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05942 Effect of modifying host oil an coprocessing
04
By-products
related to fuels
Characterization of fossil oil fl ash and the enrichment of the contained vanadium as V,C, i y high-temparatura treatment Aurisicchio, C. et al., C/rem. M&r., 1995, 7, (S), 865-870. Discusses the high-temperature treatment of fossil oil fly ash produced as combustion materials in oil-burning power plants, with the aim of exploring the possibility of extracting V compounds. As a first step, an attempt was made to characterize the oxidation state in order to enrich the fossil oil fly ash in V compounds suitable for its technological utilization. Several analysis techniques were used to characterize the V content before and after various steps of a thermal treatment. 95105927
Charcoal deaahing by an oil agglomeration process: Effect of various operating parameters Boni, A. et al., Gem. Eng. J. (Lausanqe), 1995, 57, (I), 9-15. Current knowledge on mineral coal deashing by selective oil agglomeration was applied to deashing of charcoal. The effects of various operating variables were studied. 95/05929
Chromatographic aaparatlon of fullerenea on varloua coals Inukai, Y. et al., Kyushu Kogyo GijutssuKenhyusho Hokohu, 1995, 54, 3359-3363. (In Japanese) The chromatographic separation of fullerenes on coals of varying rank from brown coal to semi-anthracite was carried out to determine the capabilitv of the coals as a seoaration medium for ourifvine CL fullerene. No correlation between sepaiation performance and fra’cti& 03 aromatic carbon to total carbon of coals was observed. THF extracted coals improved performance compared with toluene extracted coals, probably because the coal is swollen and this results in more favourable pore structure. 95105929
Collection of coal tar In rapid pyrolysis of coal 95lO5930 Hashimoto, S. et al., (Assigned to) Shinnippon Seitetsu KK, JAP. Pat.
JP.O7,g2,564, Mar. 1995.
Describes a process for the rapid heating of coal for pyrolysis and collecting the tar from the pyrolyzed coal gas flow, heat is then exchanged between coolants and the gas through wall media to cool and coagulate tar for collection. The tar is collected safely and effectively with low-cost I facilities. A comparison of meaophaae formatlon under 95105931 aparglng and vacuuti Kershaw. J. R. et al.. Carbon. 1995. 33. (5). 633-643. A petroleum pitch was heat treated using nitrogen sparging or vacuum, and the constitution of samples was investigated as a function of heat-treatment time with microscopy, solid state “C NMR, and ESR spectroscopy. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride, and the soluble fractions were characterized by number-average molecular weight, ‘H and ‘-‘C NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The free radical concentration and aromaticity of the two final (ca 80% mesophase) pitch samples were similar. Microscopic examination of samples showed extensive mechanical deformation of the isotropic phase whenever the anisotropic phase was continuous. Nucleation of anisotropic spheres continued throughout mesophase formation. Comprehensive utilization of a power plant fly ash 95105932 In Hunan Province Cao, J. Kuangchan ZongRe Liyong, 1994, (3), 21-23. (In Chinese) Describes the use of fly ashes from a power plant in Hunan province, China, which are used for carbon flotation, with carbon recovery >97%, SiO,- and Al 0, containing micro-beads are also recovered from the fly ashes with * d0% recovery rate. 95105933 Conversion of class-f fly ash to zaolltea Shih, W. H. et al., Proc. of Advances in Porous Materials, Mater. Res. sot. Symp., 1995, (371), 39-44. Discusses how flv ash was chemicallv converted into zeolites. The conversion process not ‘only eliminates the’disposal problem of coal wastes but turns the waste material into a useful one. It was shown that fly ash can be converted into two forms of zeolites: P and faujasite, by varying the treatment conditions. Zeolite P was found to form earlier with higher treatment temperatures and adding quartz increased the amount of zeolite P formed. The seeding of faujasite was also studied. 95105934
Czech brown coals and llgnitea as basis for the preparation of aorbenta Straka, P. and Sykorova, I. Acta Mont., Ser. B, 1994, 4, 5-19. Sorbents were prepared from brown coals from the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin and from South Moravian lignites by carbonization and activation. The sorbents were characterized by the values of internal surface area, sorption capacity (iodine adsorption number and quantity of adsorbed methylene blue), the size of the transport pores, and other parameters. The brown coals and lienites reoresent a stood raw material for the production of sorbents which ire intended, e,g. f& the treatment of wastewaters. The mass balance of the carbonization is favourable with regard to the production of sorbents and the carbonization gas may find further use.
