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00237 Promoting effect of alkali compounds in iron and cobalt catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
02
Liquid fuels (derived liquid rUeIs)
An engineering analysis of coal-water slurry manufacture Paul, A. D. et al., Mine & Quarry, Sep. 1994, 23, (9), 5-9. The paper describes a conceptual design for a coal-water slurry fuel (CWF) manufacturing plant integrated with a dedicated coal preparation facility. The design is evaluated from a technical and economic viewpoint to obtain a reliable estimate of the cost of producing CWF. The scale of the coal preparation and CWF plant chosen for the study is 200 tons per hour (dry basis) or 285 tons per hour CWF. The design and costing are based on a battery-limit plant located at or near a coal mine. The quality of CWF produced is of boiler-grade fuel quality and is suitable for use in utility or large industrial boilers. 95100220
Evaluation of carbon black alurrlaa as clean burnIng fuels Srivastava, R. K. and Linak, W. P. Fuel, Dec. 1994,73, (12), 1911-1917. Experiments were performed to examine the pumpability, atomization and combustion characteristics of slurries made of mixtures of carbon black with No. 2 fuel oil and methanol. 95100221
Evolutlon of alcohol ayntheals catalysts under syngaa Chaumette, P. er al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Jun. 1994, 33, (6), 1460-1467. Methanol-higher alcohols mixtures can be synthesized from natural gas via CO/CO,H, mixtures and constitute potential octane boosters for unleaded gasoline. Catalytic formulations have been developed around the world, which allow rather high alcohol selectivities to be reached, but these performances are generally attained after an ageing period which is necessary for the in situ preparation of the active phase. For this reason, the evolution of copper-cobalt-based model catalysts has been studied in different test equip-Gents and operating conditioni, such as fixed bed, slurry phase, and Berty reactors, as well as autoclaves and differential scanning calorimeters. 95/00222
External catalyst rejuvenation system for the hydrocarbon ayntheala process Hsia, S. _I. (Assigned to) Exxon Research & Engineering Co., PCT. Int. WO.94,14,537, Jul. 1994.
95100223
Extractlon of aolld fuels with sub- and supercrltlcal water Canel, M. and Missal, P. Fuel, Nov. 1994, 73, (ll), 1776-1780. Two Turkish lignites and an oil shale were extracted with water in the suband supercritical states. With the non-isothermal experimental technique used, it was possible to determine in one experiment the kinetic data as well as conversion degree and yield. A simple reaction-kinetic model was used to obtain the ac&ation energies and ihe pre-exponential factors for extraction with water. 95100224
Functlonallzed blologlcal precursors of trlcycllc 95100225 terpanea: lnformatlon from sulfur-bound blomarkers In a Permlan tasmanlte McCaffrey, M. A. et al., Org. Geochem., 1994, 21, (S), 481-487. Gaaollne range ether ayntheala from light naphtha 95100226 products of fluid catalytic cracking of Flacher-Tropsch wax Reagan, W. J. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1994, 39, (2), 337-342. The Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Fischer-Tropsch wax (C,+ paraffins) produces two to four times the concentration of reactive iso-olefins (isobutylene, isoamylenes, isohexanes) than observed from conventional gas oil feedstocks. Methanol reacts with these olefins to form the corresoondine tertiarv alkvl Me ethers: MTBE. TAME and MTHE’s. These eiherificition reactions are mildly exothem& and equilibrium limited. The reaction temperature and the olefin molecular structure are important variables for maximum ether yields. The base naphtha research octane number increases by 2-4 nos. after the etherification reaction.
