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04880 Activated carbon for gas separation and storage
04 Activated carbon for gas separation and storage 96/04660 Sircar, S. er al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (1) l-12. Activated carbons offer a large spectrum of pore structures and surface chemistry for adsorption of gases, which are being used to design practical pressure ,swinp and thermal swing adsorption processes for separation and purtfrcatron o gas mrxtures. The activated carbons are often preferred over the zeolitic adsorbents in a as separation process because of their relatively moderate strengths of adsorption for gases, which facilitate the desorption process. Three commercial applications of activated carbons, (a) trace impurity removal from a contaminated gas, (3) production of hydrogen from a steam-methane reformer of gas, and (c) production of nitrogen from air, are reviewed. 96/04001 Activated carbon with coal as raw material Ooi, T. and Aono, H. (Assigned to) Kyatara Kogyo KK JAP. Par. JP.O7,277,716, Oct. 1995.
Active beta-C,S cement from fly ash and kiln dust 96/04662 Xu, A. and Sarker, S. L. Am. Concr. Ins!., SP, 1995, 1, 213-227. As focus increasingly shifts to protectmg the environment through recycling of industrial byproducts and waste as well as conserving energy and resources, corresponding restructuring of conventional production technology and practices has become imperative. In this light, mixtures of kiln dust and fly ash were hydrothermally treated and calcined to produce a new type of best-Q rich cement. Fly ash, which is the most abundantly generated industrial byproduct is still largely disposed of as a waste, while kiln dust is the waste product of the cement industry, vast quantities of which are discarded due to its high alkali content. 96/04003 Active carbon from coal by chemical treatment Mondragon. F. ef al., Coal Sci. Techno!., 1995, 1, 1105-1108. The objective is to evaluate the effect of impregnation of coal on the properttes (especially surface area) of the resultant activated carbons,
Analysls of coal tar pitch: Relation between thermal behaviour and composition
By-products related to fuels
96lO4889
The behaviour of chemically altered coals in i!nCI,catalysed reaction with hydrogen and methanol
Kuznetsov, P. N. et al., Fuel, Aug. 1996, 75, (lo), 1227-1234. A series of chemically altered coals was investigated in the reaction with methanol and hydrogen in the presence of ZnCl, as a catalyst. Significant beneficial effects were observed when high-rank coals were altered by reductive and reductively methylating pretreatment. The behaviour of altered low-rank brown and subbituminous coals was affected by both the mode of chemical pretreatment and the reaction conditions.
96104890
Bulk and surface studies of fly ash particles
Boni, C. et al., Combusr. Effic. Air Qual., Plenum, New York, USA, 1995, 213-240. A review of surface and bulk techniques used to study fly ash particles. In particular, the applicability of PIGE-PJXE analysis in the study of the bulk composition of particulates produced during the combustion of fossil fuels has been demonstrated. The results are of importance for control of the control of the burning process, for design of more efficient burner plants and electrofilter systems, and for the study of the environment impact of such materials.
96/04091
modification
Carbon materlals obtained from organometallic of pitch and Its oxidation resistance propertles
Paul, P. P. and Schwab, S. T. Carbon, 1996, 34, (1) 89-95. Although carbon fibre reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites are used in the aerospace and utility industries, carbon matertals oxidize readily at temperatures above 425’C. A variety of coatings have been used to protect C/C composites from oxidation. The thermal expansion mismatch creates microcracks that could result in catastrophic failure. To alleviate these difficulties, the authors have used the approach of modifying the carbon precursor molecule with organometallic functions, which results in uniform and nanosize mixing of antioxidants in the carbon matrix.
96104884
Guillen, M. D. et al., Fuel, Jul. 1996, 75, (9), 1101-1107. The paper discusses the influence of pitch composition on its thermal behaviour. The value of the approach consisting in the characterization of these materials by analysis of their volatile fraction is demonstrated. The pyrolysis of nine coal tar pitches was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry. The coke yield was closely related to both the rate of weight loss and the temperatures at which the derivative thermogravimetry curve reached maxima. To obtain information about the influence of the structures present in pitches on their thermal behaviour, the composition of the volatile fraction (evaluated by gas chromatography) was considered.
