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860. Multi-stage flash evaporator
Classified
abstracts
860-875
impregnation apparatus was designed to accommodate a modified vacuum desiccator, which permitted impregnation and simultaneous mounting of from l-10 specimens during a single impregnation cycle. F L Cochran and H E Shoemaker, (General Dynamics Coup), Nucl Metals,
Inc, 18th Metallographic
36. Drying,
degassing
Group Meeting,
Aug 1965,173-183.
and concentration 36
860. Multi-stage
flash evaporator.
(USA)
A multiple flash evaporator is described which contains up to 24 or more stages, thereby reducing the pumping requirements to that of an evaporator with half that number of stages. R Ewing, Aqua-Chem Inc, US Patent 3,213,OOO (CI.202-I 73), 19 Ott 1965,9pages. 36 861. Selection of industrial dryers.
(USA)
A review is presented of the different types of drying problems which occur and the considerations which determine the most suitable type of dryer to install. A Williams-Gardner, Chem Process Eng, 46 (I I), 1965,609-616. 37. Metallurgy, chemistry
inorganic
chemistry,
analytical
31 : 21 Steam-jet vacuum pumps and their use for the vacuum degassing of steel. See abstract number 739. 37 :20 862. Vacuum aids heat treating. (USA) Innovations in vacuum heat treatment are described including: a unit capable of handling workpieces 6 ft long, 40 in. diameter, and heating to 25OO’F in vacuum; a pumped sealing furnace permitting coiling and payout in the atmosphere, followed by vacuum annealing and recoiling in the atmosphere; and a high-speed inert gas cooling system allowing the gas quenching of parts weighing 2000 lbs in a work chamber 48 x 56 X- 24 in. Curves giving the heating rates and cooling for lo,20 and 30-lb loads with temperatures up to 2000°F are presented. The application of vacuum to the sintering of powder metal parts is discussed. Anon, Steel, 157 (4). 26 July 1965,102-105. 37
: 42 : 53
863. Steel degas&g. Part 3 : The Ruhrstahl-Heraeus process. ( USA) Degassing was carried out in vertical refractory-lined cylinders. The lining material was chiefly 85 per cent alumina. Siphon tubes (snorkels) which are immersed in the ladle of molten steel and conduct the metal to and from the degassing unit, were lined with 90 per cent alumina and gave a life of 50 to 60 cycles. Alloying additions were made through the hopper at the top of the unit, preferably in vacua since this gives consistently high yields. Steel is sucked from the ladle and circulated continuously through the vacuum chamber for two to three cycles. Nitrogen removal was 15 to 20 per cent and the final hydrogen levels were about 1 to 2 ml/lOOg. Oxygen removal was mainly dependent on carbon content and steel composition. J D Sharp, Iron Steel, 38 (7), June 1965,334-336. 37 864. The main issues of continuous casting.
: 53
(USA)
Three auxiliaries to a sequence continuous-casting plant are described: facilities for vacuum degassing, for direct rolling, and the automation of the casting process. Degassing procedures are classified as off-machine and on-machine types and an account is given of a method in which the vacuum degassing chamber is positioned between the ladle and the mould. The principle of partial direct rolling for continuous or sequence-cast sections is illustrated schematically and a list of possible furnace programmes is presented showing the ways in which hot or cold fed reheating furnaces could be operated. The important parameters for the direct rolling of continuous-cast material are outlined. Several examples of automatic control devices, as applied in the continuous casting process, are included. MD Ha&day,
JMetals,
17 (9), Sept 1965, 919-921.
865. Continuous vacuum and inert gas apparatus processing titanium and other metals. (USA)
31 : 53 for treating and
The apparatus consists of a series of inter-connected refractory-lined crucibles in a closed system. Each crucible is regarded as a treating zone, the first discharging molten metal into the second and so on, the last discharging into a mould. At least one of the crucibles is 282
connected to a vacuum chamber to allow surface degassing of the moltenmetal and also to allow the introduction of solid addilives,preheated in the vacuum chamber, to the melt. Any one crucible may be selectively isolated from the next. Means are provided for the introduction of inert gas into the molten metal and withdrawal of the gas and vaporized materials from the system. An inert gas atmosphere may be maintained throughout the apparatus. Anon, Light Metals I8 Jan 1963, OflGaz
Research Lab, Znc, US Patent 3,226,102, US Pat Ofl821(4). 28 Dee 1965.1543.
Appl 37
866. Process for vacuum degasification
of metal.
The metal is melted in a furnace under atmospheric pressure and pours vertically into an open inverted conical container, the narrow end of which is an opening into a vacuum chamber maintained at below 100 torr. The rate of flow of metal is regulated so as to maintain a pool of molten metal in the open container providing a continuous vacuum seal and at the same time separating entrained slag by upward flotation. The slag is removed from the molten metal surface in the open container and the slag-free metal is sprayed into the vacuumchamber. Anon, Bochumer Verein fur Gusstahlfabrikation AG (Germany), US Patent 3,226,224, Appl29 May 1962, Off Gaz US Pat Off, 821 (4)) 28 Dee 1965,1578. 37 867. Zone refining of molybdenum in high vacuum. (USSR) Zone refining in high vacuum gives a definite effect when compared
with zone melting under normal conditions. The resistance ratio at room and helium temperatures increases and the hardness decreases. G F Ivanovskii and T N Zagorskaya, Izv Akad Nauk, Metally, 3, 1965.65-69. 37 868. Vacuum degassing-a
review and a progress report.
