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01935 Analysis of the roto-cooler air conditioning system
13 Space heating and cooling mlxhrres
In a campalgn
of
istmchm) ls proposed, alIowin# the calculation of the proportion ~~~?hxture to be added to each l&al load and to each new batch ln order to optlmlse the global operation. The formulation of several problems leads to non-lii programming problems where the set of decision varlables are the proportion of each mixture to be added to each batch and the retlux ratios. The results obtained show the necessity for a methodology and the importance of the criterion choice. 96/01923 Stmteglss for handling mbdures In multlcomnrnt batch dlstllltitlons wlth slop ticycls Eln v. L Chemical Enmtz. & Process., Aug. 1995. 34, (4). 401-414. A m&&logy ls prese;d for determl&g-the tlmal iirategy for a production campaign of several multicomponent bateT distillations, involvmg several mixtures having the same components but with different compositions and allowing for the recycling of slop cuts. The methodology mvolves the construction of a superstructure taking into account all the possible alternatives for handling of different mixtures and the slop cuts obtained. The corresponding mathematical formulation leads to NLP problems which are solved using available optimlsation software. The decision variables corresponding to this production campaign are the proportion of each initial mixture and each slop cut introduced into the reboller at each batch together with the reflux ratios. A series of four problems shows the effectiveness of this procedure. Vertical bomhole heat rxchangsrs 96/01924 Honkirk, R. and Buaster. W. IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter, Sep. 19!& 0, (3X 22-24: Describes how vertical borehole heat exchangers are effective devices for extracting heat from the ground for use ln heat pump space heating systems for houses. Also discusses the characteristics and trends of boreholc heat exchanger installations.
12 REFRACTORIES/CERAMICS Properties, Production,
Applications
90101925 Ceramic coatlngr for carbonaceous comporltes from kaollnlte Seron, A. et aL, Carbon, 1995, 33, (8). 1097-1103. Carbon materials are known to have very nood thermal and mechanical properties. Particularly, UC or c/SIC co&&ites show a synergy ln the properties of the two components. The aim of the study is the formation of a oiramic coating on the &face of carbon materials by a simple process, by developing a method based on the deposition of reagents from suspenslons on carbon composites, with subsequent pyrolysis to form ceramic under controlled atmosphere. In this paper, the authors describe how betaSlAlONs films can be obtained at the surface of carbon materials, using this new reaction. Kaolin&e was chosen for its ability lo give oriented films with a lamellar structure, which could allow a better performance of the barrier formed after its pyrolysis. Coal-ash corrosion of monollthlc slllcon carblde96lO1926 based refractories Z&b&T. M. and Hurley, J. P. Fuel Process. Technol., 1995, 44, (l), Several ‘silicon carbide-based monolithic refractories were subjected to static coal ash corrosion tests to determine corrosion mechanisms and rates. Two castable refractories with 75% And 85% SIC were exposed to two types of coal ash at temperatures from 1090°C to 143pC. Plastic refractories were exposed to a high-calcium coal ash at 1430” for over 100 h. To determine the corrosion mechanisms and rates of these materials an optical microscope and SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used. se/O1 927 A hybrid PACVD B,CICVD SI,N, coating for oxldatlon protectlon of composites Tsou. H. T. and Kowbel. W. Co&on, 1995. 33. 61 1289-1292. &b&-carbon (C-C) co&x&es exhibit low .den&iy;good thermal shock resistance, high strength and excellent retention of mechanical properties at high temperatures. C-C composites have found use in several applications including thermal protection systems for the space shuttle, aircraft brakes, rocket nozzles and industrial heating equipment. However, C-C composites suffer from poor oxidation resistance, which limits their long term applications at high temperatures to non-oxidizing environments. This work reports properties and oxidation behaviour of a hybrid PACVD B,UCVD Si,N, coating on a two-dimensional C-C composite.