96/04aa5 The anode deposit formed during the carbon-arc evaporation of graphlte for the synthesis of fuiierenes and carbon nanotubes Jones, J. M. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 231-237. A number of different products are formed in the synthesis of fulierenes using the DC carbon arc evaporation of graphite. Fullerenes are found in the soot that condenses from the vapour phase, while nanotubes are located in the material that deposits on the cathode. The paper reports the discovery of a deposit on the anode, which is similar in appearance and composition to that formed on the cathode, i.e. it is a highly oriented graphitic material that contains nanotubes. 96/04886 Apparatus for capturing tar from coal pyrolysis Sakawa, M. et al., (Assigned to) Shinnippon Seitetsu KK, JAP. Par. JP.O7,268,355, Oct. 1995. The apparatus includes a cooling section in a pipe for discharging gases generated from the coal pyrolysis. Consists of a cooling cylinder with cooling-water inlet and outlet and a plurality of gas passing tubes along the gas flow direction. 96lO4007
Axial chlrelity in diphenyimethanofullerenes new functionlsable methanofulierenes
and
Osterodt, J. and Vogtle, F. Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4) 729-741. The synthesis of some new methanofullerenes with the intention to build more extended carbon structures is described and the aspect of axial chirality in suitably substituted diphenylmethanofullerenes is discussed. Advantages of matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation to characterise fuiierene derivatives are demonstrated. 96104088 Axial nano-scale mlcrostructures lnherlted from liquid crystal mesophase pitch Yoon, S. H. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 83-88.
In graphitized
Nano-scale structures of a mesophase pitch based carbon fibre were characterized using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) and a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Fibril was found to be sectioned by a number of pleat units, being aligned parallel along the fibre axis. The periodical size, thickness and height of pleat unit was estimated as 30-60 nm, 20-30 run and around 7 nm, respectively. In a pleat, graphitic units of 30-60 nm long and 2-4 nm wide run principally perpendicular to the axis.
96104892 Carbon nanotubes - il. Cohesion and formation energy of cylindrical nanotubes Setton, R. Carbon, 1996, 34, (1). 69-75. A (6, 12) Lennard-Jones formulation is used to evaluate the enthalpy of formation of multilayered coaxial or scroll-like carbon nanotubes. The role of various parameters - such as interlayer spacing, value of the innermost radius, number of layers is examined. Most of the nanotubes examined turn out to be merasrohle, with a small but positive heat of formation,
96104893
Carbonization behavior of hydrotreated coal tar pitch containing fine molybdenum end ruthenium particles
Ishihara, A. ef al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (3), 726-732. In the carbonization of hydrotreated coal tar pitch containing fine moiybdenum and ruthenium particles, a tritium tracer method revealed that prior addition of fine molybdenum and ruthenium particles into the pitch can selectively catalyze the condensation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons at temperatures below 600”. This is because they prevent the release of those molecules by vaporization and result in an increase in the carbonization yield of coal tar pitch and the hydrogen content of resultant cokes. The carbonization yield with ruthenium particles was higher than that with molybdenum particles,
96104694 sulfur
Carbonization
of coal-tar pitch dehydrogenated
by
Koiar, F. et al., Ceram.-Silk, 1995, 39, (3), 99-104. Discusses the dehydrogenation of coal-tar pitch with sulphur inrluences and the behaviour of pitch in subsequent carbonization, The carbon yield increases and chemorheology properties change. The conditions for mesophase formulation are worsened because of an increasing viscosity.
96104895 Catalytic coprocessing of plastics with coal and petroleum resid using NiMo/Al,O, Joo, H. K. and Curtis, C. W. Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (3) 603-611. Coprocessing of waste plastics with coal with petroleum resid was investigated to determine the effect of resid on reactivity and conversion. The coal used in this study was Blind Canyon bituminous coal, the resids were Maya and Manji, and the model plastics tested were polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and low-density polyethylene. Three systems, the individual species, binary combinations, and ternary combinations, were reacted at conditions of 430” and 8.7 MPa of HZ introduced at ambient temperature for 60 minutes of reaction time.
