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9. The suppression of the long-latency stretch reflex in the human tibialis anterior muscle by transcranial magnetic stimulation
Society Proceedings / Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (2009) e147–e180
stimulation of lumbosacral motor roots is a reliable method for measuring the CMAP size from lower limb muscles. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.013
8. Magnetic stimulation of cauda equina in spinal canal with a flat large round coil—Hideyuki Matsumoto, Fitri Octaviana, Ritsuko Hanajima, Yasuo Terao, Masashi Hamada, Akihiro Yugeta, Satomi Inomata-Terada, Setsu Nakatani-Enomoto, Shoji Tsuji, Yoshikazu Ugawa (University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) Magnetic round coil stimulation over the spinal enlargement activates the spinal nerves at the neuro-foramina level. However, the cauda equina in spinal canal has never been activated. The aim of this study is to activate the cauda equina using specially-devised round coil of diameter 20 cm named Magnetic Augmented Translumbosacral Stimulation coil (MATS coil). Total 40 healthy subjects were recruited. Magnetic stimulation was performed to obtain compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from abductor hallucis muscle placing the edge of coil over the L1 and L3 spinous processes. The CMAPs were compared with those elicited by high-voltage electrical stimulation. Cauda equina conduction time (CECT) between L1 and neuro-foramina levels was also measured. The CMAP latencies to L1 level MATS coil stimulation were identical to those evoked by electrical stimulation at the same level. The CMAP latencies to L3 level MATS coil stimulation were variable in each subject. L1 level MATS coil stimulation activates the cauda equina at the root exit site from conus medullaris. L3 level MATS coil stimulation activates some mid part of cauda equina or the distal cauda equina due to current spread. The MATS coil allows us to evaluate spinal nerve conduction in the cauda equina. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.014
9. The suppression of the long-latency stretch reflex in the human tibialis anterior muscle by transcranial magnetic stimulation— Yoshihisa Masakado, Tetso Ota, Kanjiro Suzuki, Leon Abe, Hiroshi Fuseya, Akio Kimura, Meigen Liu (Keio University Tsukigase Rehabilitation Center, Izu and Tokyo, Japan) The purpose of this study was to investigate the transcortical nature of the long-latency stretch reflex (M3) n the human tibialis anterior muscle. This was achieved by applying a single pulse of subthreshold (90% motor threshold) transcortical magnetic stimulation (subTMS) at he site of the motor cortex. Such a stimulus is able to activate intracortical inhibitory circuits and thereby depress motor cortical output. We hypothesized that it could also suppress a transcortical reflex loop. The stretch reflex was elicited using a pedal attached to an electric motor. SubTMS was applied at several intervals prior to 3. Recordings were repeated 20–40 times. The reflex components were quantified using 20-ms windows in the averaged rectified electromyogram (EMG). SubTMS evoked significantly larger depression of M3 than of the background EMG in the same time frame when applied 5– 85 ms prior to M3 ðP < 0:05; n ¼ 10Þ. Furthermore, the effect on M3 was significantly larger than the effect on the spinal M2 ðP < 0:01; n ¼ 7Þ. Our results provide evidence hat the longlatency stretch reflex in the tibialis anterior muscle is at least partly transcortical. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.015
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10. Somatosensory evoked potentials in multiple system atrophy—Hitoshi Mochizuki 1,2, Satoko Miyatake 2, Mikiya Suzuki 2, Katsuhisa Ogata 2, Mitsuru Kawai 2, Yoshikazu Ugawa 1 (1 Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan, 2 Higashi-Saitama National Hospital, Hasuda, Japan) Background: Some previous studies of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in multiple system atrophy (MSA) were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the central sensory conduction time (CSCT) prolongation significantly correlated with the disease duration or subtype of MSA. Subjects and methods: Right median nerve SEPs were recorded in 21 patients with MSA (12 MSA-c and 9 MSA-p). The onset latencies and amplitudes of N9 (right Erb’s point -left shoulder), N11 (CV6-Fz), P13/14 (C30 – left shoulder) and N20 (C30 -Fz) were measured. Results: CSCT (inter-onset latencies between P13/14 and N20) had a significant positive correlation with disease duration (r = 0.628, P = 0.001; Pearson’s product–moment correlation), but not with subtype of MSA, age nor body height. No clinical factors had a significant correlation with the amplitude of any SEP components. Conclusion: In MSA patients, the CSCT prolongs in parallel with the disease duration. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.016
11. Pediatric-onset rolandic seizure showing posteriorly-oriented rolandic spikes—Yosuke Kakisaka, Nobukazu Nakasato, Kazuhiro Haginoya, Akitake Kanno, Shigeru Tsuchiya (Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan) Benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECCT) is usually associated with anteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges. Here, we show an unusual type of childhood-onset epilepsy with sensorimotor seizures associated with posteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges. We identified 3 patients with sensorimotor seizures aged under 13 years at onset, with no abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings, and posteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges detected by MEG. Ictal and interictal symptoms were evaluated retrospectively. All patients had rolandic seizures as well as atypical seizures, such as falling, auditory hallucinations or automatism. Seizures were medically intractable in all cases. Posteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges are better detected by MEG, and may exclude BECCT. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.017
12. The ERP findings during a Go/NoGo task with different Chinese characters—Sayaka Noguchi, Yoshimi Kaga, Tomoko Tando, Kanji Sugita, Masao Aihara (University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan) In souse localization studies, NoGo-N2 component with a Go/ NoGo tasks originated from the anterior cingulate cortex and the amplitude increased in conflict condition. NoGo-P3 component was enhanced by the response inhibition and the source located in the orbitofrontal cortex. In order to investigate the change of event-related potentials (ERPs) during a Go/NoGo task with different Chinese characters, 10 normal adults performed a Continuous Performing Test using five Chinese characters. Subjects responded to a
