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05685 The political economy of coal subsidies in Europe
01
Solid fuels(derivedsolidfuels)
95105676 Kaitlm Prima: Energy from the Equator Coal, Aug. 1995, 100, (8), 33-35.
Reports on P.T. Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) which is the largest of the coal contract-agreement mines in Indonesia, as well as the leading producer of coal for export. Currently it ships about one-half of the country’s annual export coal tonnage, and its yearly output represents about one-third of total Indonesian coal production. 95/05679
1995 Keystone coal industry menus1
Intertec Publishing, Mining Information Services, PO Box 6500, Chicago,
IL.60684 USA, $235.00 (US & Can) $275.00 (others), 860 pp. This new edition is the most comprehensive and widely used directory for finding and marketing coals, and for researching the North American coal industry. 95lO5680 Major components of the U.S. coal-fired electric power industry Intertec Publishing, Mining Information Services, PO Box 6500, Chicago, IL.60684 USA, $100.00 (US & Can) $140.00 (others). The publishers of the Keystone Coal Industry Manual and Weir Interna-
tional Mining Consultants announce the availability of this new deluxe map which is probably the most detailed map of the coal industry currently available. The map is bordered with two extensive and unique tables detailing useful statistics about U.S. maior coal uroducers and .urinciual . coalf&d generating stations. The new Netionai Mfning Association, bigger, 95lO5661 stronger, more effective Sanda, A. P. Coal, Jun. 1995, 100, (6), p. 16. Reports that as the keynote speaker at the COAL-sponsored Coal Prep ‘95, Dan Gerkin, senior vice president public and constituent relations for the National Mining Association, explained and tried to reassure the industry that the new organization was stronger, more focused, and better positioned to reoresent coal and its interests in the nation’s caoital and around . the country: 95/05662 A new world of challenges and opportunities for coal producers servlns the utilities lndustrv Wattldy, G. G. and West,?_. Coal, Jun. 1995, 160, (6), 54, 56-59. Discusses coal production for the utilities industry in the USA. 95105663
Overseas role for new coal unit
Queensland Government Mining J., Aug. 1995, 96, p. 15.
Reports that a Coal Combustion Research Unit is to be established at the Universitv of Oueensland which will be involved in hostine international technicalhelegations as part of a move to promote the State’s vast thermal coal resources. Petcoke makes inroads /into
traditional
coal
Vaninetti, J. Coal, Aug. 1995, 100, (8) 15-16. Discusses how in recent years, petroleum coke (‘petcoke’), a residual product of the oil refining process, has made significant inroads into traditional utility coal markets. Fuel-grade petcoke essentially is a pure carbon byproduct that typically exceeds 14,000 Btu per lb and sometimes is characterized by elevated sulphur and vanadium contents.
95105667 Reform of coal poiicieo in Western and Central Europe. impilcations for the environment Steenblik, R. P. and Coroyannakis, P. Energy Policy, Jun. 1995, 23, (6), 537-553. A subsidy to a polluting activity increases the level of that activity and therefore the amount of pollution it generates, cereris paribus. In Western Europe, coal production is generally subsidized through price support and budgetary transfers; in Central Europe, both production and consum tion are subsidized. To analyse the net effects of coal policies in Europe, owever, one cannot treat them simply as equivalent to pure taxes or subsidies other distortions besides those that are price induced have to be taken : mto account. Our qualitative assessment suggests that eliminating producer and consumer subsidies to coal in Europe would lead to envtronmental improvements and remove an important barrier to introducing greater competition in national electric power industries.
R
95lO5666 U.S. coal markets roundup Fiscor, S. Coal, Jul. 1995, 100 7), 53-55. Discusses the US coal markets an*6 the low-cost, and low-sulphur of coal. World coal 95/05669 Chadwick, J. Mining Magazine, Sep. 1995, 173, (3), 146-153. Discusses the strengthening demand and bright prospects ahead for world coal production. 95lO5690 The world price of coal Ellerman,A. D. EnergyPolicy, Jun. 1995, 23, (6), 499-506. A significant increase in the seaborne trade for coal over the past 20 years has unified former1 separate coal markets into a world market in which prices move in tandyem. By virtue of its large domestic markets, the USA has become the residual supplier and price setter in the world coal markets. Changes in multifactor productivity have been the primary cause of the lone-term fluctuations in coal urices that have been observed in the USA 1 since the end of the Second World War and in the world coal market.
Derived Solid Fuels 95/05691 Characterization of industrial coke structures Zamalloa,M. andUtigard, T. A. ISIJ Int., 1995, 35, (5), 449-457. Investigates the morphological characteristics of macro and microstructures of commercial cokes prior to reaction and after reaction with air and CO, using BET surface area measurements, electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The results show that the initial coke morphology is dominated by the type of coking process and by the chemical composition. 95105692
Classical cokina in historical outline - From Kopper8 (1940) to the present time Kobel-Naizarek. E. and Wasilewski. P. Kabro-Enereochem.-Ekol.. 1994. 39, (9) 2il-212, 214-220. (In Polish) Describes the development of the classical coking technique during the 20th century. 95105693
Coking industry in Poland before World War ii Kobel-Na’zarek,E. andWasilewski, P. Karbo-Energochem.-Ekol., 1994, 39, (lo), $52-258. (In Polish) Presents a historical outline of the Polish coking industry from 1918-1939.