95100229 lnltlal staqe llquefactlon of coal In the process of rlslng temperature. Ill. %-NMR spectra of pyrldlne Insolubles Adachi, Y. et al., Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1994, 73, (6), 404-411. (In Japanese) Solid-state ‘?-NMR spectrosco 1 y .of PI (pyridine insolubles) were applied to examine the mechanisms of t e mltial stage liquefaction of Lingan bituminous coal, Illinois and Wandoan subbituminous coals and Wabamun lignite. The following is derived from the analysis of NMR spectra: The spectra of PI samples of Lingan coal heat-treated up to 423” are almost the same and those of Illinois and Wandoan coals are slightly changed up to 372” and 409’, respectively. It is considered that pyridme solubles of each coal are composed of the compounds with almost the same functional mouu distribution as that of PI of the raw coal. The PI values of the three coals’decreased largely at higher temperatures, than the above-mentioned as previously presented. 95100230 Llquefactlon behavlour of Kolubara soft brown coal Vitorovic, D. K. el al., Fuel, Nov. 1994, 73, (ll), 1757-1765. The behaviour of Kolubara soft brown coal during direct liquefaction by catalvtic hvdroaenation was studied and was corncared with-the Banovid bro\;n cod investigated previously. A sample washedand dried coal was ground dry, or was ground in the presence of different liquids. Addition of water during grinding resulted in a somewhat coarser granular composition, while n-heptane did not have a noticeable effect. High reactivity of the soft brown coal, which initially was indicated by thermal analysis was confirmed by high yields of liquid products, particularly of oils soluble in n-heptane. The solid liquefaction residues rhd not contain pyrolytic carbon and cenospheres, and contained a low proportion of humoplasts indicating the high liquefaction efficiency of the coal in spite of its high content of xylite.
of
Llquefactlon of donslty separatrd coal fractlona 95100231 Cloke, M. et al., Fuel Process. Technol., 1994, 38, (3), 153-163. Density separations of a single coal, Point of Ayr, UK,.were carried out. Crushed samples were further screened into size fractions, and the selected size fraction were separated by a heavy medium float-sink procedure. The fractions produced were analyzed for maceral content, proximate analysis, and liquefaction potential. Liquefactions were carried out in a tubing bomb with phenanthrene, and with a hydrogen-donating solvent, hydrogenated anthracene oil. It was found that there were signifigant potential benefits in carrying out coal beneficiation prior to liquefaction. Mechanlam of aurfactant-aaalsted Increaaa In coal 95100232 llquefactlon yields Fi;F;ibG. S. and Sharma, P. K. R. Sot. Chem. Spec. Publ., 1994, (139),
Method for aupplylng dlsperslng agents In manu95100233 facture of coal-water alurrlea (Assigned to) Japan Corn Co.Ltd., JAP. Par. Toko, H. et al.,
JP. 06,158,065, Jun. 1994.
A process for coal-water slurries with good storage stability and transportability are manufactured by supplying crushed carbon, water, and dispersing agents which are adsorbed on coal fine particles with average particle size iit0 a wet pulverizer. Pellets from high-ash alurrlea as an Industrial 95/00234 grade fuel Elishevich, A. T. et al., Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1994, (2), 43-48. (In Russian) Fine settler sludges from three coal treatment plants are subjected to pelletization with Na lignosulphonate. The effects of sludge particle size distribution and moisture are determined on pellet stability. Practical al nlflcsnce of Invratlgatlona of geo95100235 chemical and paleobotan1c features of kerogen Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1994, (2), 3-5. (In Egor’kov, A. N. Rmsian\ ---------I
95100227 Shibata, K.
Highly loaded CWM Nippot
Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1994, 73, (6), 370-377. (In
the concentration of CWM due to their better dispersion ability. In search of coal efflclency 95100228 Nag, A. and Gon, S. Fuel Sci Technol. Int., 1994, 12, (lo), 1387-1392. Discusses how microwave pretreatment of coals followed by magnetic separation facilitates gives more effective combustion. Similarly higher heat release and lesser ash content were observed for a coal-oil mixture.
14
Discusses the geochemical and paleobotanic characteristics of kerogen and their relevance to oil shale utilization.
