- Email: [email protected]
00140 Investigation of zinc additives in coliquefaction of waste lubricating oil and a bituminous coal
02
Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
recovery)
Viewpoints of the Japanese 97/00130 ogy for the 21st century
coke-making
technol-
Nishioka, K.. Sumilonio Kirrzoku, lY9h. 48, (2), 4-l 1. (In Japanese) This review looks at the coke-making industries in Japan which have two potential candidate coke-making processes. that is, the Formed coke process and the New Coke-making process. For the New Coke-making process. member companies in the Japan Iron and Steel Federation have promoted an X-year project of developed innovations, starting in 1994. This project is named after SCOPE 21 (Super Coke Oven for Productivity and Environment enhancement toward the Zlst century). Bench mark tests will follow in three years from 1YYh and the project is expected to proceed to a lOflit pilot plant test over the following three years tu the year 2001.
02
LIQUID Sources,
Recovery
isolated
Siffert, B. ef crl., Furl, Nov 1996, 7.5, (14), 1625-1628. The acid-base characteristics of the surface of mechanically treated and untreated aaphaltenes were studied by zetametry in organic media. A relation allowing determination of the electron donor and acceptor numbers of the asphaltenes was established. The ratio of the number of acid surface groups to that of base groups of different asphaltenes is well expressed hy the ratio of the electron donor and acceptor numbers, experimentally determined by zetametry. Hence the acid-base surface characteristics of a solid can esily be investigated by electrokinetic measurements in organic media.
Graaf.
G. H. and Beenackers,
of two-phase A.
A. C. M.,
and three-phase
Clremrccrl Engirwriflg
artri
In this paper a comparison is made between the ICI (two-phase) methanol synthesis process and a three-phase slurry process based on a multi-stage agitated reactor. The process calculations are baaed on a complete reactor system consisting of the reactor itself, a recycling system and a gas-liquid separator. The basic kinetic and thermodynamic data were taken from previous studies carried out in our laboratory. The results show that both reactor systems produce comparable methanol yields under the same process conditions except for the reactor temperature. Carbon conversion to methanol values close to lOOQ? can he achieved. The three-phase process is more efficient in terms of heat recovery and power consumption. This is primarily caused by the fact that the three-phase process generates highpressure steam and the ICI two-phase process yields boiler feed water of 90°C. Furthermore, the pressure drop in the three-phase reactor is smaller than in the two-phase reactor, resulting in a smaller duty of the recycle compressor. However, for the present low energy prices, the annual financial savings. coupled with these energetic aspects. are not sufficient to compensate for the higher capital investment of the three-phase reactor system relative to the ICI two-phase reactor system. A relatively high natural gas price of US$4.1 per gigajoule is needed to reach the economical break-even point between the two processes. More active catalysts may be developed in the near future. Our results show that a relative increase in the catalyst activity hy a factor of 1.S or more (for both processes) will make the three-phase process of economic interest at a natural gas price of US$2.5 per gigajoule.
Dynamic behaviour of supercritical 97100133 tions of a crude oil and its vacuum residue
fluid
extrac-
Hwang. J. er a/.. Fnel. Ott 1996, 75, (l.i), 1591-1595. Dynamic extraction of a crude oil and its vacuum residue was carried out with supercritical carbon dioxide and propane to understand the nature of the extraction and partitioning processes as a function of pressure and temperature. The overall extraction performance of a solvent was governed by a complex interplay between extraction efficiency and feedstock volatility (heaviness). The extraction efficiency and extractive power of the solvent near the critical temperature of the pure solvent was evident when the extraction yields with respect to temperature were evaluated. Composition variations during an extraction sequence were determined by simulated distillation analysis of extracted samples. The results showed that the earlier extracts contained lighter compounds and the later extracts progressively heavier compounds.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
Effect of coal pulverization
on liquefaction
Sate. Y. el (II., Srkrrarl Kagaku Kaigi Hal~pyo Rorlhrtrrsha, 1904. 31. Zhll 264. (In Japanese) This work compares product distribution and properties ot hexane-insol./ toluene-sol. (TS) and toluene-insol./THF-sol. fractions in liquefaction of coal pulverized to a particle size of less than 10 m with with those of an IO0 mesh coal. The hexane-sol. fraction yields were higher. hut gas yields were lower. Hydrogen consumption in the case of the finely pulverized coal was higher. The H/C ratio of TS fraction from the pulverized coal was higher. and its aromaticity was lower. This paper also discusses the effect of a FezO+ulfur catalyst concentration on the liquefaction of coals.
