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00346 Method and apparatus for manufacture of fuel gas from refuse by pyrolysis
03
97100337 sions
Extinction
of solar radiation
in particle-gas
suspen-
Oman, J., Rrrrewuhle Emg)?. 1YYh. 9. (l-4, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and the Environment, Vol. Z), 101 1-1014. Presents the process of heating gases to high temperatures by volumetric absorption of concentrated solar radiation. Researqh on the influence of the size and substance on the absorption and reflection abilities of carbonaceous particles and particle-gas suspensions were carried out. The theoretical predictions were confirmed by experiment. Also discussed is the possibility of applying the process of gasification of coals with concentrated solar radiation in a coal particle-superheated steam suspension.
97100338 gasification
FTIR
study
of surface
complexes
during
carbon
Zhung, Q. et al.. Sekmn Kognkrr Kaigi Happyo Ronhunshu. 1993, 30, 4346. (In Japanese) Combining DRIFT (diffuse reflectance IR Fourier-transform) and TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) techniques characterizes the surface oxygen complexes produced from carbon gasification with oxygen. Cyclic acid anhydride and/or lactone, carhonyl, and ether complexes are formed during the gasification: decomposition of cyclic acid anhydrides and/or lactones were responsible for carbon dioxide evolution at -YOO K in the TPD curves. Some of cyclic acid anhydridc/lactone functions could he hydrated to carhoxylic acids at room temperature when the gasified sample i\ exposed to water vapour. In addition. the thermal stability of these carbon-oxygen complexes was discussed. 97100339
dioxide
Gasification of brown coal and char with carbon in the presence of finely dispersed iron catalysts
Asami. K. ct ul.. F~rcl Proc~csv. Techno/.. 1996. 47, (2), l3Y-151. Studies the gasification of brown coal and char with CO? using iron catalysts precipitated from an aqueous solution of FeC12. When the pyrolysed char is gasified in the temperature-programmed mode, the presence of the iron can lower the temperature giving the maximal rate of carbon monoxide formation hy IX-I60 K, a larger lowering being observed at a higher loading in the range of (3 wt’% Fe. The specific rates of the isothermal gasification of iron-hearing chars at I I73 and 1221 K increase with increasing char conversion. resulting in complete gasification within a short reaction time. Comparison of the initial rates of uncatalysed and catalysed gasification reveals that iron addition can lower the reaction temperature by 120 K. Moesshauer spectra show that the precipitated iron exists as fine FeOGH particles, which are reduced mainly to FezC on charring at 1123 K. into o-Fe and ?-Fe at the initial stage of Most of the Fe?<‘ is transformed gasification, and subsequently these species are oxidized to Fe0 and FezO+ The changes during gasification are discussed in terms of solid-gas and solid-solid reactions. 97100340 Gasification experience with biomass and wastes Schiffer, H-P. and Adihoch. W. VTTSymp., 19Yh, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD). 67-Y I. In this paper the high-temperature Winkler (HTW) is studied for gasification of low-rank feedstocks. Results on feedstock preparation. gasification performance. corrosion, emission and residual matter are obtained during tests of small and large scales. Tests in bench-scale were carried out on different types of biomass and industrial-scale experiences are available from the gasification plant at Oulu, Finland, which operated from 1988-1991, producing ammonia synthesis gas from dried Finnish peat. Sewage sludge. loaded coke and used plastics were co-gasified at feeding rates of up to 5 t/h. The co-gasification in a dried lignite mixture allows the synthesis gas for methanol production to he ohtained from waste materials. For both sewage sludge and loaded coke, conversion efficiency and syngas yield were sufficient. While emissions of chlorine, sulfur, heavy metals and other trace elements were well below limits, although, an increase in benzene and naphthalene concentrations in the crude gas occurred. 97100341
Gas
phase
carbonylation
of ethanol
,on Ni-ZnlC
catalyst Peng. F. and Huang. Z. Cuih~ra Xrrehrro. 1996. 17. (3), lY7-201. (In Chinese) In this paper the gas phase carhonylation of ethanol on NiiC and Ni-Zn/C catalysts was investigated under atmospheric pressure. The results showed that Ni-ZniC was found to have a significantly higher activity and selectivity than NilC. The effects of Zn and Ni content on ethanol conversion and product distribution were examined. and the optimum content of Ni and Zn were 5% and 3.Sr/r. respectively. It was found that the selectivity for propionic acid increased and the selectivity for Et propionate decreased with the reaction temperature. The yield of carhonylation products reached a maximum at 2SO’C. This paper describes the overall reaction path of ethanol carhonylation and the mechanism of methane formation.
