- Email: [email protected]
01924 Open systems pay large dividends
13
95lo1912
Fotwd convoctlvo condenaatlo;;~r~lllng of tarInaldr refrlgennt non-ueotroplc $&refrigerant ?? nhancod wrfaca tubing Semi,S. M. et al., Znt. .Z. Energy Research, Nov. 1994, 18, (8), 751-764. In thispaper,an expcrimentd study on the heat transfer characteristics of two-phase. flow condensation and boq of ternary non-axeotropic refrigerant mixtures, on water/ refrigerant honzontal enhanced surf& tubing, is presented. The enhanced surf&e. tubing data showed a significant enhancement of the heat transfer compared to an equivalent smooth tube depending on the mixture components and their concentrations. Correlations were diet the heat transfer characteristics such as average heat proposed to transfer cot #?clcnts, as well as pressure dr x+?f temsfy non-axcotropic refrigerant mixtures flow condensation, and dmg lnslde enhanced surface tubing. In addition, it was found that the rcfrl~erant mixture’s pressure drop is a weak function of the mixture’s cornposItion. Heating energy nductlon
ii%:
of bulldlnga In cold
Saastamoinen, J. J. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3). 219-227. Normal conventional methods of decreasing energy consumption for the heating of buildings are: increasing the insulation thickness, reducing the air leakage of buildings, using special low-energy windows, lowering the room air temperature and recovering heat from exhaust air. Unconventional methods of reducing the energy consumption and peak cner ar demand for wall heat losses and ventilation, by using low temperature so ky heat sources provided by nature or waste heat without a heat pump, that are eswciallv suitable for cold climates are considerd. The ooeration and op-timi&on of these unconventional energy-saving methods ‘arc analysed theoretically for different Finish climatic regions. 95101914 IA0 - An operation and malntenanca perspactlvr Tamblyn, B. T. and Khandckar, S. ASZfZUEJ., Jul. 1994,36 7). 34.42. Reports on an invcstig$on car$ed out by an engineering cons;I tant company to dete$ne the mdoor yr quality t(b+Qg&y$erclal buildmgs, and to improve the functlomng of cu 95101915 A knowledgaba~d system for condrnsatlon dlagnostlcs In housea M&s2zto, H. and Toyoda, S. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3), . The pa r centres on a new knowledge-based system KBS) for diagnosing the sur!= ace condensation by numerous conditions sue6 as the. thermal performancc of buildings. building facilities, climatic conditions and consideration of the occuparits’ comfo?t, and su&ests appropriate solutions for the moisture problems regarding houses. The KBS consists of four primary modules, i.e., user interface, system controller, function program and database. Each module includes several sub-components, for instance, the function rogram module has an inference en ‘ne, file controller, procedure cxp anation, data collector and so on. simulation program for predicting room temperature, surfkce temperature, humidity and ventilation rate is integrated into the function program module.
f
#e
95101916 Llftlng the confurlon over air curtains McNally, T. Energy in Buildings &Industry, Nov.-Dec. 1994,13, (lo), p. 50.
Discusses the uncertainity surrounding the design and specification of air curtains. Terry McNally, director of Pur Curtain Engineering Ltd., explains when and where air curtains performance is best. 95/01917 Lowanrrgy bulldlngr Abel, E. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3), 169.174. An attempt is made in this paper to systematize the ideas behind lowenergy building concepts and energy-efficient building solutions. The background to this is that msny low-ener buidling conce ts seem to have as a goal ‘the exclusion of external puref ased energy’ w!Ien cncrgy-efficient solutions strive towards ‘the lowest ssible energy requirements with reasonable utilization of res0urce.s’. Ip” owever, in discussions about research and demonstration projects in this field and in reports published from these projects, this distinction is seldom, if ever, made. Especially when it is a question of low-energy buildings, technical solutions are often suggested and demonstration projects are carried out without a clear analysis of the applicability in practice. This is reflected in several books which describe different low-energy projects thoroughly without providing information. 95/01915 Low-energy resldentlal housing Nicminen, J. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3)! 187-197. Designs for houses with heating ener y consumpnon 75%, 50%, 25% and less of the consumption of a standar d small house that fulfills the current buil$ng regulations in Finland were developed. Over thirty conce ts of heatmg energy consumption and energy-savmg costs were analyst B. The results of the theoretical studies have been applied to various experimental building projects. One of the most important projects is the Finnish dcmonstration house. for IEA Task 13 ‘Advanced solar low-energy houses’. The total yearly consumption of urchased electricity is estimated at about 20 kWb/m’ which is below 102 of the current average level in small houses in Finland.
