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00207 The Fischer-Tropsch reaction with supported ruthenium catalysts: Modeling and evaluation of the reaction rate equation for a fixed bed reactor
02 Effect of heating 97100199 characteristics Nagaishi. H. ct ul.. 17. (In Japanese) This paper presents 51) cm’ magnetically rates under IO MPa
rate on apparent
.Sekirtrrr Kugaku
Kaigi Hnppyo
coal liquefaction I 005. 32, Ob
Rotlhutldlr.
the results of liquefaction experiments conducted in a stirred autoclave at various temperatures and heating N, with excess amounts of Tetralin.
Effect of intermolecular 97/00200 tion. II. Reactivity of alkylated coals
cohesion
on coal liquefac-
.ScTkirun Kugak~r Knigi Hrrppyo Ro~~hrrurhu. 1093, 30, 3 ISasaki. M. et ul.. 34. (In Japanese) To isolate the effect of non-covalent bonding on coal liquefaction. two kinds of alkylated coals (0-alkylated and reductively alkylated) were reacted. The yield from the liquids of alkylated coal decreased compared with yields from the raw coal. However, TGA measurements of the THF-insoluble fractions suggested that a depolymerization reaction proceeded for reductively alkylated coal. in comparison with reactions of the raw coal.
97/00201 sing
Effect of solvent
swelling
by bitumen
in coproces-
Kotanigawa. T. er Q/.. Sckircrn Ko goku Kuigi Hnp~qw Rod~unshu. 1993, 30. 35-38. (In Japanese) Prior to coprocesstng coals from Illinois, Montana. and Wyoming were agglomerated with Athnhasca bitumen vacuum hottoms. The parent coals and neat and deoiled agglomerates were then liquefied in the presence of additional bitumen (as a solvent) and Fe& catalyst at IO MPa Hz. The hitumen used for agglomeration was effective for ash removal. with coal more than 95 wtri. hut the bitumen was not useful for coal swelling.
97100202
Efficient
coal liquefaction
using coal-gel
Sekirurl Kogoku Knigi Huppyo Ronhwrhu. I9Y.7. 30, 23-X. Alda. T. (‘I f/l., (In Japanese) This paper examines the effect of the pre-treatment of coal (so-called ‘coagel’) swollen hy various hydrogen-donors on the primary liquefaction in order to develop efficient coal liquefaction processes. The liquefaction using a binary system (in-situ coal-gel formation), such as YO:lO TetralinNMP. achieved almost complete soluhilization upon pyridine extraction. In addition, a coal-gel whtch was prepared hy swelling a coal with a reduced coal-tar pitch-THF solution followed by removal of THF. gave 85-92?/r pyridine sols. for subbituminous and bituminous coals. One of the characteristic features of the latter liquefaction process is that a high conversion was obtained without the use of an autoclave (under atmosphere pressure) and stirring.
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
the successive steps of: (a) contacting the catalyst with a reducing gas: (h) contacting the catalyst with an oxidizing gas: and (c) reducing the catalyst via the (re)activation process described above.