January 1997
Chinese) The hatch hydrogenation of various kinds of petroleum heavy oil and coal is carried out in small capacity autoclaves. During the cohydrogenation process the light fractions of the processed oil increase. The saturated hydrocarbon content and molecular weight weight of the processed oils decrease, while the aromatic content increases with increase in hydrogenation temperature. Contents of Fe, Ni. Cu and S in the processed heavy oils are generally reduced, particularly in the case of Daqing heavy oil. The As removal ratio of the processes oil is higher than 90r/ in some cases.
97100137 Effect of particle size on the flow properties of a South Australian coal-water slurry Logos. C. and Nguyen, Q. D., Powder Technol., lYY6, X8, (I). 55-58. The rheological behavior of a low-rank coal-water slurry (from Lochiel, South Australia) was studied as a function of solids concentration, particle size, and size distribution. The observed significant improvement in the rheological behavior with changing particle size distribution may he explained in terms of spatial rearrangement of the particles and an apparent dilution effect. With careful control of the particle size distribution. it was possible to prepare an optimum coal-water slurry which has a low viscosity but with high solids loadings.
metha-
Processing, Dec. 1996. 35, (6). 41X-427.
10
97100135
Effect of co-hydrogenation of petroleum heavy oil and coal on heavy oil properties Zhang, D. and Ciao, J. ShQou Huagong, IYYO. 25. (7), 4M-470. (In
Acid-base characteristics of asphaltenes 97/00131 from mechanical sheared oil distillation residues
Comparison 97100132 nol synthesis processes
(In Japanese) Benzoyl peroxide was added to Tetralin-henzyl ether and Tetralin-coal reaction system at around 300-420°C to generate solvent radicals under coal liquefaction conditions. Benzoyl peroxide gave a small increase in benzyl ether’s rate of disappearance and the coal s conversion rate.
97100136
FUELS
Properties,
The effect of benzoyl peroxide on solvent liquefac97/00134 tion of coal Nakada. M., Sekitarr Kapaku Katg~ - Ha/~pyo Ronhru~.shrr.lY94. 3 I. 2.10-24 I.
97100138
cracked
H.p.1.c. quantitation products
of hydrocarbon
class types in
Sarowha, S. L. S. et al., Fuel, Dee 1996. 75, (IS), 1743-l 747. For this paper h.p.1.c. was optimized to obtain quantitative compositional data on hydrocarbon class type (saturates, olefins, aromatics plus polars) in cracked products from vacuum gas oil. H.p.1.c. separation was achieved using an amino column, a backflush device and tiCI, as mobile phase. Quantitation was achieved using external standard procedure and standards were prepared from the identical petroleum products to obtain response factors. A considerable variation in the liquid product yield during cracking reactions was noticed, from 40 to 7Owt%. Cracking reactions were also favoured through hydrogen transfer, increasing substantially the aromatic content in the range SO-7Owt%,. Olefins were also formed during cracking. ranging from 5 to ll)wt%.
97100139 Hydrocarbon Alps-a gas geochemistry
provinces in the Swiss Southern and basin modelling study
Greher. E. er ol., Mnn’ne arm Perr-oletrm Geology, Feh. 1997, 14. (I), 3-25. In order to evaluate the petroleum potential of southern Switzerland (south-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt), gas geochemical investigations including free and adsorbed gases were combined with a basin modelling analysis, The palaeotectonic setting and Alpine erogenic movements were recognized as main controls in the evolution of the petroleum generation (I) The potential. Three main hydrocarbon provinces are distinguished: Arbostora anticline which developed from an Early Jurassic high has excellent but immature source rocks which probably at no time generated hydrocarbons because of their shallow level in the nappe edifice, (2) the Stahio anticline south of the Arbostora anticline in southernmost Switzerland where wet grasses are observed at the surface that are likely to have heen generated from Late Cretaceous to present day from Triassic source rocks occurring deeper in the nappe pile, and (3) the M. Generoso basin with prevailing petroleum generation in the Early Jurassic and possible minor generation in marginal areas during Cretaceous and Tertiary times.
97/00140 Investigation of zinc additives in coliquefaction of waste lubricating oil and a bituminous coal Huggins. F. er nl., J. Etwirm. Sci. Healrh, Pan A: Erwirorr. Sci. Etrg. 70~;~ Hazarcl. Suhrr. Conrrol. 1996. A31, (7), 175.5-1766. This investigates the hehaviour and fate of a zinc additive to lubricating oil in the coprocessing of waste lubricating oil and a hituminous coal by means of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. The zinc additive appears to remain largely unchanged during use as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), although it is readily converted to zinc sulfide and
02
cftcctively separated from the d&red liquid hydrocarbon product\ during the liquefaction proces\. It is anticipated that similar bchaviour will he shown II> mo\t ~lthcr environmentally important element<.