QWO1928 A hybrld PACVD SIWCVD SI,NJSIC multllsyer coating for oxldatlon protsctlon of composites Tsou, H. T. md Kowbcl, W. Carbon, 1995, 33, (9), 1279-1288. Carbon-carbon (CC) composites exhibit many unique properties including low density, high strength and excellent retention of me&a&al proper$es at high temperature. Because of these desirable pm@es, C-C corn have found use in many applicationa. Current applcationa include II?“” ermal protection systems for the space shuttles, alrcraft brakes, rocket nozzles and industrial heating equipment. In spite of their current success several technological issues need lo be solved to exploit fully the commercial applications of C-C composites. This work reports de sitlon of a hybrid PACVD SiUCVD Si,N, multllayer coating on a 2-D eo-C composite. This hybrid muldlayer coating was produed by a two&a e coating process, which was a PACVD SIC inner coating deposited d!uectly on the C-C substrate followed by a CVD S&N, outer overcoating. 96lO1929
New cersmlc reduces energy conrumptlon Dec. 1995. (234). p. 6. Reports on an inexpensive new ceramic that could significantly reduce energy consumption and costs in the oil and gas industry which ls being developed through joint research by Amoco Corporation and the US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory. Energy
World,
98/01930 ovens Narita. J.
Refractory et al.,
JP.O7,172,940,
Jul.
bricks
(Assigned 1995.
to)
for heat recuperators Sumitomo
Metal
In&
on coke JAI?
Pat.
The bricks, comprising SiO,-Al,0 , (Al,O, content 35-7546) or SiO,-Al,O, (SE content 15-7596). are manufactured by press moulding to obtain spe cific surface areas 80-95 mz @er m)) specific surface area ratio O.OSO0.075 m* (per kg), and apparent porosity ~21%. The bricks have good and long service life. 96101931 Structural features of vitreous and glass-ceramic materlals preparrd from brown coal ashes Petrakovskaya, E. A. et al., Glass Phys. Chem. (Transl. of FL Khim. Stekla), 1995. 21, (3). 214-218. Reports on a study of the BSR and Moessbauer s ctra for the highly rous X-ray amorphous products of processing the /F~gh-calcium ashes of r rown coals. 96101932 Surface free energy of carbon fibers wlth circular and nontlrcular cross sectloni coated wlth slllcon carblde Bmig, G. et aL, Car&n, 1995.33, (a), 779-782. Meso base pitch-based carbon fibres with circular and nonclrcular (rlbbon, sha d) cross sections were coated with a thin, ap roximately lOO150 nm l- Siee-layer, using a CVD technique. The surface f! cc energy of the uncoated and SiCcoatcd carbon fibres was determined by measuring the contact angle of a variety of liquids with known polar and dispersive components of their total surface free energy. It was shown that the polar and dispersive components of the total surface free energy of the carbon fibres depends strongly on both the Sic-layer as well as on the shape of the moss section.
13 SPACE HEATING AND COOLING 96lOl933 Absorption system based on the refrigerant R134a Borde, I. et al., Int. J. Refrg., Jul. 1995, 18, (6). 387-394. The paper discussesan investigation of the possibility of using R134a as a refrigerant in combination with three different organic absorbents in absorption units. 96/01934 Alr cycle refrlgeratlon - Back to the future? Part 1 Fleming, K. IRHACE J., Sep.-Oct. 1995, 7, (5), 18-24. An historical development of air cycle refrigeration from the 19th century. 96lOl935 Analyslr of the rototooler air condltlonlng systsm Huang, Y. M. IIU. J. Refrig., Jul. 1995, 18, (6), 367-372. The author discusses how the rota-cooler rotary blade air cycle alr conditioning system is less expensive than conventidnal vapour-cbmpression air conditioning systems. An analysis was carried out on the effects of the unsteady flow on the heat exchanger and the performance of the rotocooler system. Compares the numerical results of the specific operating conditions with the available data. Appllcatlon 96101936 for absorptlon coolIng/refrl eratlon uslng recove%id:eat Dornan. !. B. et al.. ASHRAE 1995. 186 DD. A kfeience manual for the appli&tion’bf indirect-fired absorption machines. The manual is aimed at engineers and owners to help them become familiar with the requirements of an absorption system, evaluate indirect-fired absorption machines for specific applications, evaluate the potential of availabie recovered heat sour& and s&t the most economical system.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1996
