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04903 Current understanding of the mechanism of bitumen recovery from Athabasca oil sand
04
By-products related to fuels
96/04697 Chemical characterization of coal tar-water interfacial films Nelson, E. C. ef al, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1996, 30, (3), 1014-1022. Semigelatinous interfacial films, which may influence the fluid mechanic and mass transfer properties of coal tar in porous media, have been observed to form in coal tar-water systems when coal tars are aged in water under quiescent conditions for a few days.
96104906 Determination of magnetic and nuclear quadrupole interactions In La@& from EPR linewidth data Adrian, F. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 655-675. From the analysis of the temperature dependence of the EPR line width, an estimate of the anisotropic parts of the dipolar and quadrupolar hyperfine couplings of lanthanum was derived. Furthermore, the rotational correlation time of the nearly spherical molecule was found to deviate considerably from that of the solvent molecules.
Class C fly ash as a shrinkage reducer for cement 96104696 paste Tangtermsirikul, S. Am. Concr. Inst., SP, 1995, 1, 385-340. The paper introduces some experimental results on the application of ASTM Class C (high-lime) fly ash from Thailand to reduce shrinkage of cement paste.
96104907 Determination of mesophase content in blends of mesophase and isotropic pitches by ‘H NMR (Letter to the Editor) Harvey, T. G. and West, G. W. Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 275-276.
96/04699 Colloidal structures of three Chinese petroleum vacuum residues Li, S. et al., Fuel, Jun. 1996, 75, (8), 1025-1029. Transmission electron micrographs obtained with the freeze-fracture replication technique on three typical Chinese vacuum residues and their fractions demonstrate that petroleum vacuum residues are colloidal systems, in which asphaltenes (the n-heptane-insoluble, toluene-soluble fraction) and heavier resins constitute the dispersed phases and the remaining hghter resins, aromatics and saturates the dispersing media.
96104900 Comparison to;a;fextractor and Soxhlet
between extractor
continuous stirred tank reacfor extraction of El-LaJjun oil
Anabtawi, M. 2. Sep. Sci. Technol., 1996, 31, (3), 413-422. Extraction of El-Lajjun (Jordanian) oil shale in a continuous stirred-tank reactor extractor (CSTRE) and a Soxhlet extractor was carried out using PhMe and CHCI, solvents. The solvents were recovered using two distillation stages, a simple distillation followed by a fractional distillation. Extraction using a CSTRE gave a 12% increase in average yield, compared with the Soxhlet extractor, and an optimum shale size of 1.0 mm offered a better yield and solvent recovery for both techniques.
oscillatory rheometry of 96/04901 Controlled stress, mesophase-pitches Cheung, T. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 265-271. having different percentage The rheology of mesophase-pitches, mesophase content, has been investigated by means of controlled stress, oscillatory rheometry. Three thermally transformed mesophase-pitches (prepared from Ashland A240), with mesophase contents in the range 6095%, together with a 100% optically anisotropic synthetic mesophase-pitch from Mitsubishi Gas-Chemical Company were studied.
96104902 The conversion of lignite with supercritical CO/H,0 media Zhao, Z. et al., Meitan Zhuanhua, 1995, 18, (3), 81-87. (In Chinese) Describes how Xianfeng lignite was effectively converted into liquid products by supercritical extraction in CO/H,.
96104903 Current understanding of the mechanism of bitumen recovery from Athabasca oil sand Cymerman, G. J. and Leung, A. Proc. Process. HJjdrophobic Miner. Fine Coal UBC-McGill Bi-Annu. Int. Symp. Fundam. Miner. Process., Canadian Inst. of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum, 1995, 305-317. In the conventional process of bitumen extraction from Athabasca oil sands, ore is transported several km on belt conveyors, mixed with hot water, steam and caustic in large tumbler conditioners and the slurry is subjected to separation by spontaneous flotation of bitumen in gravity separation vessels. Syncrude’s new technology involves pipeline transportation of oil sand slurries. The new technique is less expensive and promotes the desirable processes, traditionally performed in the tumblers.