Heat transfer hydrogasifiction process
97100342
characteristic
in char cooler for coal
1995, 32, 255Kondo, Y. et al.. .Sekircrn Kugaku Kaigi Huppyo Rmhunshu, 25X. (In Japanese) Discusses the measurement of heat-transfer coefficient between a fluidized hed and a heater with coke particles as fluidized particles hy changing the heater location in radial direction. The heat-transfer coefficient increases with increasing fluidized gas velocity and hy setting the heater near the
centre of higher at shows a coefficient proposed
Gaseous tuets (derived
gaseous fuels)
the tluidized bed. The temperature of the surface of the heater is the bottom of the bed indicating that the heat-transfer coefficient tendency to decrease. The observed values of heat-transfer are compared with the calculated ones obtained from a newly model.
97100343
Influence
of thermal
treatment
on coal gasification
Kobayashi, M. el al., Sekifurr Kqoku Kaigf Hrrppvo Ronhunshu, 1993. 30. 51-W (In Japanese) This study investigates the influence of thermal treatment on the amount of oxygen for theorical combustion, the volume of CO2 formed by ntoichiometric combustion, oxygen ratio. and the amount of steam fed into a gasifier for 17 coals of various rank. These factors were intluenced by coal rank and the temperature of pyrolysis. 97100344 Kinetic study and half-calcined dolomite
on reactions
of HPS with limestone
Lin, S. Y. ef al., Chern. Eng. Jpn.. 1996. 29. (3). 470-477. Details a study of the reactivities of two sorhents. a limestone and a semicalcined dolomite, with HIS under simulated pressurized coal gasification conditions by thermogravimetry (TGA) technique\. Although the activation energies for both sorbents were -181) kJ/mol, the Initial reaction rate of the semi-calcined dolomite (SO /rm) was -.10 timas faster than that of the limestone (50 /tm). The reactions of hoth materrals were first order with respect to H:S partial pressure. The pressure of CO? and Hz0 had almost no effect on the sulfidation reaction of the semi-calcined dolomite, but had adverse effects on the reaction of the limestone. Although, generally. smaller particles react more quickly. the etfect of particle size on the reaction rate of each of the sorhentx was different.
97100345
Membrane
reactor for water gas shift reaction
Basile. A. et ul.. Chsfurificarion rrd Scporolim. IYYh.. IO, (4). 243-254. In this experimental study the water gas shift (WGS) reaction is considered as a particular application of a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). Experiments on the WGS reaction were carried out using a composite palladium membrane obtained by coating an ultrathin double-layer palladium film on the inner surface of the support of a commercial tubular ceramic membrane by a so-called co-condensation technique. The best operating conditions were determined at various H:O/CO molar ratios. temperature, Plumen, gas feed flow. and with and without nitrogen sweep gas. For a non-porous stainless steel tube and for the commercial ceramic membrane having the same geometrical dimensions. the conversion results are always lower than the equilibrium value. For the composite palladium membrane, the conversion also depends on the flow of the sweep gas utilized. For example, using a nitrogen sweep gas flow of 28.2 cm>/min, the maximum conversion value reaches 99.89%. The
97100346 Method and apparatus from refuse by pyrolysis
for manufacture /
of fuel gas
Eidner, D. rt al., Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 718,jYl (Cl. CIOB.531 (IO), 26 Jun 1996, DE Appl. 4,441,42X, 22 Nov 1994. (In German). Pyrolysis gas is manufactured. from milled refuse in a gas-tight pyrolysis drum furnace at approximately 550°C. The gas is then contacted with glowing coke and cracked in a converter in the prerence of air to produce fuel gas. The heat necessary for pyrolysis is transferred to the charge by direct contacting with a recycled portion of the fuel gas leaving the converter. Optionally, a portion of the gas transferred between the pyrolysis drum furnace and converter is burned with air to increase temperature. Preferably. pressure of the pyrolysis gas is increased prior to feeding into the converter. The arrangement results in lower corrosion and abrasion of the pyrolysis drum furnace because the temperature is helow 6Oo‘C and direct heat transfer permits using a ceramic lining of the metal walls.