95105665
The political economy of coal subsidies in Europe Anderson, K. Enernv Policy. Jun. 1995, 23, (6). 485-496. Both the mining and The burning of coal is polluting, so we might expect to observe taxes on coal production and consumption. Yet several countries of Western Europe subsidize coal production, and most East European countries subsidixe coal consumption. The first part of this paper shows that those subsidies, which are emulated by other rich and poor countries respectively, have become enormous. Neoclassical political economy is used to examine why governments adopt such inappropriate policies when they are so wasteful of resources and damaging to the environment. Several new and offsetting political forces have been at work in Western Europe in recent years though, causing some countries to dismantle their coal producer subsidies. The paper concludes that these pressures for reform will continue to operate in the few remaining protectionist countries.
95105694
Development of control method of coke strength after CO, reaction Toshimitsu, R. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Co& 1994, (53), 71-75. Estimatina the coke strength after CO, reaction for coal blends bv addina a correctionterm to the estihation formila for a sinale coal is de&bed. T’e control is carried out with a coke drum index of-95.15, and a technology for manufacturing different types of blast-furnace coke having a constant drum index but different values of coke strength after reaction. 95105695 Efect of lanthanum compound sddition on thr iattice parameter of petroleum coke Uchiyama, Y. er al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (3), 333-335. The correspondence discusses the effect of lanthanum compound additions of lattice parameter and lattice strain along the c-axis of petroleum coke.
95105666
Power demand drives lignite mining Coal, Aug. 1995, 100, (8), 28-29. Reports that Indonesia needs a new source of affordable energy, and its low-sulohur linnite resources aaoear to be the answer. PLN. Indonesia’s state-owned $wer company, can only provide part of the nation’s industrial electricity demand from its hydroelectric, coal-fired, and combinedcycle generating plants and other sources.
406
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 1995
Exergy analysis of a delayed coking plant zo5y896 Pushun Shiyou Xueyuan Xuebao, 1995, 15, (l), 15-17. (In Chibese) Describes energy calculation and exergy analysis of a delayed coking plant. The weak areas in energy utilization are identified, analyzed, and the ways of improving energy utilixation efficiency are suggested.
Solid fuels(derivedsolidfuels)
95105676 Kaitlm Prima: Energy from the Equator Coal, Aug. 1995, 100, (8), 33-35.
Reports on P.T. Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) which is the largest of the coal contract-agreement mines in Indonesia, as well as the leading producer of coal for export. Currently it ships about one-half of the country’s annual export coal tonnage, and its yearly output represents about one-third of total Indonesian coal production. 95/05679
1995 Keystone coal industry menus1
Intertec Publishing, Mining Information Services, PO Box 6500, Chicago,
IL.60684 USA, $235.00 (US & Can) $275.00 (others), 860 pp. This new edition is the most comprehensive and widely used directory for finding and marketing coals, and for researching the North American coal industry. 95lO5680 Major components of the U.S. coal-fired electric power industry Intertec Publishing, Mining Information Services, PO Box 6500, Chicago, IL.60684 USA, $100.00 (US & Can) $140.00 (others). The publishers of the Keystone Coal Industry Manual and Weir Interna-
tional Mining Consultants announce the availability of this new deluxe map which is probably the most detailed map of the coal industry currently available. The map is bordered with two extensive and unique tables detailing useful statistics about U.S. maior coal uroducers and .urinciual . coalf&d generating stations. The new Netionai Mfning Association, bigger, 95lO5661 stronger, more effective Sanda, A. P. Coal, Jun. 1995, 100, (6), p. 16. Reports that as the keynote speaker at the COAL-sponsored Coal Prep ‘95, Dan Gerkin, senior vice president public and constituent relations for the National Mining Association, explained and tried to reassure the industry that the new organization was stronger, more focused, and better positioned to reoresent coal and its interests in the nation’s caoital and around . the country: 95/05662 A new world of challenges and opportunities for coal producers servlns the utilities lndustrv Wattldy, G. G. and West,?_. Coal, Jun. 1995, 160, (6), 54, 56-59. Discusses coal production for the utilities industry in the USA. 95105663
Overseas role for new coal unit
Queensland Government Mining J., Aug. 1995, 96, p. 15.
Reports that a Coal Combustion Research Unit is to be established at the Universitv of Oueensland which will be involved in hostine international technicalhelegations as part of a move to promote the State’s vast thermal coal resources. Petcoke makes inroads /into
traditional
coal
Vaninetti, J. Coal, Aug. 1995, 100, (8) 15-16. Discusses how in recent years, petroleum coke (‘petcoke’), a residual product of the oil refining process, has made significant inroads into traditional utility coal markets. Fuel-grade petcoke essentially is a pure carbon byproduct that typically exceeds 14,000 Btu per lb and sometimes is characterized by elevated sulphur and vanadium contents.
