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04500 Drift study of pitches and separated mesophase
16
Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)
Chemical structure and oil/ as potential of hydro96104494 carbon source rock macerale by “C NM w techniques Qin, K. et al., Shiyou Dame Xuehao, Ziran Keruehan, 1995, 19, (4), 87-94. (In Chinese) Macerals from hydrocarbon source rocks, including alginite, exinite, vitrinite and inertinite, were prepared for measuremenrs by I’-NMR spectroscopy using CP/MASTTOSS and dipolar dephasing techniques. The abundance of aliphatic carbon may be arranged in the order of alginite, suberinite, vitrinite and inertinite. This resinite, cutinite, sporinite, sequence is also valid for the potential of petroleum/natural gas generation. A ternary diagram using the aromatic carbon, and oil prone carbon and the gas prone carbon as three vertices was constructed to characterize the type of macerals. Chromato raphlc evaluatlon of some selected 96104495 polycycllc aromatlc h rocarbona of coal tars reduced under different coking cond Yf tlons and pitches derlve 8 from them Dominguez, A. et al., J. Chromatogr. A, 1996, 719, (l), 181-194. The volatile fractions of carbon disulphide extractions in tars and pitches have been studied by gas chromatography using the stationary phase Ov1701. Major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fractions were selected as a basis for assessment of differences in the compositions of tars associated with their production. Several coal tars produced by wet charing carbonization in industrial- and semi-industrial-scale ovens with different mean flue heating temperatures were analysed. The effects of preheating coal at about 200°C prior to the coking process were also studied. 96104496 Comparlson of wax appearance temperatures of crude oils by dlfferentlal scanning calorimetry, thermomlcroscopy and vlscometry Kok, M. V. et al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7). 787-790. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the determination of wax appearance temperatures (WAT) of 15 crude oils by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) thermomicroscopy and viscometry. Good agreement is obtained among the three techniques for crude oils having a significant precipitation rate. Considering the great diversity of crude oils, it is concluded that d.s.c. and thermomicroscopy should be used together with a better understanding of the determination of WAT of crude oils. Cool thermal discharges from Ice meltlng wlth 96104497 speclfled heat fluxes on the boundary Ho-Ming Yeh, and Chii-Dong Ho, Energy, Jun. 1996, 21, (6), 455-461. The behaviour of cool thermal discharges with direct in situ contact in crystal-melting operations to produce chilled air during off-peak powerconsumption hours has been investigated. Equations have been derived for estimating the thickness of the melted ice and the temperature distribution in the liquid region with specified heat fluxes on the boundary. Three examples with different fluxes of cool thermal discharges are discussed. Limitations on the thicknesses of the melted ice layers for cool thermal discharges are delineated. Dellberatlons on testlng temperature sensors for 96104496 heat meters Adunka, F. Heiz. Luff. Hausrech., Nov. 1995, 46, (ll), 545-551. (In German) Reports that with the coming uniformity of heat meter tests based on European Standard EN 1434, the test procedures will also have to be revised. Discusses which procedures are lo be applied for temperature sensors for heat meters and the threshold conditions that apply for implementation. 96104499 Develo ment of a new number (the Dlncer number) Pon heat transfer for forced-convect In heatlng and cooling appllcatlons Dincer, I. Int. J. Energy Research, May 1996, 20, (5), 419-422. The paper describes a new number which has been developed for the use of forced-convection transient heat transfer to take place during heating and cooling of any solid object. This is called the ‘Dincer number’ which indicates the effect of the flow velocity of the surrounding fluid on the heating coefficient or cooling coefficient. It indicates that there is a strong relation between the Nusselt number and the Dincer number. For this reason, an application of this number was made and a new Nusselt-Dincer correlation, namely Nu = (2.2893 X 10.“Di’“‘“‘) was developed for food products exposed to forced-air cooling using the experimental data sets. 96lQ45Ot-J DRIFT study of pitches and separated mesophase Machnikowski, J. er al., Coal Sci. Techfrol., 1995, 24, (I), 1097-1100. The paper discusses the diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy (DRIFT) which has been applied to monitoring and semiquantitative evaluation of structural changes associated with mesophase formation in various pitches. 96104501 DXRF: A non-destructive method for analysis of thermal coal Viar, P. F. ef al., Coal Sci. Techrlol., 1995, 24, (l), 355-358. Discusses the application of dispersive X-ray fluorescence (DXRF) to samples of power plant coal, lo determine coal ash, gross calorific value and sulphur content.
