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01391 Hydroliquefaction of solid carbonaceous materials
04 The off8ct of thormal tmatmrnt on lndurtrlal pltoh S&D1384 and crrbon anude prop8rtl88. Part 2 McHenry,E. R. a al., Light Met (Warrendalc, PA), 1994, 525-533. PC pa I descrii how a series of industrial-type pitches were produced ma&z ot unit to simulate production processing. Feedstocks were categoby quinoline insoluble content and aromatic@. Controlled thermal treatment was used to increase the amount of Beta-resin and to avoid the formation of mcsophase. The effect of beta-r&n on the properties of 6 X 9 X 12-in. vibraformed carbon anode was reported. Eloctrlcrl Iwlotlvlty of carbonlrrd coalr Mtuzcc,A. et aL, Energy& Fuels, Nov.-Dec. 1994, 8, (6). 12961303. The aim of thisstudy was (i) to determine the relationship between the end tern rature of carbonization (ETC!)and electrical rcsistivity of the carboniuze coals and (ii) to find a mmimal ETC which is satisfacto with regard to icldmg low-resistivi (4.25 ohm/cm) coke rods that co3 d be used for fuy ercne preparation. & cnty-seven coals, 82-92%C daf, were studied. Coal samples were heated to various ETC m the 650-85oOCrange. Electrical resistwities of the resultant coke rods were measured exclusively at ambient temperature.
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Extmctlon condltlono and the amount of h8avy WOl386 m8tal8 nlu8od from munlclpal wa8tr lnclnemtor fly aoh Kaneko, H. and Yamaguchi, M. Haikibwsu Gakkaishi 1994, 5, (2), 45-53. (In Japanese) The paper invcstigatcs how single batch extractions were performed on municipal waste incinerator fly ash. Stirring speed, solid to liquid ratio, contact time, pH, and type of acid added to maintain pH constant during extraction effect on the amounts of heavy metals released from f.l ash. It was conilrmcd that extraction conditions dcfincd in the Availab $ sty Test (NVN 2508 resulted in the maximum release of Cd, C+ and Zn. These conditions, howevcr, were not aggressive enough to obtam the maximum release of Fe, Mn, and pb. Mn release was limited by pH; Fe release was limited by. pH _ and contact time. Factora Influencing phenol productlon In coal %/01387 converrlon Pang, Y. er al., Meitan Zhuanhua, 1994, 17, (l), 89-93. (In Chinese) The paper discusses the effects of coal rank, operating temperature, heating rate, residence time, coal particle size, and pressure on the phenols production in coal conversion. 05/01388 Fly a8h bondlcatlon by carbon burnout Boyd, T. J. er a/., Proc. Am. Power Cor$, 1994, 56, (2), 937-942. Describes a system to improve the characteristics of power plant fly ash for application to the cement manufacturing industry. a5101389 Humlc acldr from coal. Productlon, characterlurtlon and utlllzatlon Rausa,R. ef al., Proc. 6th Meet. Inr. Humic Subst Sot., Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Nerhcrlandr, 1994, 1225-1244. The paper reviews the production, characterization, and applications of coal-derived humic acids, including the chemical-physical properties of regenerated humic acids as well as chemical pathways leading to their formation. The humic acids were prepared by oxidiimg coal, both in a bench-scale fluidixed-bed reactor and in pilot plant (using technology developed at Eniriccrche Carp, Italy). Topics discussed include: oxidative depolymeration of coal, the chemical and physical characteristics of regenerated humic acids, compositional data, functional group analysis, spectroscopic characterisiics of-the humic acids, industrial @&tion,ioxi icity and application. Hydrogen and CO lntrapllst dlffurlon effect8 In 95101390 ruthonlum-c8talyrrd hydrocarbon rynthrrlr Madon, R. J. and Iglcsia, E. J. CaraL, 1994, 149, (2), 428-437. Intrapellet & and CO concentration gradients within catal st pellets during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis lead to lighter and more para d*nr hydrocarbon products than when intrapellet diffusion limitations are negligible. These transport restrictions tiease both H, and CO concentrations near catalytic sites and lead to significant changes in product selectivity. Time&stream ex riemnts sho6 that after an experiment is started mcihane and paraffin/olc $m ratios increases rapidly while CO conversion and Cs+ selectivity decrease on diffusion-limited pellets until steady state is reached. These changes are not observed on pellets free from transport limitations. Hydrollquefactlon of ?? olld carbonaceou8 matrrialr 95lOl39l Leviness, S. C. et al., (Assigned to) Exwn Research & Engineering Co., US Pat. 5.338,441, Aug. 1994. A process where &lid-carbonaceous materials, such as coal, are hydroliquefied to a liquid product in the presence of catalysts comprising a thermally decomposable compound of Group IIB, M3, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII, especially the elements such as MO or its complexes.