The Fischer-Tropsch reaction with supported ruthenium catalysts: modeling and evaluation of the reaction rate equation for a fixed bed reactor
97100207
Everson. R. C. et ul., A&. Catcrl., A 1996. 142. (2). 223-241. The development of a mathematical model for a non-isothermal fixed-bed reactor with supported Ru catalyst for the conversion of synthesis gas is examined and the test results reported. A two-dimensional pseudohomogeneous model with the well-known power law for the reaction rate was found to he suitable after consideration of all the possible transport mechantsms occurring under conditions favouring the formation of useful gaseous, liquid and solid (waxes) hydrocarbons. The reaction rate was evaluated by a non-linear regression technique to demonstrate the validity of the equation and the associated constants for a fixed hed. It was found that the hydrogenation and/or polymerization reactions occurring along the length of the fixed bed reactor influenced the reaction rate constants for the conversion of carbon monoxide. whereas. the reaction rate constants for the formation of methane remained unaffected when compared with results obtained from a differential bed reactor. The reaction rate constants arc given for the formation of a light C1 ,-gas fraction
97100208 The history plants and its ecological 20th century
of gasoline synthesis in the consequences in the beginning
Leuna of the
l~t.wh Chem. Fw$pppc~ (;evch C’hcm. I YOh, I?. Baumann. F.. Mitt-tit5 63-72. (In German) A discussion of the htstory of gasoline synthesis in the Leuna plants (Germany) during 1937-1945. It considers ecological problems which result from technological and chemical progress. The development of the automobile industry partially forced the development of gasoline synthesis from coal, because of the shortage of crude oil in Germany. 97100209
solubilization
Hydrogenation product
of
polar
mixture
eluate
in coal
Yoneyama, Y.. Sekitun Kaguklr Kugi Htrppw Kotrhr~mlru. lYY4, 3 I. 7Y7299. (In Japanese) Discusses the hydrogenation of polar mixture, cluatc (PM) in coal soluhilized by SOL-CAL-ZB process to obtain more detailed information about them. PMs from Yubari and Taiheiyo coals were hydrogenated using Adkins catalyzer at 280-400°C for 5 hours. Structural parameters of HS and BS obtained were estimated by use of the Brown-I.adner equation, and compared with those of untreated ones.
Elucidation of coal liquefaction mechanism by the 97100203 use of tritium and 35S tracer methods Srkitun Kaguku Knigi Hap~~yo Rmh&shn. I YYS. 32. 57-60. Godo, M. CI ul..
Hydrogen transfer in liquefaction 97/00210 torian brown coal. Effects of reaction time, pressure
(In Japanese) The effects of addition of pyrrhotite and sulfur on hydrogen transfer in liquefaction of Taiheiyo coal were investigated using tritium and “S tracer methods. With the pyrrhotite catalyst, the addition of hydrogen to coal and liquefaction products increased with the addition of sulfur. A part of added the sulfur participated in the sulfur exchange reaction with the pyrrhotite catalvst.
Okuma, 0. er ul., Sekmrr Kagakn Kuigi Happo R~mhumhrr. IYY4. 31, X?X6. (In Japanese) Discusses the effects of reaction time, temperature and pressure on the liquefaction reaction of Victorian brown coal in the presence of iron/sulfur catalyst from the viewpoint of the hydrogen transfer. The amount of transferred hydrogen from both solvent and H? to total products (H(t)) represented the progress of the liquefaction reaction. The hydrogen transferred from the solvent played an important role under the conditions of lower Hz pressure and shorter time. Optimum conditions were found for efficient hydrogen consumption hy means of distillate yield/H(t).
Evaluation of 97100204 coal liquefaction residues
hydrogen-transferring
abilities
of
Sekrtarl Kagukrl Kui$ Happo Ronhunshu. Futamura, S. and Ohkawa. K.. 1~9.1. 30. 19-22. (In Japanese) In the hydrogenolysis of tram-stilbene (model compound) under Nz atmosphere at 380 C. coal liquefaction residues act as hydrogen transfer agents donating their hydrogens and shuttling hydrogen from hydrogen donor solvents (for example I-methylnaphthalene).
Explosive pretreatment 97100205 the use of aqueous solvent mixture
of coal for liquefaction
by
Mizuno. K. er ul.. Sekitnrl Kagaku Kaigi HLZ~LWJRonhun.d~u. 1993, 30, 3942. (In Japanese) An extremely effective technique for the conversion of coal is the explosive pretreatment of Illinois No.6 coal for direct coal liquefaction using a binary water-organic system, such as water-methanol. water-benzene, waterand so on. The mechanism of this cyclohexanol, water-formaldehyde. process is discussed on the basis of the liquefaction profile combined with electron microscopic observation.