96104904 The dark reaction of C, and of C,, with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure an8temperatures between 300 K and 600 K Wohlers, M. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 781-812. The solid fullerenes C, and C,,, react in deliberate and adventitious situations with molecular oxygen In a wide range of temperatures. Using thin films and polycrystalline bulk sample with well-defined structures and chemical histories the authors investigated the complex process from molecular intercalation over atomic adduct formation to deep oxidation and polymerisation which together describe the oxidation reaction.
96104905 Determlnatlon of C,, and/or C,, concentrations Jansen, M. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 699-714. Two methods of quantitative analyses of the fullerenes C, and C,, are described.
346
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
96104906 Development of technology for use of dry ash from Kansk-Achinsk coals in agriculture as granulated lime fertilizer Bezdenezhnykh, N. I. et al., Elektr. Stn., 1995, (6), 2-8. (In Russian) The paper describes how dry ash from Kansk-Achinsk coals was granulated and used in vegetational and field experiments as an ameliorant and lime fertilizer on sod-podzolic and dark-grey forest acid soils under barley, corn, clover, oak, rape, or fodder beets. The dry ash granules neutralized soil acidity, improved its agrochemical properties, and drastically increased the crop yields; their efficacy increased with a decrease in the size of granules. Effect of fly ash composition on thermal cracking 96104909 in concrete Thomas, M. D. er al., Am Concre. Inst., SP, 1995, 1, 81-98. Reports on the results from a laboratory investigation of the effect of fly ash on the temperature rise and early-age tensile strain capacity of concrete. Effect of inorganic alkalis and acids on the yield 96104910 and composition of liquid pyrolysis products of low-metamorphosis coals Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), Tamko, V. A. and Shevkoplyas, V. N. 1995. (5), 67-77. (In Russian) The paper discusses the composition and properties of liquid products of pyrolysis of low-rank coals. The effect of coal pretreatment with inorganic compounds on yield and composition of liquid products are also discussed. The effect of production conditions on the proper96104911 ties of activated coke from the brown coal of central Germany Krzack, S. et al., Braunkohle Bergbautech., 1995, 47, (S), 38-42. (In German) The suitability of lignite from mining areas in Central Germany for the manufacture of activated coke was studied. Effects of hlgh temperature and pressure on 96fO4912 strength and elasticity of lignite fly ash and silica fume concrete Ghosh, S. and Nasser, K. W. AC1 Mater. J., 1996, 93, (I), 51-60. Presents information on the effects of high temperature and high pressures on the strength and elasticity of concrete containing various levels of highcalcium lignite fly ash and a fixed percentage of condensed silica fume. 96/04913 Ethylene plant revamps; The viable option Kapur, S. K. and Laghate, A. S. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (2), 55-62. Discusses the driving forces for considering a plant revamp, revamp objectives, ethylene plant sections, the revamp options, and revamp expansion and investment objectives for ethylene plant revamps, Hydropyrolysis and catalytic hydropyrolysis of oil 96104914 shales Ekinci, E. et al., NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, 1995, (295). 281-296. Describes how oil shales were pyrolyzed under a number of regimes and the resultant oils characterized by chromatographic fractions, GC, GC-MS, NMR analyses. In addition, to confirm the classification of oil shales investigated as type I kerogen, biomarker compounds in the bitumen were identified and the oil shales characterized by single pulse excitation solid state ‘“C NMR. The use of a sweep gas in fixed bed pyrolysis (steam and nitrogen) increased tar yields considerably compared to those obtained in a static or self generated atmosphere. 96104915 Hydrotreatment of an atmospheric residual oil over the dispersed cobalt and molybdenum catalysts in a carbon expanded-bed reactor Lee, D. K. et al., Fuel, Aug. 1996, 75, (lo), 1186-1192. Atmospheric residual oil hydroprocessing over a dispersed catalyst of cobalt and molybdenum was conducted in continuous mode under 6.9 MPa of H, using an expanded-bed reactor which was loaded with an appropriate amount of activated carbon granules. As dispersed catalyst precursors, oilsoluble cobalt naphthenate and molybdenum naphthenate were used. Throughout this work, the optimum catalyst composltion showing the maximum hydrodesulphurization activity was determined, and the possibiiity of in situ development of a carbon-supported catalyst by the deposition of the oil-dispersed catalysts on the reactor-loaded carbon granules during the reaction was also examined.