Characterization 96104696 liquid upgrading
of Ni.W/AI,O, catalyst used In coal
Matsubayashi, N. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2). 1495-1498. Describes a highly active Ni-W/Al,O, catalyst, developed to upgrade coalderived liquids, was characterized by X-ray absorption fine structure anaiysis. Local structures around Ni and W in the fresh catalyst were basically the same as those around Ni and MO, respectively, in Xi-MO catalysts.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1996 345
Active beta-C,S cement from fly ash and kiln dust 96/04662 Xu, A. and Sarker, S. L. Am. Concr. Ins!., SP, 1995, 1, 213-227. As focus increasingly shifts to protectmg the environment through recycling of industrial byproducts and waste as well as conserving energy and resources, corresponding restructuring of conventional production technology and practices has become imperative. In this light, mixtures of kiln dust and fly ash were hydrothermally treated and calcined to produce a new type of best-Q rich cement. Fly ash, which is the most abundantly generated industrial byproduct is still largely disposed of as a waste, while kiln dust is the waste product of the cement industry, vast quantities of which are discarded due to its high alkali content. 96/04003 Active carbon from coal by chemical treatment Mondragon. F. ef al., Coal Sci. Techno!., 1995, 1, 1105-1108. The objective is to evaluate the effect of impregnation of coal on the properttes (especially surface area) of the resultant activated carbons,
Analysls of coal tar pitch: Relation between thermal behaviour and composition
By-products related to fuels
96lO4889
The behaviour of chemically altered coals in i!nCI,catalysed reaction with hydrogen and methanol
Kuznetsov, P. N. et al., Fuel, Aug. 1996, 75, (lo), 1227-1234. A series of chemically altered coals was investigated in the reaction with methanol and hydrogen in the presence of ZnCl, as a catalyst. Significant beneficial effects were observed when high-rank coals were altered by reductive and reductively methylating pretreatment. The behaviour of altered low-rank brown and subbituminous coals was affected by both the mode of chemical pretreatment and the reaction conditions.
96104890
Bulk and surface studies of fly ash particles
Boni, C. et al., Combusr. Effic. Air Qual., Plenum, New York, USA, 1995, 213-240. A review of surface and bulk techniques used to study fly ash particles. In particular, the applicability of PIGE-PJXE analysis in the study of the bulk composition of particulates produced during the combustion of fossil fuels has been demonstrated. The results are of importance for control of the control of the burning process, for design of more efficient burner plants and electrofilter systems, and for the study of the environment impact of such materials.
96/04091
modification
Carbon materlals obtained from organometallic of pitch and Its oxidation resistance propertles
Paul, P. P. and Schwab, S. T. Carbon, 1996, 34, (1) 89-95. Although carbon fibre reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites are used in the aerospace and utility industries, carbon matertals oxidize readily at temperatures above 425’C. A variety of coatings have been used to protect C/C composites from oxidation. The thermal expansion mismatch creates microcracks that could result in catastrophic failure. To alleviate these difficulties, the authors have used the approach of modifying the carbon precursor molecule with organometallic functions, which results in uniform and nanosize mixing of antioxidants in the carbon matrix.
96104884
Guillen, M. D. et al., Fuel, Jul. 1996, 75, (9), 1101-1107. The paper discusses the influence of pitch composition on its thermal behaviour. The value of the approach consisting in the characterization of these materials by analysis of their volatile fraction is demonstrated. The pyrolysis of nine coal tar pitches was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry. The coke yield was closely related to both the rate of weight loss and the temperatures at which the derivative thermogravimetry curve reached maxima. To obtain information about the influence of the structures present in pitches on their thermal behaviour, the composition of the volatile fraction (evaluated by gas chromatography) was considered.