97/00141 Method and apparatus quality within oil and oil extraction
to improve process
secondary
froth
Ro\c. D. E.. Can. Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,1.13.91 I (Cl. CIOCiI@$). 21 Apr I’)()(>. Appl. 2.133.91 I. ‘0 Ott 1093: 27 pp., ‘l‘hiy paper detail\ ;I method to upgrade the quality of secondary froth ~ht;lined from ;I hot water extraction procecs and to improve treatment thcreot. It comprise\ the steps of providing a froth cleaner. passing an untreated secondary troth stream into the froth cleaner for treatment. removing a lowhitumen undcrfltns stream from the froth cleaner. reheating :I[ Ica\t a portion ot the removed underflow stream and combining the reheated portion r)t the removed undertlow stream with the untreated \econd;lry froth stream prior to passing into the froth cleaner for treatment imptoving the performance of the froth cleanrr and consequently incrua\ing the qualit\ of the cle;!nccI secondary froth cleaner unit.
Miscibilities of polymers pitch under different mixing conditions
97/00142
in bitumen
and tall
biodegradation
in the Tertiary
reservoirs
G,Ob,,<~, Feb. 1997. 14, ( I). 5.5-f& :Zhsln. A. (‘I trl.. ,%!or-otcrrucl f&rI/cu,lt A \uite of I7 oil urnpIe\ from the Tertiary reservoir:, (Palaet)cene-Eocene) (11the North Sea \%a\ \uhjr‘ctcd to routlne geochemical analytical techniques tn older to evaluate the degree of biodegradation. The methods included latros~n TLC-FID, g;r\ chromatography of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. gas chromatography-mahs sprctrometry of the \aturated hydrocarbon fraction and stable carbon and hydrogen isotope an;llysc\. In addition. API gravities and weight percentages of asphaltene wart’ also determined. Uascd on these data it was found that oils in the butte wcrc derived from the Jurassic aged Kimmeridgr Clay Formation orlgtnattng from \ourct‘ rock horizons at similar maturity Icvel~.
Quality 97100144 squares] regression spectroscopic data
control analysis
of jet fuels. PLS [Partial least of gas chromate raphic and IR 7
Sein\chc. van K. (71trl.. E&c/. /?&us. K&It, lOOh, 112, (0). 2hl-X3. In this study multivariatc regression analysis (partial least squares) of gas chromatographic and IR hpectrascopic data was used to predict properties ot kero\ine-type avtation turbine fuels. In this two-gtep approach, a calibration model was eftahlished hy correlating analysed data of a repre\cntative set ot samples with their experimentally determined properticI ;Ind then applied to unknown samples. The prediction of propertie \uch xs flash point. viscosity. and so on, was achieved at adequatr confidence levels with a minimum of manual work and time.
Recovery process for phenolic compounds 97100145 coal-derived oils by ions of soluble metal salts (ie. Y. and Jin. H.. ~rrcl. Nov. 1996. 75, (14). Ih81-lhX3.
from
Phenolic compound\ in a fraction (l70-?ll)‘C) of m)lltistage rotary furnace c
Solubilization 97100146 by the aid of HFIBF3
of Taiheiyo
coal at mild conditions
Shimizu, K.. S&i/un Kapuku I(crr# Hu/~pyo Rorr~rrrwh~r, 1994. 3 I, 249-2.52. (In Japanese) The objective of this work was to study the soluhilization of coal in a HF. BP;-toluene system via an ionic reactton. The reaction was carried out at IOU trmperaturr (50-150 C) without hydrogen in order to evaluate HF/BF; ;I\ an ;Icid catalyst for co:d soluhilizatton with aromatic compounds.
Solubilization 97100147 by the aid of super acid
of Taiheiyo
refining. quality, storage)
and different degree of polymeric component It IS noted that chrmicitl structures hrtween the extraction oils and hydrog?n;ttion oil\ derived tram three different rank distributions of both ~)ils for each coal were ;Ilmost similar which means that chemical structure\ of extraction oil ;Ind hydrogenation oil\ derived from reridue\ have no difference. In high rank coal, the compound type dtstrihutions of aromatic\ arc w&r than tho\c in low rank coal hecaur of the increase of aromaticlty with coal rank.
97100149 Studies on brown coal liquefaction. (22). Structural change and deposition behavior of iron catalysts during sulfidation Imai, J. (‘1 I//.. .Sc,X~trrrr l
oil
Korhonen. M. and Kcllomiki, A., Fuel. Dee 1996. 75. (15). 1727-1732. t’rckrnts a discussion of the miscihilities of the most important type\ of \\:l\tc pla\ticy. Theye were studied hy mixing the w’astr plastics directly in bitumen and hy using tall oil pitch as a dispersing agent. The result\ are prucntcd a\ triangular diagrams hased on softening points. The article orn>lder\ two dlffcrcnt mixing procedure\: \o-called \uhstratc mixing and dircl? mixing.