97100347
Method for deslagging
a partial oxidation
reactor
Brooker, D. D. and Faisetti, J. S., PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 17.904 (Cl. ClOJ3/OX), I3 Jun l99h. US Appl. 365.219.8 Dee lY94: 30 pp. This paper discloses a method for facilitating the deslagging of a partial oxidation reactor used to produce syngas. The slag comprises vanadium trioxide and a siliceous material that accumulate on the interior walls of the partial oxidation reactor as a by-product of the syngas production. The process involves the conversion of the vanadium trioxide in the slag to vanadium pentoxide.
97100346
Microbial
origin of Australian
coal-bed
methane
Smith, J. W. and Pallasser, R. J., AAPG Bull., 1996. 80, (6). 891-897. This paper examines the bituminous coal seam gases from the Permian Sydney and Bowen basins, Australia, which are characterized hy (I) methaneiethane ratios greater than or equal to 1000, (2) d”C and dD values for methane of -hO 2 10% PDB and --217 2 17% SMOW. respectively, (3) carbon dioxide contents of less than So/r’, and (4) d”C(CO:-CHI) values of 55 k 10% PDB. Microbial reduction of CO?
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
25
97100337 sions
Extinction
of solar radiation
in particle-gas
suspen-
Oman, J., Rrrrewuhle Emg)?. 1YYh. 9. (l-4, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and the Environment, Vol. Z), 101 1-1014. Presents the process of heating gases to high temperatures by volumetric absorption of concentrated solar radiation. Researqh on the influence of the size and substance on the absorption and reflection abilities of carbonaceous particles and particle-gas suspensions were carried out. The theoretical predictions were confirmed by experiment. Also discussed is the possibility of applying the process of gasification of coals with concentrated solar radiation in a coal particle-superheated steam suspension.
97100338 gasification
FTIR
study
of surface
complexes
during
carbon
Zhung, Q. et al.. Sekmn Kognkrr Kaigi Happyo Ronhunshu. 1993, 30, 4346. (In Japanese) Combining DRIFT (diffuse reflectance IR Fourier-transform) and TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) techniques characterizes the surface oxygen complexes produced from carbon gasification with oxygen. Cyclic acid anhydride and/or lactone, carhonyl, and ether complexes are formed during the gasification: decomposition of cyclic acid anhydrides and/or lactones were responsible for carbon dioxide evolution at -YOO K in the TPD curves. Some of cyclic acid anhydridc/lactone functions could he hydrated to carhoxylic acids at room temperature when the gasified sample i\ exposed to water vapour. In addition. the thermal stability of these carbon-oxygen complexes was discussed. 97100339
dioxide
Gasification of brown coal and char with carbon in the presence of finely dispersed iron catalysts
Asami. K. ct ul.. F~rcl Proc~csv. Techno/.. 1996. 47, (2), l3Y-151. Studies the gasification of brown coal and char with CO? using iron catalysts precipitated from an aqueous solution of FeC12. When the pyrolysed char is gasified in the temperature-programmed mode, the presence of the iron can lower the temperature giving the maximal rate of carbon monoxide formation hy IX-I60 K, a larger lowering being observed at a higher loading in the range of (3 wt’% Fe. The specific rates of the isothermal gasification of iron-hearing chars at I I73 and 1221 K increase with increasing char conversion. resulting in complete gasification within a short reaction time. Comparison of the initial rates of uncatalysed and catalysed gasification reveals that iron addition can lower the reaction temperature by 120 K. Moesshauer spectra show that the precipitated iron exists as fine FeOGH particles, which are reduced mainly to FezC on charring at 1123 K. into o-Fe and ?