97100206 process
Fischer-Tropsch
catalyst
activation
or reactivation
Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,lh4,462 (Cl. BOlJ37!16), 8 Van Dongen, F. G. cf al.. Jun 1996, EP Appl. 941203,562. 7 Dee 1994; 22 pp. The process for activation or reactivation of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst packed in a bed by contacting the catalyst prior to operation with a reducing gas at <500’. is characterized in that the reducing gas is passed through the catalyst bed in a direction reversed to the direction of the flow of reactants during operation. The Process for activation or reactivation of an at least partially deactivated Fischer-Tropsch catalyst packed in a bed comprises
reaction of Victemperature and
97lOO211 Hydrotreating of light-middle distillate coal. (4). Change in catalytic activities. (2).
from brown
Nishimura. T. and Kimura, T., Sekitrrrt KagukLrXuigr Hqpw Ronhwtshu, 1Y93, 30, 209-212. (In Japanese) Light-middle distillates from Victorian brown coal were hydrotreated over Ni-Mo/AlzOJ and Ni-Mo-P/Alz02 catalysts to find optimum hydrotreating conditions. The paper shows that high denitrogcnation activities were ohtained during 1500 hours of operation at 3iiO”C. It appeared that Ni-MoP/AI,O? was more active and stable than Ni- Mo/AI:O+
Identification of compounds in coal liquefaction 97100212 as compound type homolog by HPLCIGC-MS analyses
oil
Yokoyama, S. et al., Sekiran Kagcrku Koigi Happy Ronhrrnshu. 1443, 311, 256259. (In Japanese) seperated by NH< column HPLC. were Aromatic ring class fractions. analyzed by low and high voltage mass spectra by GC-MS. This paper details the experiment.
97100213 Improved methanol a non-isothermal reactor
yield from methane oxidation
in
Liu. Q. er al., Fllel. Dee 1996. 75, ( 15). 174X-17.54. In this paper the partial oxidation of methane to methanol was conducted homogeneously in a non-isothermal reactor that contained a nonpermselective membrane. The membrane provided a uniform flow distribution and separated the hot reactor wall from a cooling tuhe located in the centre of the reactor. The cold region in the reactor rapidly quenched further reaction. The selectivity for CH?OH formation at 4.6% conversion increased from 34 to 52% when quenching was used. The highest yield
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
15
rate on apparent
.Sekirtrrr Kugaku
Kaigi Hnppyo
coal liquefaction I 005. 32, Ob
Rotlhutldlr.
the results of liquefaction experiments conducted in a stirred autoclave at various temperatures and heating N, with excess amounts of Tetralin.
Effect of intermolecular 97/00200 tion. II. Reactivity of alkylated coals
cohesion
on coal liquefac-
.ScTkirun Kugak~r Knigi Hrrppyo Ro~~hrrurhu. 1093, 30, 3 ISasaki. M. et ul.. 34. (In Japanese) To isolate the effect of non-covalent bonding on coal liquefaction. two kinds of alkylated coals (0-alkylated and reductively alkylated) were reacted. The yield from the liquids of alkylated coal decreased compared with yields from the raw coal. However, TGA measurements of the THF-insoluble fractions suggested that a depolymerization reaction proceeded for reductively alkylated coal. in comparison with reactions of the raw coal.
97/00201 sing
Effect of solvent
swelling
by bitumen
in coproces-
Kotanigawa. T. er Q/.. Sckircrn Ko goku Kuigi Hnp~qw Rod~unshu. 1993, 30. 35-38. (In Japanese) Prior to coprocesstng coals from Illinois, Montana. and Wyoming were agglomerated with Athnhasca bitumen vacuum hottoms. The parent coals and neat and deoiled agglomerates were then liquefied in the presence of additional bitumen (as a solvent) and Fe& catalyst at IO MPa Hz. The hitumen used for agglomeration was effective for ash removal. with coal more than 95 wtri. hut the bitumen was not useful for coal swelling.