By-products
related to fuels
lnductlon mod.1 for the h&rogmoouoly-catalyxed 95/013B2 llquld pha88 oxldatlon of ?? ldehydaa Hwang, B. J. Ind Eng. Chem. Res., Au . 1994, 33, (8), 1897-1900. The paper discusses the effects of hep ta!dehyde concentration and inert surfakeion the induction,g+od in the system of the htterogeneously catalvzed liauid-phase 0x1 bon of aldehvdes. A theoretzal model has tbe.i+uction been*develo& &ich provides a more co&ple.te inspinto phenomena of tbc hctemgeneousl~-catalyzed liqul -phase otibon of aldehydcs. Ex rimental results of mduction time correlated well with the theoretical in8” uction model. Influence b proheat-tnatment on raw coke In Q5/01393 fabrlcatlon of carbon 8olrda Youm, H. N. et al., Yoop H&hoe&, 1994, 31, (l), 97-103. (In Korean) Discusses the influence of ground petroleum coke, preheat-treated at 150 3500. It was found that the coke powder preheat-treated at 175’had been spherical-shaped in grinding and showed the hiiest strength and density in sintering. Influence of h drogen and cat8ly8t on dlstlllatr %lQ1394 ylrldr and the removal of K aeroatoma, aromatlca, and CCR durlng cracking of athabaac8 bitumen nrlduum over a wide mng8 of convonlon Sanford, E. C. Energy % Fuels, Nov.-Dec. 1994,8, (6), 1276-1288. The resent conversion of sulphur, nitrogen, vanadium, nickel, aromatics, and E CR (Conradson carbon residue) has been analyzed as a function of residuum conversion for five series of reactions carried out in a batch reactor under nitrogen, hydrogen, or hydrogen in the prcsencc of a residuum hydrotreating catalyst, over residuum conversions ranging from 38 to 86%. Q51013Q5 Influence of ultmaound on the agglomemtlon of fly arh In flue gasor Silt, J. and Tuma, M. Staub-Reinhalt Lufi, 1994, 54, (5), 183-185. (In German)
Presents a simulation model for calculation of the infiuencc of ultrasound on the agglomeration of 5y ashes in flue gases. An appropriate sound sourceplaced before the electrofiltcr impmves the separation efficiency. Explains the im rovemcnt on the basis of fl ash sixe distriiution and mass concentrations & fore and after the electro t!lter. An Invrstlgatlon Into the kln8tlca durlng the thw951013% mal treatment of pitch Kostal,D. et al., Light Me& (Warrendale, PA), 1994, 541-544. Discusses the reaction rate for the conversion of tolucne-soluble to tolueneinsoluble material and then to quinolinc-insoluble material during thermal treatment of pitch originating from Czech coke ovens. These reactions are sequential and empirical formulas (or equations) were established and values for reaction constants were measured. 95iOl3Q7 Ion exchange materlalr produced from hydrolyxed, debltumlnlzed, sulfonated p8at Morine, G. H. and Spigarelli, S. A. (Assigned 20)Bemiaji Stare University Foundakm, US Pat. US.S,314,638, May 1994. A process where cation exchange materials are prepared from peat selected from sphagnum or reed-sedge peat by drying and grinding to a particle size of up to 1 micron, hydrolysis in an acid solution for separation of soluble components, refluxing in an organic solvent, removing the residual solvent, reacting with warm concentrated H,SO, and thereafter milling to a desirable particle size. WO1398 Klnetlc8 of crotonaldehyde hydrogenation over a Tltanla-rupported platlnum catalyst Mskouangou, R. M. et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Aug. 1994, 33, (8), 1881-188s. Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation is a complex reaction that has been modelled using results from a standard gas flow system. The obtained results give rise to the formation of a reaaion netwbrk and an elementary step mechanism derived from steady-state kinetics. The selectivity of the system to give crotyl alcohol is explained in terms of the surf& clectrotiics gas model. 951Ol399 l-ho Undo Clln8ulC prOCO88for rulfur recovery: Modelllng and rlmulatlon Von Gemmingen, U. and Lahne, U. Gas Separation & Purification, 1994, 8, (4), 241-246. Extending the adsorption simulation mode1 ADLINR to chemical reactions with cataiysts the authors have designed a favourable modification to the Linde Clinsulf( process which converts H$ and COS to sulphur. Using a detailed precooling treatment before switching the hot and cold reactors the authors were able to reduce the tvoical lack m conversion to merelv 0.5% which guarantees an overall suiihur recovery above 99.7% dudng the entire cycle time. The mode1 calculations reveal the complex interaction of chemical reaction, adsorption, condensation and heat transfer for designing actual plants.