131
In a campalgn
of
istmchm) ls proposed, alIowin# the calculation of the proportion ~~~?hxture to be added to each l&al load and to each new batch ln order to optlmlse the global operation. The formulation of several problems leads to non-lii programming problems where the set of decision varlables are the proportion of each mixture to be added to each batch and the retlux ratios. The results obtained show the necessity for a methodology and the importance of the criterion choice. 96/01923 Stmteglss for handling mbdures In multlcomnrnt batch dlstllltitlons wlth slop ticycls Eln v. L Chemical Enmtz. & Process., Aug. 1995. 34, (4). 401-414. A m&&logy ls prese;d for determl&g-the tlmal iirategy for a production campaign of several multicomponent bateT distillations, involvmg several mixtures having the same components but with different compositions and allowing for the recycling of slop cuts. The methodology mvolves the construction of a superstructure taking into account all the possible alternatives for handling of different mixtures and the slop cuts obtained. The corresponding mathematical formulation leads to NLP problems which are solved using available optimlsation software. The decision variables corresponding to this production campaign are the proportion of each initial mixture and each slop cut introduced into the reboller at each batch together with the reflux ratios. A series of four problems shows the effectiveness of this procedure. Vertical bomhole heat rxchangsrs 96/01924 Honkirk, R. and Buaster. W. IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter, Sep. 19!& 0, (3X 22-24: Describes how vertical borehole heat exchangers are effective devices for extracting heat from the ground for use ln heat pump space heating systems for houses. Also discusses the characteristics and trends of boreholc heat exchanger installations.
12 REFRACTORIES/CERAMICS Properties, Production,
Applications
90101925 Ceramic coatlngr for carbonaceous comporltes from kaollnlte Seron, A. et aL, Carbon, 1995, 33, (8). 1097-1103. Carbon materials are known to have very nood thermal and mechanical properties. Particularly, UC or c/SIC co&&ites show a synergy ln the properties of the two components. The aim of the study is the formation of a oiramic coating on the &face of carbon materials by a simple process, by developing a method based on the deposition of reagents from suspenslons on carbon composites, with subsequent pyrolysis to form ceramic under controlled atmosphere. In this paper, the authors describe how betaSlAlONs films can be obtained at the surface of carbon materials, using this new reaction. Kaolin&e was chosen for its ability lo give oriented films with a lamellar structure, which could allow a better performance of the barrier formed after its pyrolysis. Coal-ash corrosion of monollthlc slllcon carblde96lO1926 based refractories Z&b&T. M. and Hurley, J. P. Fuel Process. Technol., 1995, 44, (l), Several ‘silicon carbide-based monolithic refractories were subjected to static coal ash corrosion tests to determine corrosion mechanisms and rates. Two castable refractories with 75% And 85% SIC were exposed to two types of coal ash at temperatures from 1090°C to 143pC. Plastic refractories were exposed to a high-calcium coal ash at 1430” for over 100 h. To determine the corrosion mechanisms and rates of these materials an optical microscope and SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used. se/O1 927 A hybrid PACVD B,CICVD SI,N, coating for oxldatlon protectlon of composites Tsou. H. T. and Kowbel. W. Co&on, 1995. 33. 61 1289-1292. &b&-carbon (C-C) co&x&es exhibit low .den&iy;good thermal shock resistance, high strength and excellent retention of mechanical properties at high temperatures. C-C composites have found use in several applications including thermal protection systems for the space shuttle, aircraft brakes, rocket nozzles and industrial heating equipment. However, C-C composites suffer from poor oxidation resistance, which limits their long term applications at high temperatures to non-oxidizing environments. This work reports properties and oxidation behaviour of a hybrid PACVD B,UCVD Si,N, coating on a two-dimensional C-C composite.