310
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
July
1996
96104502 EPR characterlzatlon of coal Stebestova, E. and Machovic, V. Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (l), 401-404. The EPR spectra of two subbituminous coals were measured. Discusses the factors affecting reliable results (e.g. sample handling, waler evacuation). 96104503 Equlllbrlum of CO In aqueous dlethanolamlne (DEA) and amlnomethylpropano~(AMP) solutlons Haji-Sunlaiman, M. Z. and Aroua, M. K. Chem. Eng. Commun., 1996, 140,. 157-171. Equilibrium data for CO, in aqueous solutions of DEA and AMP for CO, partial pressure 0.5-100 kPa and 25-80” were obtained using a stirred cell reactor. The data were analyzed using the Deshmukh and Mather model. It has been found that this model is able lo predict results which are close lo the experimental data in terms of the total CO, loadings and the pH of the solution, an additional parameters which was monitored in this work. A comparison was made with other published results of the different interaction parameters generated in this work. 96/04504 ESR studies of coal followlng novel microwave drlven reactlone Monsef-Mirzai. P. and McWhinnie. W. R. Coal Sci. Technol..I 1995.II24. (l), 409-412. The reaction of coals of differing rank with the spin trap phenyl-N-tertbutylnitrone is accelerated by microwave heating. ESR studies of the derivaiized coals show, in geneial, narrower lines than do the untreated coals but with the same spin concentration. Also experiments were carried out lo form charge-transfer complexes between coals and diiodine and ESR shows that complex formation is normally accompanied by an increase in spin density. 96104505 Evaluatlon of reversible and lrreverslble vlscoslty losses uelng the vlscoslty loss trapezold Bartz, W. J. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (2), 41-47. Describes a graphic method for evaluation of reversible and irreversible viscosity losses of lubricating oils. The method gives a so-called viscosity loss trapezoid. 96104506 EXAFS characterlzatlon of Iron species loaded on coal char Zhu, Z. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (l), 695-698. Describes how iron species formed during the pyrolysis of FeCI,-loaded coal are characterized by using a number of techniques. Iron species vary stepwise with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The transformation of iron species occur easier on bituminous coal than on brown coal. 96/04507 FT4.r. and XRD analysls of sapropelltlc coals Bodoev, N. V. er al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7), 839-842. Sapropelitic coals of various coalification stages were examined using FTi.r. spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FT-i.r. spectra showed that the main constituent of low-rank sapropelitic coals is aliphatic chains. The evolution of carbonyl groups is more likely to be related to rank changes from peat lo anthracite than that of aliphatic groups. The XRD analysis showed great differences between the low-rank sapropelitic coals and humic coals, although bituminous coals have a structure similar to that of humic coals of the same degree of coalification. The method of function of radial distribution of atoms (FRDA) was applied to low-rank sapropelitic coals. Maxima at 0.5 and 1 nm in the FRDA curves of these coals were established, indicating the parallel orientation of aliphatic chains in sapropelitic coals. 96104506 HPLC and 3’P NMR analysis of phenols In coal Ilquefactlon oIla Erdmann, K. et al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (2), 378-385. The paper describes how two Illinois No. 6 coal liquids were separated into polar and non-polar fractions and the polar fractions were analyzed to identify the phenols by RP HPLC in tandem with “P NMR spectroscopy of derivatized samples. The results obtained from both methods complement one another quite well despite numerous cases of more than one phenol displaying equal retention times or the same “P chemical shift when derivatized. 96104509 Images of demlnerallzed coal surfaces by scanning tunnelllng mlcroscopy Zareie, H. er al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7), 855-857. Zonguldak bituminous coal was demineralized with HCI and HF. Mineral removal was followed by classical chemical analysis and FT-i.r. spectroscopy to determine the types of inorganics dissolved. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images of the surfaces of original and acid-treated Zonguldak coal were compared with those of an original semianthracite and a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The scanning tunnelling microscope was operated in variable-current mode with an average tunnelling current of 20 pA and bias voltage in the range 250-500 mV. It was concluded that STM has great potential for the investigation of the structural changes occurring on coal surfaces due to different treatments.
Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)
Chemical structure and oil/ as potential of hydro96104494 carbon source rock macerale by “C NM w techniques Qin, K. et al., Shiyou Dame Xuehao, Ziran Keruehan, 1995, 19, (4), 87-94. (In Chinese) Macerals from hydrocarbon source rocks, including alginite, exinite, vitrinite and inertinite, were prepared for measuremenrs by I’-NMR spectroscopy using CP/MASTTOSS and dipolar dephasing techniques. The abundance of aliphatic carbon may be arranged in the order of alginite, suberinite, vitrinite and inertinite. This resinite, cutinite, sporinite, sequence is also valid for the potential of petroleum/natural gas generation. A ternary diagram using the aromatic carbon, and oil prone carbon and the gas prone carbon as three vertices was constructed to characterize the type of macerals. Chromato raphlc evaluatlon of some selected 96104495 polycycllc aromatlc h rocarbona of coal tars reduced under different coking cond Yf tlons and pitches derlve 8 from them Dominguez, A. et al., J. Chromatogr. A, 1996, 719, (l), 181-194. The volatile fractions of carbon disulphide extractions in tars and pitches have been studied by gas chromatography using the stationary phase Ov1701. Major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fractions were selected as a basis for assessment of differences in the compositions of tars associated with their production. Several coal tars produced by wet charing carbonization in industrial- and semi-industrial-scale ovens with different mean flue heating temperatures were analysed. The effects of preheating coal at about 200°C prior to the coking process were also studied. 96104496 Comparlson of wax appearance temperatures of crude oils by dlfferentlal scanning calorimetry, thermomlcroscopy and vlscometry Kok, M. V. et al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7). 787-790. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the determination of wax appearance temperatures (WAT) of 15 crude oils by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) thermomicroscopy and viscometry. Good agreement is obtained among the three techniques for crude oils having a significant precipitation rate. Considering the great diversity of crude oils, it is concluded that d.s.c. and thermomicroscopy should be used together with a better understanding of the determination of WAT of crude oils. Cool thermal discharges from Ice meltlng wlth 96104497 speclfled heat fluxes on the boundary Ho-Ming Yeh, and Chii-Dong Ho, Energy, Jun. 1996, 21, (6), 455-461. The behaviour of cool thermal discharges with direct in situ contact in crystal-melting operations to produce chilled air during off-peak powerconsumption hours has been investigated. Equations have been derived for estimating the thickness of the melted ice and the temperature distribution in the liquid region with specified heat fluxes on the boundary. Three examples with different fluxes of cool thermal discharges are discussed. Limitations on the thicknesses of the melted ice layers for cool thermal discharges are delineated. Dellberatlons on testlng temperature sensors for 96104496 heat meters Adunka, F. Heiz. Luff. Hausrech., Nov. 1995, 46, (ll), 545-551. (In German) Reports that with the coming uniformity of heat meter tests based on European Standard EN 1434, the test procedures will also have to be revised. Discusses which procedures are lo be applied for temperature sensors for heat meters and the threshold conditions that apply for implementation. 96104499 Develo ment of a new number (the Dlncer number) Pon heat transfer for forced-convect In heatlng and cooling appllcatlons Dincer, I. Int. J. Energy Research, May 1996, 20, (5), 419-422. The paper describes a new number which has been developed for the use of forced-convection transient heat transfer to take place during heating and cooling of any solid object. This is called the ‘Dincer number’ which indicates the effect of the flow velocity of the surrounding fluid on the heating coefficient or cooling coefficient. It indicates that there is a strong relation between the Nusselt number and the Dincer number. For this reason, an application of this number was made and a new Nusselt-Dincer correlation, namely Nu = (2.2893 X 10.“Di’“‘“‘) was developed for food products exposed to forced-air cooling using the experimental data sets. 96lQ45Ot-J DRIFT study of pitches and separated mesophase Machnikowski, J. er al., Coal Sci. Techfrol., 1995, 24, (I), 1097-1100. The paper discusses the diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy (DRIFT) which has been applied to monitoring and semiquantitative evaluation of structural changes associated with mesophase formation in various pitches. 96104501 DXRF: A non-destructive method for analysis of thermal coal Viar, P. F. ef al., Coal Sci. Techrlol., 1995, 24, (l), 355-358. Discusses the application of dispersive X-ray fluorescence (DXRF) to samples of power plant coal, lo determine coal ash, gross calorific value and sulphur content.