96/04aa5 The anode deposit formed during the carbon-arc evaporation of graphlte for the synthesis of fuiierenes and carbon nanotubes Jones, J. M. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 231-237. A number of different products are formed in the synthesis of fulierenes using the DC carbon arc evaporation of graphite. Fullerenes are found in the soot that condenses from the vapour phase, while nanotubes are located in the material that deposits on the cathode. The paper reports the discovery of a deposit on the anode, which is similar in appearance and composition to that formed on the cathode, i.e. it is a highly oriented graphitic material that contains nanotubes. 96/04886 Apparatus for capturing tar from coal pyrolysis Sakawa, M. et al., (Assigned to) Shinnippon Seitetsu KK, JAP. Par. JP.O7,268,355, Oct. 1995. The apparatus includes a cooling section in a pipe for discharging gases generated from the coal pyrolysis. Consists of a cooling cylinder with cooling-water inlet and outlet and a plurality of gas passing tubes along the gas flow direction. 96lO4007
Axial chlrelity in diphenyimethanofullerenes new functionlsable methanofulierenes
and
Osterodt, J. and Vogtle, F. Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4) 729-741. The synthesis of some new methanofullerenes with the intention to build more extended carbon structures is described and the aspect of axial chirality in suitably substituted diphenylmethanofullerenes is discussed. Advantages of matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation to characterise fuiierene derivatives are demonstrated. 96104088 Axial nano-scale mlcrostructures lnherlted from liquid crystal mesophase pitch Yoon, S. H. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 83-88.
In graphitized
Nano-scale structures of a mesophase pitch based carbon fibre were characterized using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) and a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Fibril was found to be sectioned by a number of pleat units, being aligned parallel along the fibre axis. The periodical size, thickness and height of pleat unit was estimated as 30-60 nm, 20-30 run and around 7 nm, respectively. In a pleat, graphitic units of 30-60 nm long and 2-4 nm wide run principally perpendicular to the axis.
96104892 Carbon nanotubes - il. Cohesion and formation energy of cylindrical nanotubes Setton, R. Carbon, 1996, 34, (1). 69-75. A (6, 12) Lennard-Jones formulation is used to evaluate the enthalpy of formation of multilayered coaxial or scroll-like carbon nanotubes. The role of various parameters - such as interlayer spacing, value of the innermost radius, number of layers is examined. Most of the nanotubes examined turn out to be merasrohle, with a small but positive heat of formation,
96104893
Carbonization behavior of hydrotreated coal tar pitch containing fine molybdenum end ruthenium particles
Ishihara, A. ef al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (3), 726-732. In the carbonization of hydrotreated coal tar pitch containing fine moiybdenum and ruthenium particles, a tritium tracer method revealed that prior addition of fine molybdenum and ruthenium particles into the pitch can selectively catalyze the condensation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons at temperatures below 600”. This is because they prevent the release of those molecules by vaporization and result in an increase in the carbonization yield of coal tar pitch and the hydrogen content of resultant cokes. The carbonization yield with ruthenium particles was higher than that with molybdenum particles,
96104694 sulfur
Carbonization
of coal-tar pitch dehydrogenated
by
Koiar, F. et al., Ceram.-Silk, 1995, 39, (3), 99-104. Discusses the dehydrogenation of coal-tar pitch with sulphur inrluences and the behaviour of pitch in subsequent carbonization, The carbon yield increases and chemorheology properties change. The conditions for mesophase formulation are worsened because of an increasing viscosity.
96104895 Catalytic coprocessing of plastics with coal and petroleum resid using NiMo/Al,O, Joo, H. K. and Curtis, C. W. Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (3) 603-611. Coprocessing of waste plastics with coal with petroleum resid was investigated to determine the effect of resid on reactivity and conversion. The coal used in this study was Blind Canyon bituminous coal, the resids were Maya and Manji, and the model plastics tested were polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and low-density polyethylene. Three systems, the individual species, binary combinations, and ternary combinations, were reacted at conditions of 430” and 8.7 MPa of HZ introduced at ambient temperature for 60 minutes of reaction time.
Characterization 96104696 liquid upgrading
of Ni.W/AI,O, catalyst used In coal
Matsubayashi, N. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2). 1495-1498. Describes a highly active Ni-W/Al,O, catalyst, developed to upgrade coalderived liquids, was characterized by X-ray absorption fine structure anaiysis. Local structures around Ni and W in the fresh catalyst were basically the same as those around Ni and MO, respectively, in Xi-MO catalysts.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1996 345