97100202
Efficient
coal liquefaction
using coal-gel
Sekirurl Kogoku Knigi Huppyo Ronhwrhu. I9Y.7. 30, 23-X. Alda. T. (‘I f/l., (In Japanese) This paper examines the effect of the pre-treatment of coal (so-called ‘coagel’) swollen hy various hydrogen-donors on the primary liquefaction in order to develop efficient coal liquefaction processes. The liquefaction using a binary system (in-situ coal-gel formation), such as YO:lO TetralinNMP. achieved almost complete soluhilization upon pyridine extraction. In addition, a coal-gel whtch was prepared hy swelling a coal with a reduced coal-tar pitch-THF solution followed by removal of THF. gave 85-92?/r pyridine sols. for subbituminous and bituminous coals. One of the characteristic features of the latter liquefaction process is that a high conversion was obtained without the use of an autoclave (under atmosphere pressure) and stirring.
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
the successive steps of: (a) contacting the catalyst with a reducing gas: (h) contacting the catalyst with an oxidizing gas: and (c) reducing the catalyst via the (re)activation process described above.
The Fischer-Tropsch reaction with supported ruthenium catalysts: modeling and evaluation of the reaction rate equation for a fixed bed reactor
97100207
Everson. R. C. et ul., A&. Catcrl., A 1996. 142. (2). 223-241. The development of a mathematical model for a non-isothermal fixed-bed reactor with supported Ru catalyst for the conversion of synthesis gas is examined and the test results reported. A two-dimensional pseudohomogeneous model with the well-known power law for the reaction rate was found to he suitable after consideration of all the possible transport mechantsms occurring under conditions favouring the formation of useful gaseous, liquid and solid (waxes) hydrocarbons. The reaction rate was evaluated by a non-linear regression technique to demonstrate the validity of the equation and the associated constants for a fixed hed. It was found that the hydrogenation and/or polymerization reactions occurring along the length of the fixed bed reactor influenced the reaction rate constants for the conversion of carbon monoxide. whereas. the reaction rate constants for the formation of methane remained unaffected when compared with results obtained from a differential bed reactor. The reaction rate constants arc given for the formation of a light C1 ,-gas fraction
97100208 The history plants and its ecological 20th century
of gasoline synthesis in the consequences in the beginning
Leuna of the
l~t.wh Chem. Fw$pppc~ (;evch C’hcm. I YOh, I?. Baumann. F.. Mitt-tit5 63-72. (In German) A discussion of the htstory of gasoline synthesis in the Leuna plants (Germany) during 1937-1945. It considers ecological problems which result from technological and chemical progress. The development of the automobile industry partially forced the development of gasoline synthesis from coal, because of the shortage of crude oil in Germany. 97100209
solubilization
Hydrogenation product
of
polar
mixture
eluate
in coal
Yoneyama, Y.. Sekitun Kaguklr Kugi Htrppw Kotrhr~mlru. lYY4, 3 I. 7Y7299. (In Japanese) Discusses the hydrogenation of polar mixture, cluatc (PM) in coal soluhilized by SOL-CAL-ZB process to obtain more detailed information about them. PMs from Yubari and Taiheiyo coals were hydrogenated using Adkins catalyzer at 280-400°C for 5 hours. Structural parameters of HS and BS obtained were estimated by use of the Brown-I.adner equation, and compared with those of untreated ones.
Elucidation of coal liquefaction mechanism by the 97100203 use of tritium and 35S tracer methods Srkitun Kaguku Knigi Hap~~yo Rmh&shn. I YYS. 32. 57-60. Godo, M. CI ul..
Hydrogen transfer in liquefaction 97/00210 torian brown coal. Effects of reaction time, pressure
(In Japanese) The effects of addition of pyrrhotite and sulfur on hydrogen transfer in liquefaction of Taiheiyo coal were investigated using tritium and “S tracer methods. With the pyrrhotite catalyst, the addition of hydrogen to coal and liquefaction products increased with the addition of sulfur. A part of added the sulfur participated in the sulfur exchange reaction with the pyrrhotite catalvst.