Petroleum 97100143 of the North Sea
Liquid fuels (transport
coal at mild conditions
Shimizu. K. cf 01.. S&rtcrrt Knguku Koigi Hupf~w Ro~~ht~~hrc.1993, 30, 3-h. (In Japanese) This study examines the solubtlization of coal by using a trifluoromethanesulfonic acid-pentane system at low temperature (IS0 C) without Hz (g). The reaction proceeded \ia an ionic reaction.
Structural analyses of coal extraction oil and 97/00148 hydro enation oil accordin to homologous compound types. (II). In 9luence of rank of coa 4 Satou. M. (‘I ul.. Sekiruu Ka,~&r fG+i Hfrp/>jv Rohr~~rlnr, 1994, 3 I. 2X.s288. (In Japanese) Thts report looks at the characterization of extraction oil and hydrogenation oils derived from residues by HPLC and MS analyses and notes that extraction oil and residues from coal have low mnlecular weight component
97/00150 Using from organics
pervaporation
technique
to separate
water
Shahan. H. I.. (‘lrrrurcal E~rfii~~co-r,~,~ r,ud ~‘r-r)<~c,t\trI,S. Dee. I99h. 3.5. (0). ‘$29-434. This paper is look< at how water may he separated from d~oxan. hutanone and hutyric acid under constant operating condition\. The analyst\ I\ pruentcd in terms ot variations in the pcrrn’ratiljn flu\. Individual partla fluxes and separation factors. As in a m?mhrane procc\\. in order to separate a liquid mixture. per\apouration relic\ on difference\ in membrane pet-meability as well as the vapour pressures ot the component5 In the miyturc. It i\ found th:lt the separation t:ictory reach infinity a\ the total permeate pressure is reduced to the vapclur prrssut-e of the organic permoant. The permeatton flux increa\e\ with increasing water conccntr;,. tion tn the teed. A drop in the flux has hern ohscrved on addition of an extra component. The PVA membrane contirmed it\ hydrophilic characteristics by not allowing hutyric acid and hutanonc to permeate. Value\ ot the activity coefficients and diffusion coefficients arc reported verse\ the Lapour composition for binary, ternary and multi-component systems. The diffusion coefftcient increases with a decrea\c iu mole fraction t)f the component in the membrane.
Transport,
Refining.
Quality,
Storage
97lOO151 Decolorization of light middle distillate /
fractions
This study examines the removal of basic nitrogen compounds from light middle distillate fractions which was attained by using acidic materials. An example of decolourizing a kcrosinc writh phosphoric acid i\ gtvrn.
97100152 Dynamic mixer process with continuous caustic phase for removal of elemental sulfur from organic fluids Kraemcr. D. W. and Hemrnjani, R. R., Can. Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2.1~~3.015 (Cl. CIOG29/IIl). 3 Jun 1996, US Appl. 34X.428. 2 Dee 1994: I3 pp. The present invention is directed to a procesr tar the rem(w;ll ~,f c‘lemcntal sulfur from flutds huch as fuels, e.g., gasoline. kcro\lne. diesel or jet fuels. by contacting the fluids with an immlscihle treatment solution comprising water or immiscible alcohol. caustic. sulfide u)r hvdro\ulfidt: and optionall\ mercaptan. in a staged cocurrent mixer under conditions \uch that the immiscible treatment solution constituents the contlnuotts pha\c.
97100153 Effect of co-hydrogenation of petroleum heavy oil and coal on heavy oil properties Zhang, D. and Gao. J-S., .Shr~oo Hutr~on~. I’J9h. 25, (7), 4hh-470. (In Chinese) This article present\ the results of experiment\ in which hatch hydrogenation of various kinds of petroleum heavy oil and coal was carried out in small capacity autoclaves. The light fractions of the procosed oil increa\c during the co-hydrogenation process. The saturated hydrocarbon content and molecular weight of the processed oils decrease, while the aromatic content increases with an increase in hydrogenation temperature. Contents of Fe, Ni. Cu and S in the processed heavy (1115arc generally reduced. especially in the case of Daqing heavy oil. The As removal ratio of the procesae, oil i\ higher than 90% in \ome ca\cs.