Fuel and Energy Abstracta January 1995
Process for the productlon of hydrocarbons 95100236 Benham, C. B. et al., (Assigned to) Renrech Inc., US Pat. US.5,324,335, Jun. 1994. An oxygen-containing diesel fuel additive for reducing particulate airborne emissions which adrhtive is reduced by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a ased catalyst. The additive contains alcohols with at least and is employed in diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to provide an oxygen content in the diesel fuel of up to approximately 2% by wt. while still maintaining diesel fuel specification limits for viscosity. Promotln effect of alkali compounds In Iron and 95/00237 cobalt catalyst In the pIacher-hopach ayntheala Liu, Y. er al., Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 1994, 66, (7), 945-947. (In German)
Liquid fuels (derived liquid rUeIs)
An engineering analysis of coal-water slurry manufacture Paul, A. D. et al., Mine & Quarry, Sep. 1994, 23, (9), 5-9. The paper describes a conceptual design for a coal-water slurry fuel (CWF) manufacturing plant integrated with a dedicated coal preparation facility. The design is evaluated from a technical and economic viewpoint to obtain a reliable estimate of the cost of producing CWF. The scale of the coal preparation and CWF plant chosen for the study is 200 tons per hour (dry basis) or 285 tons per hour CWF. The design and costing are based on a battery-limit plant located at or near a coal mine. The quality of CWF produced is of boiler-grade fuel quality and is suitable for use in utility or large industrial boilers. 95100220
Evaluation of carbon black alurrlaa as clean burnIng fuels Srivastava, R. K. and Linak, W. P. Fuel, Dec. 1994,73, (12), 1911-1917. Experiments were performed to examine the pumpability, atomization and combustion characteristics of slurries made of mixtures of carbon black with No. 2 fuel oil and methanol. 95100221
Evolutlon of alcohol ayntheals catalysts under syngaa Chaumette, P. er al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Jun. 1994, 33, (6), 1460-1467. Methanol-higher alcohols mixtures can be synthesized from natural gas via CO/CO,H, mixtures and constitute potential octane boosters for unleaded gasoline. Catalytic formulations have been developed around the world, which allow rather high alcohol selectivities to be reached, but these performances are generally attained after an ageing period which is necessary for the in situ preparation of the active phase. For this reason, the evolution of copper-cobalt-based model catalysts has been studied in different test equip-Gents and operating conditioni, such as fixed bed, slurry phase, and Berty reactors, as well as autoclaves and differential scanning calorimeters. 95/00222
External catalyst rejuvenation system for the hydrocarbon ayntheala process Hsia, S. _I. (Assigned to) Exxon Research & Engineering Co., PCT. Int. WO.94,14,537, Jul. 1994.
95100223
Extractlon of aolld fuels with sub- and supercrltlcal water Canel, M. and Missal, P. Fuel, Nov. 1994, 73, (ll), 1776-1780. Two Turkish lignites and an oil shale were extracted with water in the suband supercritical states. With the non-isothermal experimental technique used, it was possible to determine in one experiment the kinetic data as well as conversion degree and yield. A simple reaction-kinetic model was used to obtain the ac&ation energies and ihe pre-exponential factors for extraction with water. 95100224
Functlonallzed blologlcal precursors of trlcycllc 95100225 terpanea: lnformatlon from sulfur-bound blomarkers In a Permlan tasmanlte McCaffrey, M. A. et al., Org. Geochem., 1994, 21, (S), 481-487. Gaaollne range ether ayntheala from light naphtha 95100226 products of fluid catalytic cracking of Flacher-Tropsch wax Reagan, W. J. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1994, 39, (2), 337-342. The Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Fischer-Tropsch wax (C,+ paraffins) produces two to four times the concentration of reactive iso-olefins (isobutylene, isoamylenes, isohexanes) than observed from conventional gas oil feedstocks. Methanol reacts with these olefins to form the corresoondine tertiarv alkvl Me ethers: MTBE. TAME and MTHE’s. These eiherificition reactions are mildly exothem& and equilibrium limited. The reaction temperature and the olefin molecular structure are important variables for maximum ether yields. The base naphtha research octane number increases by 2-4 nos. after the etherification reaction.