By-products related to fuels
96/04697 Chemical characterization of coal tar-water interfacial films Nelson, E. C. ef al, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1996, 30, (3), 1014-1022. Semigelatinous interfacial films, which may influence the fluid mechanic and mass transfer properties of coal tar in porous media, have been observed to form in coal tar-water systems when coal tars are aged in water under quiescent conditions for a few days.
96104906 Determination of magnetic and nuclear quadrupole interactions In La@& from EPR linewidth data Adrian, F. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 655-675. From the analysis of the temperature dependence of the EPR line width, an estimate of the anisotropic parts of the dipolar and quadrupolar hyperfine couplings of lanthanum was derived. Furthermore, the rotational correlation time of the nearly spherical molecule was found to deviate considerably from that of the solvent molecules.
Class C fly ash as a shrinkage reducer for cement 96104696 paste Tangtermsirikul, S. Am. Concr. Inst., SP, 1995, 1, 385-340. The paper introduces some experimental results on the application of ASTM Class C (high-lime) fly ash from Thailand to reduce shrinkage of cement paste.
96104907 Determination of mesophase content in blends of mesophase and isotropic pitches by ‘H NMR (Letter to the Editor) Harvey, T. G. and West, G. W. Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 275-276.
96/04699 Colloidal structures of three Chinese petroleum vacuum residues Li, S. et al., Fuel, Jun. 1996, 75, (8), 1025-1029. Transmission electron micrographs obtained with the freeze-fracture replication technique on three typical Chinese vacuum residues and their fractions demonstrate that petroleum vacuum residues are colloidal systems, in which asphaltenes (the n-heptane-insoluble, toluene-soluble fraction) and heavier resins constitute the dispersed phases and the remaining hghter resins, aromatics and saturates the dispersing media.
96104900 Comparison to;a;fextractor and Soxhlet
between extractor
continuous stirred tank reacfor extraction of El-LaJjun oil
Anabtawi, M. 2. Sep. Sci. Technol., 1996, 31, (3), 413-422. Extraction of El-Lajjun (Jordanian) oil shale in a continuous stirred-tank reactor extractor (CSTRE) and a Soxhlet extractor was carried out using PhMe and CHCI, solvents. The solvents were recovered using two distillation stages, a simple distillation followed by a fractional distillation. Extraction using a CSTRE gave a 12% increase in average yield, compared with the Soxhlet extractor, and an optimum shale size of 1.0 mm offered a better yield and solvent recovery for both techniques.
oscillatory rheometry of 96/04901 Controlled stress, mesophase-pitches Cheung, T. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 265-271. having different percentage The rheology of mesophase-pitches, mesophase content, has been investigated by means of controlled stress, oscillatory rheometry. Three thermally transformed mesophase-pitches (prepared from Ashland A240), with mesophase contents in the range 6095%, together with a 100% optically anisotropic synthetic mesophase-pitch from Mitsubishi Gas-Chemical Company were studied.
96104902 The conversion of lignite with supercritical CO/H,0 media Zhao, Z. et al., Meitan Zhuanhua, 1995, 18, (3), 81-87. (In Chinese) Describes how Xianfeng lignite was effectively converted into liquid products by supercritical extraction in CO/H,.
96104903 Current understanding of the mechanism of bitumen recovery from Athabasca oil sand Cymerman, G. J. and Leung, A. Proc. Process. HJjdrophobic Miner. Fine Coal UBC-McGill Bi-Annu. Int. Symp. Fundam. Miner. Process., Canadian Inst. of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum, 1995, 305-317. In the conventional process of bitumen extraction from Athabasca oil sands, ore is transported several km on belt conveyors, mixed with hot water, steam and caustic in large tumbler conditioners and the slurry is subjected to separation by spontaneous flotation of bitumen in gravity separation vessels. Syncrude’s new technology involves pipeline transportation of oil sand slurries. The new technique is less expensive and promotes the desirable processes, traditionally performed in the tumblers.