97100154 formation
Effect
of premixing
of fuel
gas and
air on NO,
Hase, K. and Kori, Y., Fuel, Ott IYYh, 75, (13). 1509-1514. The relation between air ratio fluctuations ;lntl NO, formation was investigated in a combustor with a multiport hurncr. By use of a laser .. absorption method to measure the fuel methane concrntratlon. the air ratio fluctuations were evaluated under two mixing conditions: complete and incomplete mixing. The measured fluctuations were evaluated from two mixing conditions: complete and incomplete mixing. From the measured fluctuations of the air ratio. the probability density distribution of the air ratio was ohtained to quantify the degree of fluc.tuation. 1Jsing the model
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
11
Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
recovery)
Viewpoints of the Japanese 97/00130 ogy for the 21st century
coke-making
technol-
Nishioka, K.. Sumilonio Kirrzoku, lY9h. 48, (2), 4-l 1. (In Japanese) This review looks at the coke-making industries in Japan which have two potential candidate coke-making processes. that is, the Formed coke process and the New Coke-making process. For the New Coke-making process. member companies in the Japan Iron and Steel Federation have promoted an X-year project of developed innovations, starting in 1994. This project is named after SCOPE 21 (Super Coke Oven for Productivity and Environment enhancement toward the Zlst century). Bench mark tests will follow in three years from 1YYh and the project is expected to proceed to a lOflit pilot plant test over the following three years tu the year 2001.
02
LIQUID Sources,
Recovery
isolated
Siffert, B. ef crl., Furl, Nov 1996, 7.5, (14), 1625-1628. The acid-base characteristics of the surface of mechanically treated and untreated aaphaltenes were studied by zetametry in organic media. A relation allowing determination of the electron donor and acceptor numbers of the asphaltenes was established. The ratio of the number of acid surface groups to that of base groups of different asphaltenes is well expressed hy the ratio of the electron donor and acceptor numbers, experimentally determined by zetametry. Hence the acid-base surface characteristics of a solid can esily be investigated by electrokinetic measurements in organic media.
Graaf.
G. H. and Beenackers,
of two-phase A.
A. C. M.,
and three-phase
Clremrccrl Engirwriflg
artri
In this paper a comparison is made between the ICI (two-phase) methanol synthesis process and a three-phase slurry process based on a multi-stage agitated reactor. The process calculations are baaed on a complete reactor system consisting of the reactor itself, a recycling system and a gas-liquid separator. The basic kinetic and thermodynamic data were taken from previous studies carried out in our laboratory. The results show that both reactor systems produce comparable methanol yields under the same process conditions except for the reactor temperature. Carbon conversion to methanol values close to lOOQ? can he achieved. The three-phase process is more efficient in terms of heat recovery and power consumption. This is primarily caused by the fact that the three-phase process generates highpressure steam and the ICI two-phase process yields boiler feed water of 90°C. Furthermore, the pressure drop in the three-phase reactor is smaller than in the two-phase reactor, resulting in a smaller duty of the recycle compressor. However, for the present low energy prices, the annual financial savings. coupled with these energetic aspects. are not sufficient to compensate for the higher capital investment of the three-phase reactor system relative to the ICI two-phase reactor system. A relatively high natural gas price of US$4.1 per gigajoule is needed to reach the economical break-even point between the two processes. More active catalysts may be developed in the near future. Our results show that a relative increase in the catalyst activity hy a factor of 1.S or more (for both processes) will make the three-phase process of economic interest at a natural gas price of US$2.5 per gigajoule.
Dynamic behaviour of supercritical 97100133 tions of a crude oil and its vacuum residue
fluid
extrac-
Hwang. J. er a/.. Fnel. Ott 1996, 75, (l.i), 1591-1595. Dynamic extraction of a crude oil and its vacuum residue was carried out with supercritical carbon dioxide and propane to understand the nature of the extraction and partitioning processes as a function of pressure and temperature. The overall extraction performance of a solvent was governed by a complex interplay between extraction efficiency and feedstock volatility (heaviness). The extraction efficiency and extractive power of the solvent near the critical temperature of the pure solvent was evident when the extraction yields with respect to temperature were evaluated. Composition variations during an extraction sequence were determined by simulated distillation analysis of extracted samples. The results showed that the earlier extracts contained lighter compounds and the later extracts progressively heavier compounds.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
Effect of coal pulverization
on liquefaction
Sate. Y. el (II., Srkrrarl Kagaku Kaigi Hal~pyo Rorlhrtrrsha, 1904. 31. Zhll 264. (In Japanese) This work compares product distribution and properties ot hexane-insol./ toluene-sol. (TS) and toluene-insol./THF-sol. fractions in liquefaction of coal pulverized to a particle size of less than 10 m with with those of an IO0 mesh coal. The hexane-sol. fraction yields were higher. hut gas yields were lower. Hydrogen consumption in the case of the finely pulverized coal was higher. The H/C ratio of TS fraction from the pulverized coal was higher. and its aromaticity was lower. This paper also discusses the effect of a FezO+ulfur catalyst concentration on the liquefaction of coals.
January 1997
Chinese) The hatch hydrogenation of various kinds of petroleum heavy oil and coal is carried out in small capacity autoclaves. During the cohydrogenation process the light fractions of the processed oil increase. The saturated hydrocarbon content and molecular weight weight of the processed oils decrease, while the aromatic content increases with increase in hydrogenation temperature. Contents of Fe, Ni. Cu and S in the processed heavy oils are generally reduced, particularly in the case of Daqing heavy oil. The As removal ratio of the processes oil is higher than 90r/ in some cases.