422
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 1995
The dapoaltlon of alllca on carbon as a model ayatern for oxldatlon protectlon coatlnga Hoffman, W. P. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (4), 509-524. The nucleation and growth of silica deposited by CVD on various carbon substrates was studied with the noal of enhancinz the effectiveness of oxidation protection coatings for &bon-carbon cog sites. In this study, the surfaces of graphitized carbon blacks and carbon $rbers were characterized with scanning probe microscopy, chemical and physical adsorption, and flow microcalorimetry techniques. The data from all these techniques were correlated with silica deposition rate data on the various carbon surfaces to produce a model for the nucleation and deposition of silica on carbon fibres. Deposition occurs preferentially on the carbon active sites, and the surface is covered through a spillover process. 95105935
Depth aelectlve chemical stats analyala of fly ash wlth almultaneoua XANES measurement of total electron and Xray fluorescence yields Kawai, J. et al., Physica B (Amsterdam), 1995, 208, 237-238. The paper describes a method using XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge struciuie) analysis to obtain the surface and buik chemical itate of powdir samples simultaneously. The method is applied to analyze the depth profile of fly ash samples and to indicate the chemical state of the surface sulphur is different from that of the bulk sulphur. 95105936
95105937 Dlamond aynthaala by shock compreaalon from a thln graphlta plate wlth auppreaaad ragraphltlzstlon Hirai, H. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 203-208. Shock synthesis of diamond was carried out at pressures of 26, 55, and 83 GPa by applying a quenching technique, a thin graphite plate wa sandwiched by the copper heatsink disks. Successful suppressing of reverse transition-to graphite (regraphitization) was achieved-in the present technique. Thin sections were prepared from the recovered samples to observe distribution of the products between the heatsinks by TEM in detail, and a numerical analysis of histories of pressure and temperature distributions in the sample was performed. 95105938 A dlmenalonal analyala of dlaaolutlona of a bltuman concentrate darlved from Utah tar sand Chakraborti, N. et al., Fuel Sci. Technol. Int., 1995, 13, (5), 639-654. Describes the dissolution of bitumen concentrate derived from Utah tar sand during hot-water separation in a stirred-tank reactor. The dissolution constitutes an important step in the bitumen concentrate clean-up process. A dimensional analysis was carried out for the system which was utilized to construct a number of bitumen concentrate dissolution maps from the experimental data. 95105939 Doubly bonded C, dlmera and congenera: computatlonal atudlaa of structures, bond energies and tranaformatlona Osawa, S. et al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995, 3, (5), 565-585. Initial steps of thermal transformation from doubly bonded 12+21and14+41 dimers of C, have been analyzed on the basis of computed-structurai features and Pople’s energy partition scheme. Two completely conjugated C.,. structures are found to be considerablv stable and orooosed to be ir@ortant intermediates. The linkage patter& in these tw;)~&uctures are also likely to appear in the repeating units of the metastable dimer and polymer phases of one dimensronal C, crystals. 95105940 Effect of curing on the corn reaalve strength, reslatsnce to chloride-Ion penetration an 8 porosity of concretes Incorporating slag, fly ash or silica fume Ramezanianpour, A. A. and Malhotra, V. M. Cem. Concr. Compos., 1995, 17, (2), 125-133. Reports on an investigation in which the performance of slag, fly ash, and silica fume concretes were studied under four different curing regimes. Effect of flbra mlcroatructura upon the modulus of 95105941 pan- and pitch-baaed carbon flbrea Huang, Y. and Young, R. J. Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 97-107. The relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of both polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and pitch-based carbon fibres has been studied in detail. Raman spectroscopic studies on the deformation of carbon fibres have shown that the rates of Raman band shift per unit strain, for both PAN- and mesophase pitch-based fibres, increase linearly with Young’s modulus of the fibres. The shift rate for PAN-based fibres, however, was found to be almost twice that of meso hase pitch-based fibres of the same Young’s modulus. To understand the c!rfference, the microstructure of both types of fibre was examined using a combinatton of techmques, including scanning transmission electron mtcroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. 95105942 Effect of modifying host oil on coproceaalng Hajdu, P. E. et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1995,
40, (l), 15-19.
The paper discusses how mild pretreatment of a Citgo petroleum residue using either MO naphthenate or sulphated MO/Fe Or, or pretreatment in synthesis gas using Co&CO),, can increase the avar.Iable (donatable) hydrogen content of the restdue.