95105667 Reform of coal poiicieo in Western and Central Europe. impilcations for the environment Steenblik, R. P. and Coroyannakis, P. Energy Policy, Jun. 1995, 23, (6), 537-553. A subsidy to a polluting activity increases the level of that activity and therefore the amount of pollution it generates, cereris paribus. In Western Europe, coal production is generally subsidized through price support and budgetary transfers; in Central Europe, both production and consum tion are subsidized. To analyse the net effects of coal policies in Europe, owever, one cannot treat them simply as equivalent to pure taxes or subsidies other distortions besides those that are price induced have to be taken : mto account. Our qualitative assessment suggests that eliminating producer and consumer subsidies to coal in Europe would lead to envtronmental improvements and remove an important barrier to introducing greater competition in national electric power industries.
R
95lO5666 U.S. coal markets roundup Fiscor, S. Coal, Jul. 1995, 100 7), 53-55. Discusses the US coal markets an*6 the low-cost, and low-sulphur of coal. World coal 95/05669 Chadwick, J. Mining Magazine, Sep. 1995, 173, (3), 146-153. Discusses the strengthening demand and bright prospects ahead for world coal production. 95lO5690 The world price of coal Ellerman,A. D. EnergyPolicy, Jun. 1995, 23, (6), 499-506. A significant increase in the seaborne trade for coal over the past 20 years has unified former1 separate coal markets into a world market in which prices move in tandyem. By virtue of its large domestic markets, the USA has become the residual supplier and price setter in the world coal markets. Changes in multifactor productivity have been the primary cause of the lone-term fluctuations in coal urices that have been observed in the USA 1 since the end of the Second World War and in the world coal market.
Derived Solid Fuels 95/05691 Characterization of industrial coke structures Zamalloa,M. andUtigard, T. A. ISIJ Int., 1995, 35, (5), 449-457. Investigates the morphological characteristics of macro and microstructures of commercial cokes prior to reaction and after reaction with air and CO, using BET surface area measurements, electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The results show that the initial coke morphology is dominated by the type of coking process and by the chemical composition. 95105692
Classical cokina in historical outline - From Kopper8 (1940) to the present time Kobel-Naizarek. E. and Wasilewski. P. Kabro-Enereochem.-Ekol.. 1994. 39, (9) 2il-212, 214-220. (In Polish) Describes the development of the classical coking technique during the 20th century. 95105693
Coking industry in Poland before World War ii Kobel-Na’zarek,E. andWasilewski, P. Karbo-Energochem.-Ekol., 1994, 39, (lo), $52-258. (In Polish) Presents a historical outline of the Polish coking industry from 1918-1939.
95105665
The political economy of coal subsidies in Europe Anderson, K. Enernv Policy. Jun. 1995, 23, (6). 485-496. Both the mining and The burning of coal is polluting, so we might expect to observe taxes on coal production and consumption. Yet several countries of Western Europe subsidize coal production, and most East European countries subsidixe coal consumption. The first part of this paper shows that those subsidies, which are emulated by other rich and poor countries respectively, have become enormous. Neoclassical political economy is used to examine why governments adopt such inappropriate policies when they are so wasteful of resources and damaging to the environment. Several new and offsetting political forces have been at work in Western Europe in recent years though, causing some countries to dismantle their coal producer subsidies. The paper concludes that these pressures for reform will continue to operate in the few remaining protectionist countries.
95105694
Development of control method of coke strength after CO, reaction Toshimitsu, R. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Co& 1994, (53), 71-75. Estimatina the coke strength after CO, reaction for coal blends bv addina a correctionterm to the estihation formila for a sinale coal is de&bed. T’e control is carried out with a coke drum index of-95.15, and a technology for manufacturing different types of blast-furnace coke having a constant drum index but different values of coke strength after reaction. 95105695 Efect of lanthanum compound sddition on thr iattice parameter of petroleum coke Uchiyama, Y. er al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (3), 333-335. The correspondence discusses the effect of lanthanum compound additions of lattice parameter and lattice strain along the c-axis of petroleum coke.
95105666
Power demand drives lignite mining Coal, Aug. 1995, 100, (8), 28-29. Reports that Indonesia needs a new source of affordable energy, and its low-sulohur linnite resources aaoear to be the answer. PLN. Indonesia’s state-owned $wer company, can only provide part of the nation’s industrial electricity demand from its hydroelectric, coal-fired, and combinedcycle generating plants and other sources.
406
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 1995
Exergy analysis of a delayed coking plant zo5y896 Pushun Shiyou Xueyuan Xuebao, 1995, 15, (l), 15-17. (In Chibese) Describes energy calculation and exergy analysis of a delayed coking plant. The weak areas in energy utilization are identified, analyzed, and the ways of improving energy utilixation efficiency are suggested.