97100137 Effect of particle size on the flow properties of a South Australian coal-water slurry Logos. C. and Nguyen, Q. D., Powder Technol., lYY6, X8, (I). 55-58. The rheological behavior of a low-rank coal-water slurry (from Lochiel, South Australia) was studied as a function of solids concentration, particle size, and size distribution. The observed significant improvement in the rheological behavior with changing particle size distribution may he explained in terms of spatial rearrangement of the particles and an apparent dilution effect. With careful control of the particle size distribution. it was possible to prepare an optimum coal-water slurry which has a low viscosity but with high solids loadings.
metha-
Processing, Dec. 1996. 35, (6). 41X-427.
10
97100135
Effect of co-hydrogenation of petroleum heavy oil and coal on heavy oil properties Zhang, D. and Ciao, J. ShQou Huagong, IYYO. 25. (7), 4M-470. (In
Acid-base characteristics of asphaltenes 97/00131 from mechanical sheared oil distillation residues
Comparison 97100132 nol synthesis processes
(In Japanese) Benzoyl peroxide was added to Tetralin-henzyl ether and Tetralin-coal reaction system at around 300-420°C to generate solvent radicals under coal liquefaction conditions. Benzoyl peroxide gave a small increase in benzyl ether’s rate of disappearance and the coal s conversion rate.
97100136
FUELS
Properties,
The effect of benzoyl peroxide on solvent liquefac97/00134 tion of coal Nakada. M., Sekitarr Kapaku Katg~ - Ha/~pyo Ronhru~.shrr.lY94. 3 I. 2.10-24 I.
97100138
cracked
H.p.1.c. quantitation products
of hydrocarbon
class types in
Sarowha, S. L. S. et al., Fuel, Dee 1996. 75, (IS), 1743-l 747. For this paper h.p.1.c. was optimized to obtain quantitative compositional data on hydrocarbon class type (saturates, olefins, aromatics plus polars) in cracked products from vacuum gas oil. H.p.1.c. separation was achieved using an amino column, a backflush device and tiCI, as mobile phase. Quantitation was achieved using external standard procedure and standards were prepared from the identical petroleum products to obtain response factors. A considerable variation in the liquid product yield during cracking reactions was noticed, from 40 to 7Owt%. Cracking reactions were also favoured through hydrogen transfer, increasing substantially the aromatic content in the range SO-7Owt%,. Olefins were also formed during cracking. ranging from 5 to ll)wt%.
97100139 Hydrocarbon Alps-a gas geochemistry
provinces in the Swiss Southern and basin modelling study
Greher. E. er ol., Mnn’ne arm Perr-oletrm Geology, Feh. 1997, 14. (I), 3-25. In order to evaluate the petroleum potential of southern Switzerland (south-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt), gas geochemical investigations including free and adsorbed gases were combined with a basin modelling analysis, The palaeotectonic setting and Alpine erogenic movements were recognized as main controls in the evolution of the petroleum generation (I) The potential. Three main hydrocarbon provinces are distinguished: Arbostora anticline which developed from an Early Jurassic high has excellent but immature source rocks which probably at no time generated hydrocarbons because of their shallow level in the nappe edifice, (2) the Stahio anticline south of the Arbostora anticline in southernmost Switzerland where wet grasses are observed at the surface that are likely to have heen generated from Late Cretaceous to present day from Triassic source rocks occurring deeper in the nappe pile, and (3) the M. Generoso basin with prevailing petroleum generation in the Early Jurassic and possible minor generation in marginal areas during Cretaceous and Tertiary times.
97/00140 Investigation of zinc additives in coliquefaction of waste lubricating oil and a bituminous coal Huggins. F. er nl., J. Etwirm. Sci. Healrh, Pan A: Erwirorr. Sci. Etrg. 70~;~ Hazarcl. Suhrr. Conrrol. 1996. A31, (7), 175.5-1766. This investigates the hehaviour and fate of a zinc additive to lubricating oil in the coprocessing of waste lubricating oil and a hituminous coal by means of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. The zinc additive appears to remain largely unchanged during use as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), although it is readily converted to zinc sulfide and
02
cftcctively separated from the d&red liquid hydrocarbon product\ during the liquefaction proces\. It is anticipated that similar bchaviour will he shown II> mo\t ~lthcr environmentally important element<.