Fuel and Energy Abstract8 March 19!% 97
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Extmctlon condltlono and the amount of h8avy WOl386 m8tal8 nlu8od from munlclpal wa8tr lnclnemtor fly aoh Kaneko, H. and Yamaguchi, M. Haikibwsu Gakkaishi 1994, 5, (2), 45-53. (In Japanese) The paper invcstigatcs how single batch extractions were performed on municipal waste incinerator fly ash. Stirring speed, solid to liquid ratio, contact time, pH, and type of acid added to maintain pH constant during extraction effect on the amounts of heavy metals released from f.l ash. It was conilrmcd that extraction conditions dcfincd in the Availab $ sty Test (NVN 2508 resulted in the maximum release of Cd, C+ and Zn. These conditions, howevcr, were not aggressive enough to obtam the maximum release of Fe, Mn, and pb. Mn release was limited by pH; Fe release was limited by. pH _ and contact time. Factora Influencing phenol productlon In coal %/01387 converrlon Pang, Y. er al., Meitan Zhuanhua, 1994, 17, (l), 89-93. (In Chinese) The paper discusses the effects of coal rank, operating temperature, heating rate, residence time, coal particle size, and pressure on the phenols production in coal conversion. 05/01388 Fly a8h bondlcatlon by carbon burnout Boyd, T. J. er a/., Proc. Am. Power Cor$, 1994, 56, (2), 937-942. Describes a system to improve the characteristics of power plant fly ash for application to the cement manufacturing industry. a5101389 Humlc acldr from coal. Productlon, characterlurtlon and utlllzatlon Rausa,R. ef al., Proc. 6th Meet. Inr. Humic Subst Sot., Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Nerhcrlandr, 1994, 1225-1244. The paper reviews the production, characterization, and applications of coal-derived humic acids, including the chemical-physical properties of regenerated humic acids as well as chemical pathways leading to their formation. The humic acids were prepared by oxidiimg coal, both in a bench-scale fluidixed-bed reactor and in pilot plant (using technology developed at Eniriccrche Carp, Italy). Topics discussed include: oxidative depolymeration of coal, the chemical and physical characteristics of regenerated humic acids, compositional data, functional group analysis, spectroscopic characterisiics of-the humic acids, industrial @&tion,ioxi icity and application. Hydrogen and CO lntrapllst dlffurlon effect8 In 95101390 ruthonlum-c8talyrrd hydrocarbon rynthrrlr Madon, R. J. and Iglcsia, E. J. CaraL, 1994, 149, (2), 428-437. Intrapellet & and CO concentration gradients within catal st pellets during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis lead to lighter and more para d*nr hydrocarbon products than when intrapellet diffusion limitations are negligible. These transport restrictions tiease both H, and CO concentrations near catalytic sites and lead to significant changes in product selectivity. Time&stream ex riemnts sho6 that after an experiment is started mcihane and paraffin/olc $m ratios increases rapidly while CO conversion and Cs+ selectivity decrease on diffusion-limited pellets until steady state is reached. These changes are not observed on pellets free from transport limitations. Hydrollquefactlon of ?? olld carbonaceou8 matrrialr 95lOl39l Leviness, S. C. et al., (Assigned to) Exwn Research & Engineering Co., US Pat. 5.338,441, Aug. 1994. A process where &lid-carbonaceous materials, such as coal, are hydroliquefied to a liquid product in the presence of catalysts comprising a thermally decomposable compound of Group IIB, M3, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII, especially the elements such as MO or its complexes.