Okuma, 0. er ul., Sekmrr Kagakn Kuigi Happo R~mhumhrr. IYY4. 31, X?X6. (In Japanese) Discusses the effects of reaction time, temperature and pressure on the liquefaction reaction of Victorian brown coal in the presence of iron/sulfur catalyst from the viewpoint of the hydrogen transfer. The amount of transferred hydrogen from both solvent and H? to total products (H(t)) represented the progress of the liquefaction reaction. The hydrogen transferred from the solvent played an important role under the conditions of lower Hz pressure and shorter time. Optimum conditions were found for efficient hydrogen consumption hy means of distillate yield/H(t).
Evaluation of 97100204 coal liquefaction residues
hydrogen-transferring
abilities
of
Sekrtarl Kagukrl Kui$ Happo Ronhunshu. Futamura, S. and Ohkawa. K.. 1~9.1. 30. 19-22. (In Japanese) In the hydrogenolysis of tram-stilbene (model compound) under Nz atmosphere at 380 C. coal liquefaction residues act as hydrogen transfer agents donating their hydrogens and shuttling hydrogen from hydrogen donor solvents (for example I-methylnaphthalene).
Explosive pretreatment 97100205 the use of aqueous solvent mixture
of coal for liquefaction
by
Mizuno. K. er ul.. Sekitnrl Kagaku Kaigi HLZ~LWJRonhun.d~u. 1993, 30, 3942. (In Japanese) An extremely effective technique for the conversion of coal is the explosive pretreatment of Illinois No.6 coal for direct coal liquefaction using a binary water-organic system, such as water-methanol. water-benzene, waterand so on. The mechanism of this cyclohexanol, water-formaldehyde. process is discussed on the basis of the liquefaction profile combined with electron microscopic observation.
97100206 process
Fischer-Tropsch
catalyst
activation
or reactivation
Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,lh4,462 (Cl. BOlJ37!16), 8 Van Dongen, F. G. cf al.. Jun 1996, EP Appl. 941203,562. 7 Dee 1994; 22 pp. The process for activation or reactivation of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst packed in a bed by contacting the catalyst prior to operation with a reducing gas at <500’. is characterized in that the reducing gas is passed through the catalyst bed in a direction reversed to the direction of the flow of reactants during operation. The Process for activation or reactivation of an at least partially deactivated Fischer-Tropsch catalyst packed in a bed comprises
reaction of Victemperature and
97lOO211 Hydrotreating of light-middle distillate coal. (4). Change in catalytic activities. (2).
from brown
Nishimura. T. and Kimura, T., Sekitrrrt KagukLrXuigr Hqpw Ronhwtshu, 1Y93, 30, 209-212. (In Japanese) Light-middle distillates from Victorian brown coal were hydrotreated over Ni-Mo/AlzOJ and Ni-Mo-P/Alz02 catalysts to find optimum hydrotreating conditions. The paper shows that high denitrogcnation activities were ohtained during 1500 hours of operation at 3iiO”C. It appeared that Ni-MoP/AI,O? was more active and stable than Ni- Mo/AI:O+
Identification of compounds in coal liquefaction 97100212 as compound type homolog by HPLCIGC-MS analyses
oil
Yokoyama, S. et al., Sekiran Kagcrku Koigi Happy Ronhrrnshu. 1443, 311, 256259. (In Japanese) seperated by NH< column HPLC. were Aromatic ring class fractions. analyzed by low and high voltage mass spectra by GC-MS. This paper details the experiment.
97100213 Improved methanol a non-isothermal reactor
yield from methane oxidation
in
Liu. Q. er al., Fllel. Dee 1996. 75, ( 15). 174X-17.54. In this paper the partial oxidation of methane to methanol was conducted homogeneously in a non-isothermal reactor that contained a nonpermselective membrane. The membrane provided a uniform flow distribution and separated the hot reactor wall from a cooling tuhe located in the centre of the reactor. The cold region in the reactor rapidly quenched further reaction. The selectivity for CH?OH formation at 4.6% conversion increased from 34 to 52% when quenching was used. The highest yield
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
15