97/00141 Method and apparatus quality within oil and oil extraction
to improve process
secondary
froth
Ro\c. D. E.. Can. Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,1.13.91 I (Cl. CIOCiI@$). 21 Apr I’)()(>. Appl. 2.133.91 I. ‘0 Ott 1093: 27 pp., ‘l‘hiy paper detail\ ;I method to upgrade the quality of secondary froth ~ht;lined from ;I hot water extraction procecs and to improve treatment thcreot. It comprise\ the steps of providing a froth cleaner. passing an untreated secondary troth stream into the froth cleaner for treatment. removing a lowhitumen undcrfltns stream from the froth cleaner. reheating :I[ Ica\t a portion ot the removed underflow stream and combining the reheated portion r)t the removed undertlow stream with the untreated \econd;lry froth stream prior to passing into the froth cleaner for treatment imptoving the performance of the froth cleanrr and consequently incrua\ing the qualit\ of the cle;!nccI secondary froth cleaner unit.
Miscibilities of polymers pitch under different mixing conditions
97/00142
in bitumen
and tall
biodegradation
in the Tertiary
reservoirs
G,Ob,,<~, Feb. 1997. 14, ( I). 5.5-f& :Zhsln. A. (‘I trl.. ,%!or-otcrrucl f&rI/cu,lt A \uite of I7 oil urnpIe\ from the Tertiary reservoir:, (Palaet)cene-Eocene) (11the North Sea \%a\ \uhjr‘ctcd to routlne geochemical analytical techniques tn older to evaluate the degree of biodegradation. The methods included latros~n TLC-FID, g;r\ chromatography of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. gas chromatography-mahs sprctrometry of the \aturated hydrocarbon fraction and stable carbon and hydrogen isotope an;llysc\. In addition. API gravities and weight percentages of asphaltene wart’ also determined. Uascd on these data it was found that oils in the butte wcrc derived from the Jurassic aged Kimmeridgr Clay Formation orlgtnattng from \ourct‘ rock horizons at similar maturity Icvel~.
Quality 97100144 squares] regression spectroscopic data
control analysis
of jet fuels. PLS [Partial least of gas chromate raphic and IR 7
Sein\chc. van K. (71trl.. E&c/. /?&us. K&It, lOOh, 112, (0). 2hl-X3. In this study multivariatc regression analysis (partial least squares) of gas chromatographic and IR hpectrascopic data was used to predict properties ot kero\ine-type avtation turbine fuels. In this two-gtep approach, a calibration model was eftahlished hy correlating analysed data of a repre\cntative set ot samples with their experimentally determined properticI ;Ind then applied to unknown samples. The prediction of propertie \uch xs flash point. viscosity. and so on, was achieved at adequatr confidence levels with a minimum of manual work and time.
Recovery process for phenolic compounds 97100145 coal-derived oils by ions of soluble metal salts (ie. Y. and Jin. H.. ~rrcl. Nov. 1996. 75, (14). Ih81-lhX3.
from
Phenolic compound\ in a fraction (l70-?ll)‘C) of m)lltistage rotary furnace c
Solubilization 97100146 by the aid of HFIBF3
of Taiheiyo
coal at mild conditions
Shimizu, K.. S&i/un Kapuku I(crr# Hu/~pyo Rorr~rrrwh~r, 1994. 3 I, 249-2.52. (In Japanese) The objective of this work was to study the soluhilization of coal in a HF. BP;-toluene system via an ionic reactton. The reaction was carried out at IOU trmperaturr (50-150 C) without hydrogen in order to evaluate HF/BF; ;I\ an ;Icid catalyst for co:d soluhilizatton with aromatic compounds.
Solubilization 97100147 by the aid of super acid
of Taiheiyo
refining. quality, storage)
and different degree of polymeric component It IS noted that chrmicitl structures hrtween the extraction oils and hydrog?n;ttion oil\ derived tram three different rank distributions of both ~)ils for each coal were ;Ilmost similar which means that chemical structure\ of extraction oil ;Ind hydrogenation oil\ derived from reridue\ have no difference. In high rank coal, the compound type dtstrihutions of aromatic\ arc w&r than tho\c in low rank coal hecaur of the increase of aromaticlty with coal rank.
97100149 Studies on brown coal liquefaction. (22). Structural change and deposition behavior of iron catalysts during sulfidation Imai, J. (‘1 I//.. .Sc,X~trrrr l
oil
Korhonen. M. and Kcllomiki, A., Fuel. Dee 1996. 75. (15). 1727-1732. t’rckrnts a discussion of the miscihilities of the most important type\ of \\:l\tc pla\ticy. Theye were studied hy mixing the w’astr plastics directly in bitumen and hy using tall oil pitch as a dispersing agent. The result\ are prucntcd a\ triangular diagrams hased on softening points. The article orn>lder\ two dlffcrcnt mixing procedure\: \o-called \uhstratc mixing and dircl? mixing.