QWO1928 A hybrld PACVD SIWCVD SI,NJSIC multllsyer coating for oxldatlon protsctlon of composites Tsou, H. T. md Kowbcl, W. Carbon, 1995, 33, (9), 1279-1288. Carbon-carbon (CC) composites exhibit many unique properties including low density, high strength and excellent retention of me&a&al proper$es at high temperature. Because of these desirable pm@es, C-C corn have found use in many applicationa. Current applcationa include II?“” ermal protection systems for the space shuttles, alrcraft brakes, rocket nozzles and industrial heating equipment. In spite of their current success several technological issues need lo be solved to exploit fully the commercial applications of C-C composites. This work reports de sitlon of a hybrid PACVD SiUCVD Si,N, multllayer coating on a 2-D eo-C composite. This hybrid muldlayer coating was produed by a two&a e coating process, which was a PACVD SIC inner coating deposited d!uectly on the C-C substrate followed by a CVD S&N, outer overcoating. 96lO1929
New cersmlc reduces energy conrumptlon Dec. 1995. (234). p. 6. Reports on an inexpensive new ceramic that could significantly reduce energy consumption and costs in the oil and gas industry which ls being developed through joint research by Amoco Corporation and the US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory. Energy
World,
98/01930 ovens Narita. J.
Refractory et al.,
JP.O7,172,940,
Jul.
bricks
(Assigned 1995.
to)
for heat recuperators Sumitomo
Metal
In&
on coke JAI?
Pat.
The bricks, comprising SiO,-Al,0 , (Al,O, content 35-7546) or SiO,-Al,O, (SE content 15-7596). are manufactured by press moulding to obtain spe cific surface areas 80-95 mz @er m)) specific surface area ratio O.OSO0.075 m* (per kg), and apparent porosity ~21%. The bricks have good and long service life. 96101931 Structural features of vitreous and glass-ceramic materlals preparrd from brown coal ashes Petrakovskaya, E. A. et al., Glass Phys. Chem. (Transl. of FL Khim. Stekla), 1995. 21, (3). 214-218. Reports on a study of the BSR and Moessbauer s ctra for the highly rous X-ray amorphous products of processing the /F~gh-calcium ashes of r rown coals. 96101932 Surface free energy of carbon fibers wlth circular and nontlrcular cross sectloni coated wlth slllcon carblde Bmig, G. et aL, Car&n, 1995.33, (a), 779-782. Meso base pitch-based carbon fibres with circular and nonclrcular (rlbbon, sha d) cross sections were coated with a thin, ap roximately lOO150 nm l- Siee-layer, using a CVD technique. The surface f! cc energy of the uncoated and SiCcoatcd carbon fibres was determined by measuring the contact angle of a variety of liquids with known polar and dispersive components of their total surface free energy. It was shown that the polar and dispersive components of the total surface free energy of the carbon fibres depends strongly on both the Sic-layer as well as on the shape of the moss section.
13 SPACE HEATING AND COOLING 96lOl933 Absorption system based on the refrigerant R134a Borde, I. et al., Int. J. Refrg., Jul. 1995, 18, (6). 387-394. The paper discussesan investigation of the possibility of using R134a as a refrigerant in combination with three different organic absorbents in absorption units. 96/01934 Alr cycle refrlgeratlon - Back to the future? Part 1 Fleming, K. IRHACE J., Sep.-Oct. 1995, 7, (5), 18-24. An historical development of air cycle refrigeration from the 19th century. 96lOl935 Analyslr of the rototooler air condltlonlng systsm Huang, Y. M. IIU. J. Refrig., Jul. 1995, 18, (6), 367-372. The author discusses how the rota-cooler rotary blade air cycle alr conditioning system is less expensive than conventidnal vapour-cbmpression air conditioning systems. An analysis was carried out on the effects of the unsteady flow on the heat exchanger and the performance of the rotocooler system. Compares the numerical results of the specific operating conditions with the available data. Appllcatlon 96101936 for absorptlon coolIng/refrl eratlon uslng recove%id:eat Dornan. !. B. et al.. ASHRAE 1995. 186 DD. A kfeience manual for the appli&tion’bf indirect-fired absorption machines. The manual is aimed at engineers and owners to help them become familiar with the requirements of an absorption system, evaluate indirect-fired absorption machines for specific applications, evaluate the potential of availabie recovered heat sour& and s&t the most economical system.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1996
131