95100229 lnltlal staqe llquefactlon of coal In the process of rlslng temperature. Ill. %-NMR spectra of pyrldlne Insolubles Adachi, Y. et al., Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1994, 73, (6), 404-411. (In Japanese) Solid-state ‘?-NMR spectrosco 1 y .of PI (pyridine insolubles) were applied to examine the mechanisms of t e mltial stage liquefaction of Lingan bituminous coal, Illinois and Wandoan subbituminous coals and Wabamun lignite. The following is derived from the analysis of NMR spectra: The spectra of PI samples of Lingan coal heat-treated up to 423” are almost the same and those of Illinois and Wandoan coals are slightly changed up to 372” and 409’, respectively. It is considered that pyridme solubles of each coal are composed of the compounds with almost the same functional mouu distribution as that of PI of the raw coal. The PI values of the three coals’decreased largely at higher temperatures, than the above-mentioned as previously presented. 95100230 Llquefactlon behavlour of Kolubara soft brown coal Vitorovic, D. K. el al., Fuel, Nov. 1994, 73, (ll), 1757-1765. The behaviour of Kolubara soft brown coal during direct liquefaction by catalvtic hvdroaenation was studied and was corncared with-the Banovid bro\;n cod investigated previously. A sample washedand dried coal was ground dry, or was ground in the presence of different liquids. Addition of water during grinding resulted in a somewhat coarser granular composition, while n-heptane did not have a noticeable effect. High reactivity of the soft brown coal, which initially was indicated by thermal analysis was confirmed by high yields of liquid products, particularly of oils soluble in n-heptane. The solid liquefaction residues rhd not contain pyrolytic carbon and cenospheres, and contained a low proportion of humoplasts indicating the high liquefaction efficiency of the coal in spite of its high content of xylite.
of
Llquefactlon of donslty separatrd coal fractlona 95100231 Cloke, M. et al., Fuel Process. Technol., 1994, 38, (3), 153-163. Density separations of a single coal, Point of Ayr, UK,.were carried out. Crushed samples were further screened into size fractions, and the selected size fraction were separated by a heavy medium float-sink procedure. The fractions produced were analyzed for maceral content, proximate analysis, and liquefaction potential. Liquefactions were carried out in a tubing bomb with phenanthrene, and with a hydrogen-donating solvent, hydrogenated anthracene oil. It was found that there were signifigant potential benefits in carrying out coal beneficiation prior to liquefaction. Mechanlam of aurfactant-aaalsted Increaaa In coal 95100232 llquefactlon yields Fi;F;ibG. S. and Sharma, P. K. R. Sot. Chem. Spec. Publ., 1994, (139),
Method for aupplylng dlsperslng agents In manu95100233 facture of coal-water alurrlea (Assigned to) Japan Corn Co.Ltd., JAP. Par. Toko, H. et al.,
JP. 06,158,065, Jun. 1994.
A process for coal-water slurries with good storage stability and transportability are manufactured by supplying crushed carbon, water, and dispersing agents which are adsorbed on coal fine particles with average particle size iit0 a wet pulverizer. Pellets from high-ash alurrlea as an Industrial 95/00234 grade fuel Elishevich, A. T. et al., Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1994, (2), 43-48. (In Russian) Fine settler sludges from three coal treatment plants are subjected to pelletization with Na lignosulphonate. The effects of sludge particle size distribution and moisture are determined on pellet stability. Practical al nlflcsnce of Invratlgatlona of geo95100235 chemical and paleobotan1c features of kerogen Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1994, (2), 3-5. (In Egor’kov, A. N. Rmsian\ ---------I
95100227 Shibata, K.
Highly loaded CWM Nippot
Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1994, 73, (6), 370-377. (In
the concentration of CWM due to their better dispersion ability. In search of coal efflclency 95100228 Nag, A. and Gon, S. Fuel Sci Technol. Int., 1994, 12, (lo), 1387-1392. Discusses how microwave pretreatment of coals followed by magnetic separation facilitates gives more effective combustion. Similarly higher heat release and lesser ash content were observed for a coal-oil mixture.
14
Discusses the geochemical and paleobotanic characteristics of kerogen and their relevance to oil shale utilization.
Fuel and Energy Abstracta January 1995
Process for the productlon of hydrocarbons 95100236 Benham, C. B. et al., (Assigned to) Renrech Inc., US Pat. US.5,324,335, Jun. 1994. An oxygen-containing diesel fuel additive for reducing particulate airborne emissions which adrhtive is reduced by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a ased catalyst. The additive contains alcohols with at least and is employed in diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to provide an oxygen content in the diesel fuel of up to approximately 2% by wt. while still maintaining diesel fuel specification limits for viscosity. Promotln effect of alkali compounds In Iron and 95/00237 cobalt catalyst In the pIacher-hopach ayntheala Liu, Y. er al., Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 1994, 66, (7), 945-947. (In German)