Petroleum 97100143 of the North Sea
Liquid fuels (transport
coal at mild conditions
Shimizu. K. cf 01.. S&rtcrrt Knguku Koigi Hupf~w Ro~~ht~~hrc.1993, 30, 3-h. (In Japanese) This study examines the solubtlization of coal by using a trifluoromethanesulfonic acid-pentane system at low temperature (IS0 C) without Hz (g). The reaction proceeded \ia an ionic reaction.
Structural analyses of coal extraction oil and 97/00148 hydro enation oil accordin to homologous compound types. (II). In 9luence of rank of coa 4 Satou. M. (‘I ul.. Sekiruu Ka,~&r fG+i Hfrp/>jv Rohr~~rlnr, 1994, 3 I. 2X.s288. (In Japanese) Thts report looks at the characterization of extraction oil and hydrogenation oils derived from residues by HPLC and MS analyses and notes that extraction oil and residues from coal have low mnlecular weight component
97/00150 Using from organics
pervaporation
technique
to separate
water
Shahan. H. I.. (‘lrrrurcal E~rfii~~co-r,~,~ r,ud ~‘r-r)<~c,t\trI,S. Dee. I99h. 3.5. (0). ‘$29-434. This paper is look< at how water may he separated from d~oxan. hutanone and hutyric acid under constant operating condition\. The analyst\ I\ pruentcd in terms ot variations in the pcrrn’ratiljn flu\. Individual partla fluxes and separation factors. As in a m?mhrane procc\\. in order to separate a liquid mixture. per\apouration relic\ on difference\ in membrane pet-meability as well as the vapour pressures ot the component5 In the miyturc. It i\ found th:lt the separation t:ictory reach infinity a\ the total permeate pressure is reduced to the vapclur prrssut-e of the organic permoant. The permeatton flux increa\e\ with increasing water conccntr;,. tion tn the teed. A drop in the flux has hern ohscrved on addition of an extra component. The PVA membrane contirmed it\ hydrophilic characteristics by not allowing hutyric acid and hutanonc to permeate. Value\ ot the activity coefficients and diffusion coefficients arc reported verse\ the Lapour composition for binary, ternary and multi-component systems. The diffusion coefftcient increases with a decrea\c iu mole fraction t)f the component in the membrane.
Transport,
Refining.
Quality,
Storage
97lOO151 Decolorization of light middle distillate /
fractions
This study examines the removal of basic nitrogen compounds from light middle distillate fractions which was attained by using acidic materials. An example of decolourizing a kcrosinc writh phosphoric acid i\ gtvrn.
97100152 Dynamic mixer process with continuous caustic phase for removal of elemental sulfur from organic fluids Kraemcr. D. W. and Hemrnjani, R. R., Can. Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2.1~~3.015 (Cl. CIOG29/IIl). 3 Jun 1996, US Appl. 34X.428. 2 Dee 1994: I3 pp. The present invention is directed to a procesr tar the rem(w;ll ~,f c‘lemcntal sulfur from flutds huch as fuels, e.g., gasoline. kcro\lne. diesel or jet fuels. by contacting the fluids with an immlscihle treatment solution comprising water or immiscible alcohol. caustic. sulfide u)r hvdro\ulfidt: and optionall\ mercaptan. in a staged cocurrent mixer under conditions \uch that the immiscible treatment solution constituents the contlnuotts pha\c.
97100153 Effect of co-hydrogenation of petroleum heavy oil and coal on heavy oil properties Zhang, D. and Gao. J-S., .Shr~oo Hutr~on~. I’J9h. 25, (7), 4hh-470. (In Chinese) This article present\ the results of experiment\ in which hatch hydrogenation of various kinds of petroleum heavy oil and coal was carried out in small capacity autoclaves. The light fractions of the procosed oil increa\c during the co-hydrogenation process. The saturated hydrocarbon content and molecular weight of the processed oils decrease, while the aromatic content increases with an increase in hydrogenation temperature. Contents of Fe, Ni. Cu and S in the processed heavy (1115arc generally reduced. especially in the case of Daqing heavy oil. The As removal ratio of the procesae, oil i\ higher than 90% in \ome ca\cs.
97100154 formation
Effect
of premixing
of fuel
gas and
air on NO,
Hase, K. and Kori, Y., Fuel, Ott IYYh, 75, (13). 1509-1514. The relation between air ratio fluctuations ;lntl NO, formation was investigated in a combustor with a multiport hurncr. By use of a laser .. absorption method to measure the fuel methane concrntratlon. the air ratio fluctuations were evaluated under two mixing conditions: complete and incomplete mixing. The measured fluctuations were evaluated from two mixing conditions: complete and incomplete mixing. From the measured fluctuations of the air ratio. the probability density distribution of the air ratio was ohtained to quantify the degree of fluc.tuation. 1Jsing the model
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
11