(USA)
The three principal categories of vacuum degassing: steam degassing, circulation and vacuum lift degassing, and ladle degassing are illustrated and discussed. T E Perry, Blast Furnace and Steel Plant. (I I), Nov 1965,1017-1026.
37 869. BISRA’s
continuous vacuum degassing operating successfully. (Great Britain)
process
for steel now
A demonstration of the process carried out at the Low Moor Alloy Steelworks, Bradford, England, is described. Anon, Steel Times, 190,1965,
501-503.
870. Time and energy-resolved mass spectroscopy: vacuum discharge between solid electrodes. (Germany)
37 the condensed
A method is described to obtain time and energy resolved mass spectra of ions from discharges between solid electrodes in vacuum. J Franken and K P Schuy, Z Naturforsch,
2Oa(2),
1965.176-180. 37
871. Calculations of moisture under vacuum conditions. (USA) F C Quinn, J Environmental Sciences, 8 (6), Dee 1965,29-31. 37 872. The gas content of technical copper melts.
(Germany)
A newly developed vacuum mold to obtain samples from the Cu bath is described. By extremely rapid solidification, the dissolved gases are completely retained by the metal, to be estimated in a vacuum fusion apparatus by a highly sensitive gas chromatograph. H 0 Paulussen and W Hofman, 501-508, (in German).
Z Erzbergban
Metal/,
28, 1965, 37
873. Interaction of gases with metal surfaces.
: 47
(Czechoslovukia)
Results of kinetic measurements are described and discussed. Z Knor, Chem Listy, 59 (II),
1965.1277-1294,
(in Czech).
37 :47 874. Method for investigating
the kinetics vacuum treatment of liquid metals. (USSR)
of gas evolution
in the
A method and apparatus for determining the quantity and composition of gas emitting from an Fe-C melt in holding for 10 min under vacuum with initial pressure of 0.02 mm Hg. V T Burtsev et el, Znd Lab, 31,196.5,
93-96,
(in Russian). 37
875. Refining cadmium by means of vacuum distillation.
: 38
(USSR)
Semi-industrial vacuum furnace for distillation of impure metallic Cd and cadmium sponge briquettes with additions of caustic soda.
abstracts
860-875
impregnation apparatus was designed to accommodate a modified vacuum desiccator, which permitted impregnation and simultaneous mounting of from l-10 specimens during a single impregnation cycle. F L Cochran and H E Shoemaker, (General Dynamics Coup), Nucl Metals,
Inc, 18th Metallographic
36. Drying,
degassing
Group Meeting,
Aug 1965,173-183.
and concentration 36
860. Multi-stage
flash evaporator.
(USA)
A multiple flash evaporator is described which contains up to 24 or more stages, thereby reducing the pumping requirements to that of an evaporator with half that number of stages. R Ewing, Aqua-Chem Inc, US Patent 3,213,OOO (CI.202-I 73), 19 Ott 1965,9pages. 36 861. Selection of industrial dryers.
(USA)
A review is presented of the different types of drying problems which occur and the considerations which determine the most suitable type of dryer to install. A Williams-Gardner, Chem Process Eng, 46 (I I), 1965,609-616. 37. Metallurgy, chemistry
inorganic
chemistry,
analytical
31 : 21 Steam-jet vacuum pumps and their use for the vacuum degassing of steel. See abstract number 739. 37 :20 862. Vacuum aids heat treating. (USA) Innovations in vacuum heat treatment are described including: a unit capable of handling workpieces 6 ft long, 40 in. diameter, and heating to 25OO’F in vacuum; a pumped sealing furnace permitting coiling and payout in the atmosphere, followed by vacuum annealing and recoiling in the atmosphere; and a high-speed inert gas cooling system allowing the gas quenching of parts weighing 2000 lbs in a work chamber 48 x 56 X- 24 in. Curves giving the heating rates and cooling for lo,20 and 30-lb loads with temperatures up to 2000°F are presented. The application of vacuum to the sintering of powder metal parts is discussed. Anon, Steel, 157 (4). 26 July 1965,102-105. 37
: 42 : 53
863. Steel degas&g. Part 3 : The Ruhrstahl-Heraeus process. ( USA) Degassing was carried out in vertical refractory-lined cylinders. The lining material was chiefly 85 per cent alumina. Siphon tubes (snorkels) which are immersed in the ladle of molten steel and conduct the metal to and from the degassing unit, were lined with 90 per cent alumina and gave a life of 50 to 60 cycles. Alloying additions were made through the hopper at the top of the unit, preferably in vacua since this gives consistently high yields. Steel is sucked from the ladle and circulated continuously through the vacuum chamber for two to three cycles. Nitrogen removal was 15 to 20 per cent and the final hydrogen levels were about 1 to 2 ml/lOOg. Oxygen removal was mainly dependent on carbon content and steel composition. J D Sharp, Iron Steel, 38 (7), June 1965,334-336. 37 864. The main issues of continuous casting.