By-products
related to fuels
Characterization of fossil oil fl ash and the enrichment of the contained vanadium as V,C, i y high-temparatura treatment Aurisicchio, C. et al., C/rem. M&r., 1995, 7, (S), 865-870. Discusses the high-temperature treatment of fossil oil fly ash produced as combustion materials in oil-burning power plants, with the aim of exploring the possibility of extracting V compounds. As a first step, an attempt was made to characterize the oxidation state in order to enrich the fossil oil fly ash in V compounds suitable for its technological utilization. Several analysis techniques were used to characterize the V content before and after various steps of a thermal treatment. 95105927
Charcoal deaahing by an oil agglomeration process: Effect of various operating parameters Boni, A. et al., Gem. Eng. J. (Lausanqe), 1995, 57, (I), 9-15. Current knowledge on mineral coal deashing by selective oil agglomeration was applied to deashing of charcoal. The effects of various operating variables were studied. 95/05929
Chromatographic aaparatlon of fullerenea on varloua coals Inukai, Y. et al., Kyushu Kogyo GijutssuKenhyusho Hokohu, 1995, 54, 3359-3363. (In Japanese) The chromatographic separation of fullerenes on coals of varying rank from brown coal to semi-anthracite was carried out to determine the capabilitv of the coals as a seoaration medium for ourifvine CL fullerene. No correlation between sepaiation performance and fra’cti& 03 aromatic carbon to total carbon of coals was observed. THF extracted coals improved performance compared with toluene extracted coals, probably because the coal is swollen and this results in more favourable pore structure. 95105929
Collection of coal tar In rapid pyrolysis of coal 95lO5930 Hashimoto, S. et al., (Assigned to) Shinnippon Seitetsu KK, JAP. Pat.
JP.O7,g2,564, Mar. 1995.
Describes a process for the rapid heating of coal for pyrolysis and collecting the tar from the pyrolyzed coal gas flow, heat is then exchanged between coolants and the gas through wall media to cool and coagulate tar for collection. The tar is collected safely and effectively with low-cost I facilities. A comparison of meaophaae formatlon under 95105931 aparglng and vacuuti Kershaw. J. R. et al.. Carbon. 1995. 33. (5). 633-643. A petroleum pitch was heat treated using nitrogen sparging or vacuum, and the constitution of samples was investigated as a function of heat-treatment time with microscopy, solid state “C NMR, and ESR spectroscopy. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride, and the soluble fractions were characterized by number-average molecular weight, ‘H and ‘-‘C NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The free radical concentration and aromaticity of the two final (ca 80% mesophase) pitch samples were similar. Microscopic examination of samples showed extensive mechanical deformation of the isotropic phase whenever the anisotropic phase was continuous. Nucleation of anisotropic spheres continued throughout mesophase formation. Comprehensive utilization of a power plant fly ash 95105932 In Hunan Province Cao, J. Kuangchan ZongRe Liyong, 1994, (3), 21-23. (In Chinese) Describes the use of fly ashes from a power plant in Hunan province, China, which are used for carbon flotation, with carbon recovery >97%, SiO,- and Al 0, containing micro-beads are also recovered from the fly ashes with * d0% recovery rate. 95105933 Conversion of class-f fly ash to zaolltea Shih, W. H. et al., Proc. of Advances in Porous Materials, Mater. Res. sot. Symp., 1995, (371), 39-44. Discusses how flv ash was chemicallv converted into zeolites. The conversion process not ‘only eliminates the’disposal problem of coal wastes but turns the waste material into a useful one. It was shown that fly ash can be converted into two forms of zeolites: P and faujasite, by varying the treatment conditions. Zeolite P was found to form earlier with higher treatment temperatures and adding quartz increased the amount of zeolite P formed. The seeding of faujasite was also studied. 95105934
Czech brown coals and llgnitea as basis for the preparation of aorbenta Straka, P. and Sykorova, I. Acta Mont., Ser. B, 1994, 4, 5-19. Sorbents were prepared from brown coals from the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin and from South Moravian lignites by carbonization and activation. The sorbents were characterized by the values of internal surface area, sorption capacity (iodine adsorption number and quantity of adsorbed methylene blue), the size of the transport pores, and other parameters. The brown coals and lienites reoresent a stood raw material for the production of sorbents which ire intended, e,g. f& the treatment of wastewaters. The mass balance of the carbonization is favourable with regard to the production of sorbents and the carbonization gas may find further use.