310
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
July
1996
96104502 EPR characterlzatlon of coal Stebestova, E. and Machovic, V. Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (l), 401-404. The EPR spectra of two subbituminous coals were measured. Discusses the factors affecting reliable results (e.g. sample handling, waler evacuation). 96104503 Equlllbrlum of CO In aqueous dlethanolamlne (DEA) and amlnomethylpropano~(AMP) solutlons Haji-Sunlaiman, M. Z. and Aroua, M. K. Chem. Eng. Commun., 1996, 140,. 157-171. Equilibrium data for CO, in aqueous solutions of DEA and AMP for CO, partial pressure 0.5-100 kPa and 25-80” were obtained using a stirred cell reactor. The data were analyzed using the Deshmukh and Mather model. It has been found that this model is able lo predict results which are close lo the experimental data in terms of the total CO, loadings and the pH of the solution, an additional parameters which was monitored in this work. A comparison was made with other published results of the different interaction parameters generated in this work. 96/04504 ESR studies of coal followlng novel microwave drlven reactlone Monsef-Mirzai. P. and McWhinnie. W. R. Coal Sci. Technol..I 1995.II24. (l), 409-412. The reaction of coals of differing rank with the spin trap phenyl-N-tertbutylnitrone is accelerated by microwave heating. ESR studies of the derivaiized coals show, in geneial, narrower lines than do the untreated coals but with the same spin concentration. Also experiments were carried out lo form charge-transfer complexes between coals and diiodine and ESR shows that complex formation is normally accompanied by an increase in spin density. 96104505 Evaluatlon of reversible and lrreverslble vlscoslty losses uelng the vlscoslty loss trapezold Bartz, W. J. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (2), 41-47. Describes a graphic method for evaluation of reversible and irreversible viscosity losses of lubricating oils. The method gives a so-called viscosity loss trapezoid. 96104506 EXAFS characterlzatlon of Iron species loaded on coal char Zhu, Z. er al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (l), 695-698. Describes how iron species formed during the pyrolysis of FeCI,-loaded coal are characterized by using a number of techniques. Iron species vary stepwise with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The transformation of iron species occur easier on bituminous coal than on brown coal. 96/04507 FT4.r. and XRD analysls of sapropelltlc coals Bodoev, N. V. er al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7), 839-842. Sapropelitic coals of various coalification stages were examined using FTi.r. spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FT-i.r. spectra showed that the main constituent of low-rank sapropelitic coals is aliphatic chains. The evolution of carbonyl groups is more likely to be related to rank changes from peat lo anthracite than that of aliphatic groups. The XRD analysis showed great differences between the low-rank sapropelitic coals and humic coals, although bituminous coals have a structure similar to that of humic coals of the same degree of coalification. The method of function of radial distribution of atoms (FRDA) was applied to low-rank sapropelitic coals. Maxima at 0.5 and 1 nm in the FRDA curves of these coals were established, indicating the parallel orientation of aliphatic chains in sapropelitic coals. 96104506 HPLC and 3’P NMR analysis of phenols In coal Ilquefactlon oIla Erdmann, K. et al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (2), 378-385. The paper describes how two Illinois No. 6 coal liquids were separated into polar and non-polar fractions and the polar fractions were analyzed to identify the phenols by RP HPLC in tandem with “P NMR spectroscopy of derivatized samples. The results obtained from both methods complement one another quite well despite numerous cases of more than one phenol displaying equal retention times or the same “P chemical shift when derivatized. 96104509 Images of demlnerallzed coal surfaces by scanning tunnelllng mlcroscopy Zareie, H. er al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7), 855-857. Zonguldak bituminous coal was demineralized with HCI and HF. Mineral removal was followed by classical chemical analysis and FT-i.r. spectroscopy to determine the types of inorganics dissolved. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images of the surfaces of original and acid-treated Zonguldak coal were compared with those of an original semianthracite and a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The scanning tunnelling microscope was operated in variable-current mode with an average tunnelling current of 20 pA and bias voltage in the range 250-500 mV. It was concluded that STM has great potential for the investigation of the structural changes occurring on coal surfaces due to different treatments.