-Fe at the initial stage of Most of the Fe?<‘ is transformed gasification, and subsequently these species are oxidized to Fe0 and FezO+ The changes during gasification are discussed in terms of solid-gas and solid-solid reactions. 97100340 Gasification experience with biomass and wastes Schiffer, H-P. and Adihoch. W. VTTSymp., 19Yh, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD). 67-Y I. In this paper the high-temperature Winkler (HTW) is studied for gasification of low-rank feedstocks. Results on feedstock preparation. gasification performance. corrosion, emission and residual matter are obtained during tests of small and large scales. Tests in bench-scale were carried out on different types of biomass and industrial-scale experiences are available from the gasification plant at Oulu, Finland, which operated from 1988-1991, producing ammonia synthesis gas from dried Finnish peat. Sewage sludge. loaded coke and used plastics were co-gasified at feeding rates of up to 5 t/h. The co-gasification in a dried lignite mixture allows the synthesis gas for methanol production to he ohtained from waste materials. For both sewage sludge and loaded coke, conversion efficiency and syngas yield were sufficient. While emissions of chlorine, sulfur, heavy metals and other trace elements were well below limits, although, an increase in benzene and naphthalene concentrations in the crude gas occurred. 97100341
Gas
phase
carbonylation
of ethanol
,on Ni-ZnlC
catalyst Peng. F. and Huang. Z. Cuih~ra Xrrehrro. 1996. 17. (3), lY7-201. (In Chinese) In this paper the gas phase carhonylation of ethanol on NiiC and Ni-Zn/C catalysts was investigated under atmospheric pressure. The results showed that Ni-ZniC was found to have a significantly higher activity and selectivity than NilC. The effects of Zn and Ni content on ethanol conversion and product distribution were examined. and the optimum content of Ni and Zn were 5% and 3.Sr/r. respectively. It was found that the selectivity for propionic acid increased and the selectivity for Et propionate decreased with the reaction temperature. The yield of carhonylation products reached a maximum at 2SO’C. This paper describes the overall reaction path of ethanol carhonylation and the mechanism of methane formation.
Heat transfer hydrogasifiction process
97100342
characteristic
in char cooler for coal
1995, 32, 255Kondo, Y. et al.. .Sekircrn Kugaku Kaigi Huppyo Rmhunshu, 25X. (In Japanese) Discusses the measurement of heat-transfer coefficient between a fluidized hed and a heater with coke particles as fluidized particles hy changing the heater location in radial direction. The heat-transfer coefficient increases with increasing fluidized gas velocity and hy setting the heater near the
centre of higher at shows a coefficient proposed
Gaseous tuets (derived
gaseous fuels)
the tluidized bed. The temperature of the surface of the heater is the bottom of the bed indicating that the heat-transfer coefficient tendency to decrease. The observed values of heat-transfer are compared with the calculated ones obtained from a newly model.