By-products
related to fuels
lnductlon mod.1 for the h&rogmoouoly-catalyxed 95/013B2 llquld pha88 oxldatlon of ?? ldehydaa Hwang, B. J. Ind Eng. Chem. Res., Au . 1994, 33, (8), 1897-1900. The paper discusses the effects of hep ta!dehyde concentration and inert surfakeion the induction,g+od in the system of the htterogeneously catalvzed liauid-phase 0x1 bon of aldehvdes. A theoretzal model has tbe.i+uction been*develo& &ich provides a more co&ple.te inspinto phenomena of tbc hctemgeneousl~-catalyzed liqul -phase otibon of aldehydcs. Ex rimental results of mduction time correlated well with the theoretical in8” uction model. Influence b proheat-tnatment on raw coke In Q5/01393 fabrlcatlon of carbon 8olrda Youm, H. N. et al., Yoop H&hoe&, 1994, 31, (l), 97-103. (In Korean) Discusses the influence of ground petroleum coke, preheat-treated at 150 3500. It was found that the coke powder preheat-treated at 175’had been spherical-shaped in grinding and showed the hiiest strength and density in sintering. Influence of h drogen and cat8ly8t on dlstlllatr %lQ1394 ylrldr and the removal of K aeroatoma, aromatlca, and CCR durlng cracking of athabaac8 bitumen nrlduum over a wide mng8 of convonlon Sanford, E. C. Energy % Fuels, Nov.-Dec. 1994,8, (6), 1276-1288. The resent conversion of sulphur, nitrogen, vanadium, nickel, aromatics, and E CR (Conradson carbon residue) has been analyzed as a function of residuum conversion for five series of reactions carried out in a batch reactor under nitrogen, hydrogen, or hydrogen in the prcsencc of a residuum hydrotreating catalyst, over residuum conversions ranging from 38 to 86%. Q51013Q5 Influence of ultmaound on the agglomemtlon of fly arh In flue gasor Silt, J. and Tuma, M. Staub-Reinhalt Lufi, 1994, 54, (5), 183-185. (In German)
Presents a simulation model for calculation of the infiuencc of ultrasound on the agglomeration of 5y ashes in flue gases. An appropriate sound sourceplaced before the electrofiltcr impmves the separation efficiency. Explains the im rovemcnt on the basis of fl ash sixe distriiution and mass concentrations & fore and after the electro t!lter. An Invrstlgatlon Into the kln8tlca durlng the thw951013% mal treatment of pitch Kostal,D. et al., Light Me& (Warrendale, PA), 1994, 541-544. Discusses the reaction rate for the conversion of tolucne-soluble to tolueneinsoluble material and then to quinolinc-insoluble material during thermal treatment of pitch originating from Czech coke ovens. These reactions are sequential and empirical formulas (or equations) were established and values for reaction constants were measured. 95iOl3Q7 Ion exchange materlalr produced from hydrolyxed, debltumlnlzed, sulfonated p8at Morine, G. H. and Spigarelli, S. A. (Assigned 20)Bemiaji Stare University Foundakm, US Pat. US.S,314,638, May 1994. A process where cation exchange materials are prepared from peat selected from sphagnum or reed-sedge peat by drying and grinding to a particle size of up to 1 micron, hydrolysis in an acid solution for separation of soluble components, refluxing in an organic solvent, removing the residual solvent, reacting with warm concentrated H,SO, and thereafter milling to a desirable particle size. WO1398 Klnetlc8 of crotonaldehyde hydrogenation over a Tltanla-rupported platlnum catalyst Mskouangou, R. M. et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Aug. 1994, 33, (8), 1881-188s. Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation is a complex reaction that has been modelled using results from a standard gas flow system. The obtained results give rise to the formation of a reaaion netwbrk and an elementary step mechanism derived from steady-state kinetics. The selectivity of the system to give crotyl alcohol is explained in terms of the surf& clectrotiics gas model. 951Ol399 l-ho Undo Clln8ulC prOCO88for rulfur recovery: Modelllng and rlmulatlon Von Gemmingen, U. and Lahne, U. Gas Separation & Purification, 1994, 8, (4), 241-246. Extending the adsorption simulation mode1 ADLINR to chemical reactions with cataiysts the authors have designed a favourable modification to the Linde Clinsulf( process which converts H$ and COS to sulphur. Using a detailed precooling treatment before switching the hot and cold reactors the authors were able to reduce the tvoical lack m conversion to merelv 0.5% which guarantees an overall suiihur recovery above 99.7% dudng the entire cycle time. The mode1 calculations reveal the complex interaction of chemical reaction, adsorption, condensation and heat transfer for designing actual plants.
Fuel and Energy Abstract8 March 19!% 97