Space heating and cooling
rofrlgerator component Mwrurement of %I01919 prformancr Reeves,R. N. cf al., Paper NOM-20-1, ASHRWL Trans., 1994, 100, 1335.1343. Tbc paper discusses the US Department of Energy refrigerator-freezer model, and demonstrates its limitations for simulating refrigerator performance under off-design conditions. 95/01920 Maaourlng computer oqulpment bdo In offlca bulldlngr Wilkins. C. K and M&affln. N. A.SZZR4EJ.. Aun. 1994.36. (81.21-24. Discuss& a study to mea& the power c&&m$on of au&&d data processing equipment. The study Includes measurements of individual items of C uigent to determine the maximum heat ou ut so that more accurate irgormation can be used to determine the air con$*boning loads. It was noted that there was a dramatic diffe.rence between nameplate rating consumption and actual measured comsumption. 95101921 The naturally alr condltloned houaa Mortensen, N. AZRAHJ., Aug. 1994, 48? (8), 11-14. Outlines the development of energy-cffiacnt house design from ancient Greece to the present. Discusses the elements that influence energy-efficient design and draws conclusions regrding their appropriate use. 95/01922 NumerIcal prrdlctlon of refrigerant mlxturor’ condensation Inside enhanced rurfaca vortlcal cvllnden Sami, S. M. ef al., Znr.J. Energy Research, Dec. 19$4, 18, (9), 799-811. A lumped parameter model has been developed to predict the liquid filmwlse condensation of pure refrigerants, as well as refrigerant mixtures, Inside vertical cylinder with enhanced surfaces. The mathematical formulation is based on-mass, momentum and cner balance. Several constitutive relationships have been established to descn3 e the varous phenomena during condensation. Numerical results indicate that the model fairly predicted the liquid filmwise condensation phenomenon, under various conditions. 95/01923 Numerlcal study on turbulent flow and heat trans. far In circular Courtto flows Torii, S. and Yang, W. J. Numerical Hear Transfer, ParrA, Sep. 1994,26, (3), 321.336. The problems of fluid flow and heat transfer in concentric amudi can be classified into three categories: stationary cylinder case, parallel Couette flow case, and circular Couettc flow case. The parallel Couette. flow occurs in a concentric annulus in which one surface moves in the streamwise direct@ pd the qther remains stationary (or both surfaces move in the same &cc&on at d&rent velocities). This type of flow is seen in railwa tunnels such as the 54.km-lonn Sellran tunnel in Jauan and the Em& K Channel tunnel. Numerical stuck-yin this paper is rformed to invest~ate heat transer and fluid flow in the entrance and f up” ly developed regions of an annulus, consisting of a rotating, Insulated inner cylinder and a stationary, heated outer cylinder. 95101924 Open systems pay large dlvldmdo :a$, B. Energy in Buildings & Zndustry, Nov.-Dec. 1994, 13, (lo), - . Open systems have long been discussed and debated. However, now that there is greater standardlsation in networks and communication, their practical reliability is fast approaching. The author, systems manager, Controls Division for Tour & Andersson Ltd., looks at the concept of open systems and the advantages to building management. %I01 92s Performance of a low energy house In a mild coolIng seamon. Part 2. Thermal pet-formanca of the heat pump Ma, B. and Ugursal, V. I. Znt. J. Energy Research, Nov. 1994, 18, (8), 711.726. A low-energy house located in Halifax, Canada was monitored for a year using a computerized data acquisition system. Data on indoor and outdoor temperatures, relative humidities, and power consumption were collected for a whole year. The results of the analvsis of the coolinn season data from the heat-pump system are presented &Ithis paper. The data indicated that a large part of the latent cooling done by the was subsequently converted to sensible cooling as a result of the evaporation of the condensate from the indoor coil. It was found that 25% of the total sensible coolin? supplied to the house during the cooling season was a result of the convers.ion of latent cooling to sensible cooling. This phenomenon has important implications in design, operation, and mode.lling of heat pumps and cooling systems with direct expansion coils. %I01 926 Plplng chlllera to varlablo volume chllled water 8ystrmr Rishcl, J. B. ASHRAE J., Jul. 1994, 36, (7), 43.45. Discusses the problems and controversy connected with chillers to a variable volume chilled water system. On the basis of 30 years of experience with chiller connections in the field the author sets out three basic rules for chiller connections.
