), May 1965, 251. 20 : 22 : 32
837. Diffusion pump oil deposition measurements utilizing radioactive tracers. (USA) A quick, simple, n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e c h n i q u e for m e a s u r i n g t h e deposition of diffusion p u m p oil a n d for e v a l u a t i n g t h e efficiency o f v a c u u m c o m p o n e n t s . Si ~° in the oil is irradiated to Si ~1. R a t e s o f a few A / h were determined. J G Carter et al, J Vacuum Sci Technol, 2 (2), March-April 1965,
59-62.
22 : 20 : 32
22 : 34
Vacuum measurement techniques applied to aeronomy. See abstract
partial pressure inside a vacuum chamber.
132-137, (in French). 22 841. Principle and construction of an instrument for calibrating a
vacuum gauge.
(France)
T h e m e t h o d o f calibration is also given. J Roussel, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,109-115, (inFrench). 22 842. Calibrating an ionization gauge by means of an absolute dia-
magnetic suspension gauge.
(France)
A s a m o l e c u l a r gauge, p r e s s u r e s as low as 5 × 10 -7 torr c a n be measured. Another method employing thermo-molecular torque m e a s u r e s 10 _3 to 10 -l° torr. B o t h m e t h o d s m a y be c o m b i n e d to give very accurate calibration o f v a c u u m gauges. R Evrard and P Beaufils, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,
116-120. 22 843. Ionization gauge calibration system using a porous plug and
orifice.
II. Vacuum apparatus and auxiliaries 21. P u m p s
(France)
T h e article deals with calibration o f s u c h a s p e c t r o g r a p h , accuracy of t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s m a d e , s o m e e x a m p l e s of t h e i n s t r u m e n t ' s use, a n d a c o m p a r i s o n of t h e v a r i o u s types o f v a c u u m m e t with in metallurgy. B Sehaub and J Gallet, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,
and pump fluids 21 : 16
The sorption of N~, H~, and De on titanium films at 20 ° and - 1 9 0 ° C . See abstract n u m b e r 828. 21 : 20 : 30
Vacuum evaporation practice. See abstract n u m b e r 836. 21 : 30
838. Applications of ion pumping, titanium-getter pumping and cryogenic pumping in the construction of evaporation plant for the study of thin films, electron guns for the evaporation of the source.
(USA)
A m e t h o d u s i n g two c o n d u c t a n c e s in series, o p e r a t i n g in the molecular flow region to p r o d u c e low p r e s s u r e s at t h e test g a u g e w h i c h are referenced to h i g h e r pressures for m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e test pressure is p r o p o r t i o n a l to the ratio o f the two c o n d u c t a n c e s . R e s u l t s for the r a n g e 10 -3 to 10 -9 torr are given. C L Owens, J Vacuum Sci Technol, 2 (3), May-June 1965, 104-108. 22 : 25 : 33 844. Cryogenic measurements. (USA) Review o f i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n for m e a s u r e m e n t o f t e m p e r a t u r e , pressure, v a c u u m level a n d strain at cryogenic t e m p e r a t u r e s . J Johansson, Instrums Control Syst, 38 (5), May 1965, 107-11l.
25. Baffles, traps and refrigeration equipment
(Belgium)
25 : 22 : 33
A survey p a p e r o n commercially-available e q u i p m e n t (Varian Associates, U l t e k C o r p o r a t i o n ) a n d a s h o r t discussion o n U H V electron g u n s . (France) A Varon, Revue de la Socidtd Royale Belge des Ingdnieurs et des
Industriels, (5), May 1965, 257, (in French). (Great Britain)
A cryo-getter p u m p which consists simply o f a liquid-nitrogen-filled reservoir o n w h o s e surface c a n be deposited a film o f t i t a n i u m f r o m a filament is described. T h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e residual gas, as well as the total pressure, is observed u n d e r a variety of conditions, including t h e provision of a gas load by h e a t i n g a s p e c i m e n of m i x e d carbides. T h e results s h o w t h a t h y d r o g e n was the m a i n c o n s t i t u e n t evolved f r o m t h e t i t a n i u m d u r i n g e v a p o r a t i o n , b u t t h a t all the evolved h y d r o g e n was t a k e n u p a g a i n by the cold film o n c e s s a t i o n o f e v a p o r a t i o n . Previously p u m p e d h y d r o g e n was reevolved as t h e film was w a r m e d to r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , b u t t h e n r e - p u m p e d by solution in the film on s t a n d i n g in c o n t a c t with it. D u r i n g h e a t i n g of t h e carbide specimen, t h e total pressure n e a r the s p e c i m e n rose at o n e stage to over 10 -6 torr; at t h e s a m e stage, however, t h e pressure on the o t h e r side o f the cryo-getter p u m p did n o t rise a b o v e 10-* torr, indicating a sticking probability for t h e evolved gas, m o s t l y h y d r o g e n , of n e a r unity. Despite t h e fact
522
27. Leak d e t e c t o r s and leak detection 27
21:4"~
839. Performance of a simple cryo-getter pump.
Cryogenic measurements. See abstract n u m b e r 844.
845. The back-pressurising technique of leak-testing. (Great Britain) T h e t e c h n i q u e o f leak-testing sealed objects is e x a m i n e d in w h i c h t h e object is first pressurised in a tracer gas a n d a f t e r w a r d s tested for re-emission o f the gas. T h e m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m sizes o f leaks detectable are e v a l u a t e d as f u n c t i o n s o f the sensitivity of the detector, the applied pressure a n d time o f pressurising, t h e time lapse before the final tests, a n d the internal v o l u m e o f t h e object. F o r m u l a e are derived for specifying pressurising c o n d i t i o n s for desired sensitivities a n d for d e t e r m i n i n g sensitivities resulting f r o m a given test, E x a m p l e s are q u o t e d f r o m practical experience in leak-testing fuel elements for nuclear reactors. D A Howl and C A Mann, Vacuum, 15 (7), July 1965, 347-351. 27
846. Design and improvement of the MC 10 cell in the leak detector Helitest 200. (France) T h e M C 10 cell is a m a s s spectrometer, c o m p r i s i n g a Nier type i o n source with crossed fields. J Moreau, Le Vide, 20 (116), March-April 1965,121-131, (inFrench).