96104904 The dark reaction of C, and of C,, with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure an8temperatures between 300 K and 600 K Wohlers, M. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 781-812. The solid fullerenes C, and C,,, react in deliberate and adventitious situations with molecular oxygen In a wide range of temperatures. Using thin films and polycrystalline bulk sample with well-defined structures and chemical histories the authors investigated the complex process from molecular intercalation over atomic adduct formation to deep oxidation and polymerisation which together describe the oxidation reaction.
96104905 Determlnatlon of C,, and/or C,, concentrations Jansen, M. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 699-714. Two methods of quantitative analyses of the fullerenes C, and C,, are described.
346
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
96104906 Development of technology for use of dry ash from Kansk-Achinsk coals in agriculture as granulated lime fertilizer Bezdenezhnykh, N. I. et al., Elektr. Stn., 1995, (6), 2-8. (In Russian) The paper describes how dry ash from Kansk-Achinsk coals was granulated and used in vegetational and field experiments as an ameliorant and lime fertilizer on sod-podzolic and dark-grey forest acid soils under barley, corn, clover, oak, rape, or fodder beets. The dry ash granules neutralized soil acidity, improved its agrochemical properties, and drastically increased the crop yields; their efficacy increased with a decrease in the size of granules. Effect of fly ash composition on thermal cracking 96104909 in concrete Thomas, M. D. er al., Am Concre. Inst., SP, 1995, 1, 81-98. Reports on the results from a laboratory investigation of the effect of fly ash on the temperature rise and early-age tensile strain capacity of concrete. Effect of inorganic alkalis and acids on the yield 96104910 and composition of liquid pyrolysis products of low-metamorphosis coals Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), Tamko, V. A. and Shevkoplyas, V. N. 1995. (5), 67-77. (In Russian) The paper discusses the composition and properties of liquid products of pyrolysis of low-rank coals. The effect of coal pretreatment with inorganic compounds on yield and composition of liquid products are also discussed. The effect of production conditions on the proper96104911 ties of activated coke from the brown coal of central Germany Krzack, S. et al., Braunkohle Bergbautech., 1995, 47, (S), 38-42. (In German) The suitability of lignite from mining areas in Central Germany for the manufacture of activated coke was studied. Effects of hlgh temperature and pressure on 96fO4912 strength and elasticity of lignite fly ash and silica fume concrete Ghosh, S. and Nasser, K. W. AC1 Mater. J., 1996, 93, (I), 51-60. Presents information on the effects of high temperature and high pressures on the strength and elasticity of concrete containing various levels of highcalcium lignite fly ash and a fixed percentage of condensed silica fume. 96/04913 Ethylene plant revamps; The viable option Kapur, S. K. and Laghate, A. S. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (2), 55-62. Discusses the driving forces for considering a plant revamp, revamp objectives, ethylene plant sections, the revamp options, and revamp expansion and investment objectives for ethylene plant revamps, Hydropyrolysis and catalytic hydropyrolysis of oil 96104914 shales Ekinci, E. et al., NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, 1995, (295). 281-296. Describes how oil shales were pyrolyzed under a number of regimes and the resultant oils characterized by chromatographic fractions, GC, GC-MS, NMR analyses. In addition, to confirm the classification of oil shales investigated as type I kerogen, biomarker compounds in the bitumen were identified and the oil shales characterized by single pulse excitation solid state ‘“C NMR. The use of a sweep gas in fixed bed pyrolysis (steam and nitrogen) increased tar yields considerably compared to those obtained in a static or self generated atmosphere. 96104915 Hydrotreatment of an atmospheric residual oil over the dispersed cobalt and molybdenum catalysts in a carbon expanded-bed reactor Lee, D. K. et al., Fuel, Aug. 1996, 75, (lo), 1186-1192. Atmospheric residual oil hydroprocessing over a dispersed catalyst of cobalt and molybdenum was conducted in continuous mode under 6.9 MPa of H, using an expanded-bed reactor which was loaded with an appropriate amount of activated carbon granules. As dispersed catalyst precursors, oilsoluble cobalt naphthenate and molybdenum naphthenate were used. Throughout this work, the optimum catalyst composltion showing the maximum hydrodesulphurization activity was determined, and the possibiiity of in situ development of a carbon-supported catalyst by the deposition of the oil-dispersed catalysts on the reactor-loaded carbon granules during the reaction was also examined.