: 53
(USA)
Three auxiliaries to a sequence continuous-casting plant are described: facilities for vacuum degassing, for direct rolling, and the automation of the casting process. Degassing procedures are classified as off-machine and on-machine types and an account is given of a method in which the vacuum degassing chamber is positioned between the ladle and the mould. The principle of partial direct rolling for continuous or sequence-cast sections is illustrated schematically and a list of possible furnace programmes is presented showing the ways in which hot or cold fed reheating furnaces could be operated. The important parameters for the direct rolling of continuous-cast material are outlined. Several examples of automatic control devices, as applied in the continuous casting process, are included. MD Ha&day,
JMetals,
17 (9), Sept 1965, 919-921.
865. Continuous vacuum and inert gas apparatus processing titanium and other metals. (USA)
31 : 53 for treating and
The apparatus consists of a series of inter-connected refractory-lined crucibles in a closed system. Each crucible is regarded as a treating zone, the first discharging molten metal into the second and so on, the last discharging into a mould. At least one of the crucibles is 282
connected to a vacuum chamber to allow surface degassing of the moltenmetal and also to allow the introduction of solid addilives,preheated in the vacuum chamber, to the melt. Any one crucible may be selectively isolated from the next. Means are provided for the introduction of inert gas into the molten metal and withdrawal of the gas and vaporized materials from the system. An inert gas atmosphere may be maintained throughout the apparatus. Anon, Light Metals I8 Jan 1963, OflGaz
Research Lab, Znc, US Patent 3,226,102, US Pat Ofl821(4). 28 Dee 1965.1543.
Appl 37
866. Process for vacuum degasification
of metal.
The metal is melted in a furnace under atmospheric pressure and pours vertically into an open inverted conical container, the narrow end of which is an opening into a vacuum chamber maintained at below 100 torr. The rate of flow of metal is regulated so as to maintain a pool of molten metal in the open container providing a continuous vacuum seal and at the same time separating entrained slag by upward flotation. The slag is removed from the molten metal surface in the open container and the slag-free metal is sprayed into the vacuumchamber. Anon, Bochumer Verein fur Gusstahlfabrikation AG (Germany), US Patent 3,226,224, Appl29 May 1962, Off Gaz US Pat Off, 821 (4)) 28 Dee 1965,1578. 37 867. Zone refining of molybdenum in high vacuum. (USSR) Zone refining in high vacuum gives a definite effect when compared
with zone melting under normal conditions. The resistance ratio at room and helium temperatures increases and the hardness decreases. G F Ivanovskii and T N Zagorskaya, Izv Akad Nauk, Metally, 3, 1965.65-69. 37 868. Vacuum degassing-a
review and a progress report.
(USA)
The three principal categories of vacuum degassing: steam degassing, circulation and vacuum lift degassing, and ladle degassing are illustrated and discussed. T E Perry, Blast Furnace and Steel Plant. (I I), Nov 1965,1017-1026.
37 869. BISRA’s
continuous vacuum degassing operating successfully. (Great Britain)
process
for steel now
A demonstration of the process carried out at the Low Moor Alloy Steelworks, Bradford, England, is described. Anon, Steel Times, 190,1965,
501-503.
870. Time and energy-resolved mass spectroscopy: vacuum discharge between solid electrodes. (Germany)
37 the condensed
A method is described to obtain time and energy resolved mass spectra of ions from discharges between solid electrodes in vacuum. J Franken and K P Schuy, Z Naturforsch,
2Oa(2),
1965.176-180. 37
871. Calculations of moisture under vacuum conditions. (USA) F C Quinn, J Environmental Sciences, 8 (6), Dee 1965,29-31. 37 872. The gas content of technical copper melts.
(Germany)
A newly developed vacuum mold to obtain samples from the Cu bath is described. By extremely rapid solidification, the dissolved gases are completely retained by the metal, to be estimated in a vacuum fusion apparatus by a highly sensitive gas chromatograph. H 0 Paulussen and W Hofman, 501-508, (in German).
Z Erzbergban
Metal/,
28, 1965, 37
873. Interaction of gases with metal surfaces.
: 47
(Czechoslovukia)
Results of kinetic measurements are described and discussed. Z Knor, Chem Listy, 59 (II),
1965.1277-1294,
(in Czech).
37 :47 874. Method for investigating
the kinetics vacuum treatment of liquid metals. (USSR)
of gas evolution
in the
A method and apparatus for determining the quantity and composition of gas emitting from an Fe-C melt in holding for 10 min under vacuum with initial pressure of 0.02 mm Hg. V T Burtsev et el, Znd Lab, 31,196.5,
93-96,
(in Russian). 37
875. Refining cadmium by means of vacuum distillation.
: 38
(USSR)
Semi-industrial vacuum furnace for distillation of impure metallic Cd and cadmium sponge briquettes with additions of caustic soda.