stimulation of lumbosacral motor roots is a reliable method for measuring the CMAP size from lower limb muscles. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.013
8. Magnetic stimulation of cauda equina in spinal canal with a flat large round coil—Hideyuki Matsumoto, Fitri Octaviana, Ritsuko Hanajima, Yasuo Terao, Masashi Hamada, Akihiro Yugeta, Satomi Inomata-Terada, Setsu Nakatani-Enomoto, Shoji Tsuji, Yoshikazu Ugawa (University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) Magnetic round coil stimulation over the spinal enlargement activates the spinal nerves at the neuro-foramina level. However, the cauda equina in spinal canal has never been activated. The aim of this study is to activate the cauda equina using specially-devised round coil of diameter 20 cm named Magnetic Augmented Translumbosacral Stimulation coil (MATS coil). Total 40 healthy subjects were recruited. Magnetic stimulation was performed to obtain compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from abductor hallucis muscle placing the edge of coil over the L1 and L3 spinous processes. The CMAPs were compared with those elicited by high-voltage electrical stimulation. Cauda equina conduction time (CECT) between L1 and neuro-foramina levels was also measured. The CMAP latencies to L1 level MATS coil stimulation were identical to those evoked by electrical stimulation at the same level. The CMAP latencies to L3 level MATS coil stimulation were variable in each subject. L1 level MATS coil stimulation activates the cauda equina at the root exit site from conus medullaris. L3 level MATS coil stimulation activates some mid part of cauda equina or the distal cauda equina due to current spread. The MATS coil allows us to evaluate spinal nerve conduction in the cauda equina. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.014
9. The suppression of the long-latency stretch reflex in the human tibialis anterior muscle by transcranial magnetic stimulation— Yoshihisa Masakado, Tetso Ota, Kanjiro Suzuki, Leon Abe, Hiroshi Fuseya, Akio Kimura, Meigen Liu (Keio University Tsukigase Rehabilitation Center, Izu and Tokyo, Japan) The purpose of this study was to investigate the transcortical nature of the long-latency stretch reflex (M3) n the human tibialis anterior muscle. This was achieved by applying a single pulse of subthreshold (90% motor threshold) transcortical magnetic stimulation (subTMS) at he site of the motor cortex. Such a stimulus is able to activate intracortical inhibitory circuits and thereby depress motor cortical output. We hypothesized that it could also suppress a transcortical reflex loop. The stretch reflex was elicited using a pedal attached to an electric motor. SubTMS was applied at several intervals prior to 3. Recordings were repeated 20–40 times. The reflex components were quantified using 20-ms windows in the averaged rectified electromyogram (EMG). SubTMS evoked significantly larger depression of M3 than of the background EMG in the same time frame when applied 5– 85 ms prior to M3 ðP < 0:05; n ¼ 10Þ. Furthermore, the effect on M3 was significantly larger than the effect on the spinal M2 ðP < 0:01; n ¼ 7Þ. Our results provide evidence hat the longlatency stretch reflex in the tibialis anterior muscle is at least partly transcortical. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.015
e149
10. Somatosensory evoked potentials in multiple system atrophy—Hitoshi Mochizuki 1,2, Satoko Miyatake 2, Mikiya Suzuki 2, Katsuhisa Ogata 2, Mitsuru Kawai 2, Yoshikazu Ugawa 1 (1 Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan, 2 Higashi-Saitama National Hospital, Hasuda, Japan) Background: Some previous studies of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in multiple system atrophy (MSA) were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the central sensory conduction time (CSCT) prolongation significantly correlated with the disease duration or subtype of MSA. Subjects and methods: Right median nerve SEPs were recorded in 21 patients with MSA (12 MSA-c and 9 MSA-p). The onset latencies and amplitudes of N9 (right Erb’s point -left shoulder), N11 (CV6-Fz), P13/14 (C30 – left shoulder) and N20 (C30 -Fz) were measured. Results: CSCT (inter-onset latencies between P13/14 and N20) had a significant positive correlation with disease duration (r = 0.628, P = 0.001; Pearson’s product–moment correlation), but not with subtype of MSA, age nor body height. No clinical factors had a significant correlation with the amplitude of any SEP components. Conclusion: In MSA patients, the CSCT prolongs in parallel with the disease duration. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.016
11. Pediatric-onset rolandic seizure showing posteriorly-oriented rolandic spikes—Yosuke Kakisaka, Nobukazu Nakasato, Kazuhiro Haginoya, Akitake Kanno, Shigeru Tsuchiya (Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan) Benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECCT) is usually associated with anteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges. Here, we show an unusual type of childhood-onset epilepsy with sensorimotor seizures associated with posteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges. We identified 3 patients with sensorimotor seizures aged under 13 years at onset, with no abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings, and posteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges detected by MEG. Ictal and interictal symptoms were evaluated retrospectively. All patients had rolandic seizures as well as atypical seizures, such as falling, auditory hallucinations or automatism. Seizures were medically intractable in all cases. Posteriorly-oriented rolandic discharges are better detected by MEG, and may exclude BECCT. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.017
12. The ERP findings during a Go/NoGo task with different Chinese characters—Sayaka Noguchi, Yoshimi Kaga, Tomoko Tando, Kanji Sugita, Masao Aihara (University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan) In souse localization studies, NoGo-N2 component with a Go/ NoGo tasks originated from the anterior cingulate cortex and the amplitude increased in conflict condition. NoGo-P3 component was enhanced by the response inhibition and the source located in the orbitofrontal cortex. In order to investigate the change of event-related potentials (ERPs) during a Go/NoGo task with different Chinese characters, 10 normal adults performed a Continuous Performing Test using five Chinese characters. Subjects responded to a