97100343
Influence
of thermal
treatment
on coal gasification
Kobayashi, M. el al., Sekifurr Kqoku Kaigf Hrrppvo Ronhunshu, 1993. 30. 51-W (In Japanese) This study investigates the influence of thermal treatment on the amount of oxygen for theorical combustion, the volume of CO2 formed by ntoichiometric combustion, oxygen ratio. and the amount of steam fed into a gasifier for 17 coals of various rank. These factors were intluenced by coal rank and the temperature of pyrolysis. 97100344 Kinetic study and half-calcined dolomite
on reactions
of HPS with limestone
Lin, S. Y. ef al., Chern. Eng. Jpn.. 1996. 29. (3). 470-477. Details a study of the reactivities of two sorhents. a limestone and a semicalcined dolomite, with HIS under simulated pressurized coal gasification conditions by thermogravimetry (TGA) technique\. Although the activation energies for both sorbents were -181) kJ/mol, the Initial reaction rate of the semi-calcined dolomite (SO /rm) was -.10 timas faster than that of the limestone (50 /tm). The reactions of hoth materrals were first order with respect to H:S partial pressure. The pressure of CO? and Hz0 had almost no effect on the sulfidation reaction of the semi-calcined dolomite, but had adverse effects on the reaction of the limestone. Although, generally. smaller particles react more quickly. the etfect of particle size on the reaction rate of each of the sorhentx was different.
97100345
Membrane
reactor for water gas shift reaction
Basile. A. et ul.. Chsfurificarion rrd Scporolim. IYYh.. IO, (4). 243-254. In this experimental study the water gas shift (WGS) reaction is considered as a particular application of a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). Experiments on the WGS reaction were carried out using a composite palladium membrane obtained by coating an ultrathin double-layer palladium film on the inner surface of the support of a commercial tubular ceramic membrane by a so-called co-condensation technique. The best operating conditions were determined at various H:O/CO molar ratios. temperature, Plumen, gas feed flow. and with and without nitrogen sweep gas. For a non-porous stainless steel tube and for the commercial ceramic membrane having the same geometrical dimensions. the conversion results are always lower than the equilibrium value. For the composite palladium membrane, the conversion also depends on the flow of the sweep gas utilized. For example, using a nitrogen sweep gas flow of 28.2 cm>/min, the maximum conversion value reaches 99.89%. The
97100346 Method and apparatus from refuse by pyrolysis
for manufacture /
of fuel gas
Eidner, D. rt al., Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 718,jYl (Cl. CIOB.531 (IO), 26 Jun 1996, DE Appl. 4,441,42X, 22 Nov 1994. (In German). Pyrolysis gas is manufactured. from milled refuse in a gas-tight pyrolysis drum furnace at approximately 550°C. The gas is then contacted with glowing coke and cracked in a converter in the prerence of air to produce fuel gas. The heat necessary for pyrolysis is transferred to the charge by direct contacting with a recycled portion of the fuel gas leaving the converter. Optionally, a portion of the gas transferred between the pyrolysis drum furnace and converter is burned with air to increase temperature. Preferably. pressure of the pyrolysis gas is increased prior to feeding into the converter. The arrangement results in lower corrosion and abrasion of the pyrolysis drum furnace because the temperature is helow 6Oo‘C and direct heat transfer permits using a ceramic lining of the metal walls.
97100347
Method for deslagging
a partial oxidation
reactor
Brooker, D. D. and Faisetti, J. S., PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 17.904 (Cl. ClOJ3/OX), I3 Jun l99h. US Appl. 365.219.8 Dee lY94: 30 pp. This paper discloses a method for facilitating the deslagging of a partial oxidation reactor used to produce syngas. The slag comprises vanadium trioxide and a siliceous material that accumulate on the interior walls of the partial oxidation reactor as a by-product of the syngas production. The process involves the conversion of the vanadium trioxide in the slag to vanadium pentoxide.
97100346
Microbial
origin of Australian
coal-bed
methane
Smith, J. W. and Pallasser, R. J., AAPG Bull., 1996. 80, (6). 891-897. This paper examines the bituminous coal seam gases from the Permian Sydney and Bowen basins, Australia, which are characterized hy (I) methaneiethane ratios greater than or equal to 1000, (2) d”C and dD values for methane of -hO 2 10% PDB and --217 2 17% SMOW. respectively, (3) carbon dioxide contents of less than So/r’, and (4) d”C(CO:-CHI) values of 55 k 10% PDB. Microbial reduction of CO?
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
25