422
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 1995
The dapoaltlon of alllca on carbon as a model ayatern for oxldatlon protectlon coatlnga Hoffman, W. P. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (4), 509-524. The nucleation and growth of silica deposited by CVD on various carbon substrates was studied with the noal of enhancinz the effectiveness of oxidation protection coatings for &bon-carbon cog sites. In this study, the surfaces of graphitized carbon blacks and carbon $rbers were characterized with scanning probe microscopy, chemical and physical adsorption, and flow microcalorimetry techniques. The data from all these techniques were correlated with silica deposition rate data on the various carbon surfaces to produce a model for the nucleation and deposition of silica on carbon fibres. Deposition occurs preferentially on the carbon active sites, and the surface is covered through a spillover process. 95105935
Depth aelectlve chemical stats analyala of fly ash wlth almultaneoua XANES measurement of total electron and Xray fluorescence yields Kawai, J. et al., Physica B (Amsterdam), 1995, 208, 237-238. The paper describes a method using XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge struciuie) analysis to obtain the surface and buik chemical itate of powdir samples simultaneously. The method is applied to analyze the depth profile of fly ash samples and to indicate the chemical state of the surface sulphur is different from that of the bulk sulphur. 95105936
95105937 Dlamond aynthaala by shock compreaalon from a thln graphlta plate wlth auppreaaad ragraphltlzstlon Hirai, H. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 203-208. Shock synthesis of diamond was carried out at pressures of 26, 55, and 83 GPa by applying a quenching technique, a thin graphite plate wa sandwiched by the copper heatsink disks. Successful suppressing of reverse transition-to graphite (regraphitization) was achieved-in the present technique. Thin sections were prepared from the recovered samples to observe distribution of the products between the heatsinks by TEM in detail, and a numerical analysis of histories of pressure and temperature distributions in the sample was performed. 95105938 A dlmenalonal analyala of dlaaolutlona of a bltuman concentrate darlved from Utah tar sand Chakraborti, N. et al., Fuel Sci. Technol. Int., 1995, 13, (5), 639-654. Describes the dissolution of bitumen concentrate derived from Utah tar sand during hot-water separation in a stirred-tank reactor. The dissolution constitutes an important step in the bitumen concentrate clean-up process. A dimensional analysis was carried out for the system which was utilized to construct a number of bitumen concentrate dissolution maps from the experimental data. 95105939 Doubly bonded C, dlmera and congenera: computatlonal atudlaa of structures, bond energies and tranaformatlona Osawa, S. et al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995, 3, (5), 565-585. Initial steps of thermal transformation from doubly bonded 12+21and14+41 dimers of C, have been analyzed on the basis of computed-structurai features and Pople’s energy partition scheme. Two completely conjugated C.,. structures are found to be considerablv stable and orooosed to be ir@ortant intermediates. The linkage patter& in these tw;)~&uctures are also likely to appear in the repeating units of the metastable dimer and polymer phases of one dimensronal C, crystals. 95105940 Effect of curing on the corn reaalve strength, reslatsnce to chloride-Ion penetration an 8 porosity of concretes Incorporating slag, fly ash or silica fume Ramezanianpour, A. A. and Malhotra, V. M. Cem. Concr. Compos., 1995, 17, (2), 125-133. Reports on an investigation in which the performance of slag, fly ash, and silica fume concretes were studied under four different curing regimes. Effect of flbra mlcroatructura upon the modulus of 95105941 pan- and pitch-baaed carbon flbrea Huang, Y. and Young, R. J. Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 97-107. The relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of both polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and pitch-based carbon fibres has been studied in detail. Raman spectroscopic studies on the deformation of carbon fibres have shown that the rates of Raman band shift per unit strain, for both PAN- and mesophase pitch-based fibres, increase linearly with Young’s modulus of the fibres. The shift rate for PAN-based fibres, however, was found to be almost twice that of meso hase pitch-based fibres of the same Young’s modulus. To understand the c!rfference, the microstructure of both types of fibre was examined using a combinatton of techmques, including scanning transmission electron mtcroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. 95105942 Effect of modifying host oil on coproceaalng Hajdu, P. E. et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1995,
40, (l), 15-19.
The paper discusses how mild pretreatment of a Citgo petroleum residue using either MO naphthenate or sulphated MO/Fe Or, or pretreatment in synthesis gas using Co&CO),, can increase the avar.Iable (donatable) hydrogen content of the restdue.