Fuel and Energy Abstract8 March 19%
131
95lo1912
Fotwd convoctlvo condenaatlo;;~r~lllng of tarInaldr refrlgennt non-ueotroplc $&refrigerant ?? nhancod wrfaca tubing Semi,S. M. et al., Znt. .Z. Energy Research, Nov. 1994, 18, (8), 751-764. In thispaper,an expcrimentd study on the heat transfer characteristics of two-phase. flow condensation and boq of ternary non-axeotropic refrigerant mixtures, on water/ refrigerant honzontal enhanced surf& tubing, is presented. The enhanced surf&e. tubing data showed a significant enhancement of the heat transfer compared to an equivalent smooth tube depending on the mixture components and their concentrations. Correlations were diet the heat transfer characteristics such as average heat proposed to transfer cot #?clcnts, as well as pressure dr x+?f temsfy non-axcotropic refrigerant mixtures flow condensation, and dmg lnslde enhanced surface tubing. In addition, it was found that the rcfrl~erant mixture’s pressure drop is a weak function of the mixture’s cornposItion. Heating energy nductlon
ii%:
of bulldlnga In cold
Saastamoinen, J. J. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3). 219-227. Normal conventional methods of decreasing energy consumption for the heating of buildings are: increasing the insulation thickness, reducing the air leakage of buildings, using special low-energy windows, lowering the room air temperature and recovering heat from exhaust air. Unconventional methods of reducing the energy consumption and peak cner ar demand for wall heat losses and ventilation, by using low temperature so ky heat sources provided by nature or waste heat without a heat pump, that are eswciallv suitable for cold climates are considerd. The ooeration and op-timi&on of these unconventional energy-saving methods ‘arc analysed theoretically for different Finish climatic regions. 95101914 IA0 - An operation and malntenanca perspactlvr Tamblyn, B. T. and Khandckar, S. ASZfZUEJ., Jul. 1994,36 7). 34.42. Reports on an invcstig$on car$ed out by an engineering cons;I tant company to dete$ne the mdoor yr quality t(b+Qg&y$erclal buildmgs, and to improve the functlomng of cu 95101915 A knowledgaba~d system for condrnsatlon dlagnostlcs In housea M&s2zto, H. and Toyoda, S. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3), . The pa r centres on a new knowledge-based system KBS) for diagnosing the sur!= ace condensation by numerous conditions sue6 as the. thermal performancc of buildings. building facilities, climatic conditions and consideration of the occuparits’ comfo?t, and su&ests appropriate solutions for the moisture problems regarding houses. The KBS consists of four primary modules, i.e., user interface, system controller, function program and database. Each module includes several sub-components, for instance, the function rogram module has an inference en ‘ne, file controller, procedure cxp anation, data collector and so on. simulation program for predicting room temperature, surfkce temperature, humidity and ventilation rate is integrated into the function program module.
f
#e
95101916 Llftlng the confurlon over air curtains McNally, T. Energy in Buildings &Industry, Nov.-Dec. 1994,13, (lo), p. 50.
Discusses the uncertainity surrounding the design and specification of air curtains. Terry McNally, director of Pur Curtain Engineering Ltd., explains when and where air curtains performance is best. 95/01917 Lowanrrgy bulldlngr Abel, E. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3), 169.174. An attempt is made in this paper to systematize the ideas behind lowenergy building concepts and energy-efficient building solutions. The background to this is that msny low-ener buidling conce ts seem to have as a goal ‘the exclusion of external puref ased energy’ w!Ien cncrgy-efficient solutions strive towards ‘the lowest ssible energy requirements with reasonable utilization of res0urce.s’. Ip” owever, in discussions about research and demonstration projects in this field and in reports published from these projects, this distinction is seldom, if ever, made. Especially when it is a question of low-energy buildings, technical solutions are often suggested and demonstration projects are carried out without a clear analysis of the applicability in practice. This is reflected in several books which describe different low-energy projects thoroughly without providing information. 95/01915 Low-energy resldentlal housing Nicminen, J. Energy & Buildings, 1994, 21, (3)! 187-197. Designs for houses with heating ener y consumpnon 75%, 50%, 25% and less of the consumption of a standar d small house that fulfills the current buil$ng regulations in Finland were developed. Over thirty conce ts of heatmg energy consumption and energy-savmg costs were analyst B. The results of the theoretical studies have been applied to various experimental building projects. One of the most important projects is the Finnish dcmonstration house. for IEA Task 13 ‘Advanced solar low-energy houses’. The total yearly consumption of urchased electricity is estimated at about 20 kWb/m’ which is below 102 of the current average level in small houses in Finland.
Space heating and cooling
rofrlgerator component Mwrurement of %I01919 prformancr Reeves,R. N. cf al., Paper NOM-20-1, ASHRWL Trans., 1994, 100, 1335.1343. Tbc paper discusses the US Department of Energy refrigerator-freezer model, and demonstrates its limitations for simulating refrigerator performance under off-design conditions. 95/01920 Maaourlng computer oqulpment bdo In offlca bulldlngr Wilkins. C. K and M&affln. N. A.SZZR4EJ.. Aun. 1994.36. (81.21-24. Discuss& a study to mea& the power c&&m$on of au&&d data processing equipment. The study Includes measurements of individual items of C uigent to determine the maximum heat ou ut so that more accurate irgormation can be used to determine the air con$*boning loads. It was noted that there was a dramatic diffe.rence between nameplate rating consumption and actual measured comsumption. 95101921 The naturally alr condltloned houaa Mortensen, N. AZRAHJ., Aug. 1994, 48? (8), 11-14. Outlines the development of energy-cffiacnt house design from ancient Greece to the present. Discusses the elements that influence energy-efficient design and draws conclusions regrding their appropriate use. 95/01922 NumerIcal prrdlctlon of refrigerant mlxturor’ condensation Inside enhanced rurfaca vortlcal cvllnden Sami, S. M. ef al., Znr.J. Energy Research, Dec. 19$4, 18, (9), 799-811. A lumped parameter model has been developed to predict the liquid filmwlse condensation of pure refrigerants, as well as refrigerant mixtures, Inside vertical cylinder with enhanced surfaces. The mathematical formulation is based on-mass, momentum and cner balance. Several constitutive relationships have been established to descn3 e the varous phenomena during condensation. Numerical results indicate that the model fairly predicted the liquid filmwise condensation phenomenon, under various conditions. 95/01923 Numerlcal study on turbulent flow and heat trans. far In circular Courtto flows Torii, S. and Yang, W. J. Numerical Hear Transfer, ParrA, Sep. 1994,26, (3), 321.336. The problems of fluid flow and heat transfer in concentric amudi can be classified into three categories: stationary cylinder case, parallel Couette flow case, and circular Couettc flow case. The parallel Couette. flow occurs in a concentric annulus in which one surface moves in the streamwise direct@ pd the qther remains stationary (or both surfaces move in the same &cc&on at d&rent velocities). This type of flow is seen in railwa tunnels such as the 54.km-lonn Sellran tunnel in Jauan and the Em& K Channel tunnel. Numerical stuck-yin this paper is rformed to invest~ate heat transer and fluid flow in the entrance and f up” ly developed regions of an annulus, consisting of a rotating, Insulated inner cylinder and a stationary, heated outer cylinder. 95101924 Open systems pay large dlvldmdo :a$, B. Energy in Buildings & Zndustry, Nov.-Dec. 1994, 13, (lo), - . Open systems have long been discussed and debated. However, now that there is greater standardlsation in networks and communication, their practical reliability is fast approaching. The author, systems manager, Controls Division for Tour & Andersson Ltd., looks at the concept of open systems and the advantages to building management. %I01 92s Performance of a low energy house In a mild coolIng seamon. Part 2. Thermal pet-formanca of the heat pump Ma, B. and Ugursal, V. I. Znt. J. Energy Research, Nov. 1994, 18, (8), 711.726. A low-energy house located in Halifax, Canada was monitored for a year using a computerized data acquisition system. Data on indoor and outdoor temperatures, relative humidities, and power consumption were collected for a whole year. The results of the analvsis of the coolinn season data from the heat-pump system are presented &Ithis paper. The data indicated that a large part of the latent cooling done by the was subsequently converted to sensible cooling as a result of the evaporation of the condensate from the indoor coil. It was found that 25% of the total sensible coolin? supplied to the house during the cooling season was a result of the convers.ion of latent cooling to sensible cooling. This phenomenon has important implications in design, operation, and mode.lling of heat pumps and cooling systems with direct expansion coils. %I01 926 Plplng chlllera to varlablo volume chllled water 8ystrmr Rishcl, J. B. ASHRAE J., Jul. 1994, 36, (7), 43.45. Discusses the problems and controversy connected with chillers to a variable volume chilled water system. On the basis of 30 years of experience with chiller connections in the field the author sets out three basic rules for chiller connections.
Fuel and Energy Abstract8 March 19%
131