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00475 Commercial aspects of Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP)
07
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of starch: kinetic evalua97100472 tion of selectivity in polyol and monoalcohol formation Abreu, C. A. M. et al., Biomass and Bioene~gy, 1995, 9, (h). 487-492. This paper presents a kinetic evaluation of successive stages of the catalytic hydrogenolysis of starch. The study made use of a ruthenium catalyst to quantify the parameters for the production of polyols and monoalcohols in order to evaluate the relative importance of C-C vs C-O hydrogenolysis. The substrate was converted, in the presence of ruthenium at 473 K and SO bars, to a mixture of monoalcohols and polyols. The proportion of methanol by weight was approximately 80%. COP gasification willow and giganteus
97100473
of wheat
straw,
barley
straw,
Illerup. J. B. and Rathmann, 0.. Risoe Nutl. Lab., [Rep.] Risoe-R 1996, (Risoe-R-873). This investigation looks at the CO? gasification re-activities of chars of four biomass fuels, that is wheat straw, barley straw. willow, and giganteus (elephant grass), at 700-9OO’C in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyser at 2-20 bar. For wheat straw, the variation of reactivity with temperature and gas composition, including the inhibiting effect of CO, was analysed in terms of the Langmuir-Hinselwood equation. Also, the separation effects of total pyrolysis pressure and total gasification pressure were investigated. Finally, the variation in reactivity among the four biomasses under equal gasification conditions was investigated and analysed on the basis of their chemical compositions. 97100474
Co-combustion
and
gasification
of various
bio-
masses fl7‘Svmo.. 1996. 164 (Power Production from Biomass II Mutanen. K.. with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 1655182. This review considers the development of fluidized bed combustion and gasification technology over the last 20 years and how it now possible to increase significantly the utilization of various biomasses in power and heat generation. However, in many cases available quantities and/or qualities of biomasses are not adequate for only biomass-based energy generation in an economic sense. In many cases the only way to fulfil these targets and utilize the energy is to apply co-combustion or gasification of different fuels and wastes, Due to the fact that fluidized bed combustion technology offers a very high fuel flexibility and high combustion efficiency with low emissions it has become the dominating technology in co-combustion applications. Fluidized bed gasification offers a technically feasible solution for some specific cases such as the utilization of demolition waste for energy or in lime kilns. There are some technical issues in co-combustion of biomasses which must be emphasized and these arc discussed within the paper.
height and production of coppice shoots was maximum in minimum in Lcrrcue~ra. The average diameter of coppice shoots decrease with increasing coppicing height of the stumps.
Commercial
asoects
of Raoid Thermal
Processina
WP) Graham, R. G. and Huffman, D. R., k’7T Symp., 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 215-224. The process of rapid thermal processing liquefies biomass into bio-crude, which can be used as boiler fuel diesel fuel, or turbine fuel. There are 10 combustion facilities, including one to study the combustion-emission characteristics of the bio-crude.
Criteria for selection of dolomites and catalysts for 97100476 tar elimination from biomass gasification gas; kinetic constants Corella, J. et al., vn syrup.,1996. 163, 177-183. In this work calcined dolomites and combined steam reforming catalysts are used downstream of biomass gasifiers for hot catalytic raw gas cleaning. To compare these solids under rigorous conditions, a reaction mechanism and a kinetic model are presented. The apparent kinetic constant for the tar reduction is proposed as a basis of comparison. Tar sampling and analysis, and the units used for the space-time in the catalytic reactor affect the kinetic constants observed.
Determination 97100477 able biofuels
of calorific
values
of some
tended
and to
Energy production from biomass: world experience 97100479 Viesturs. U. et al.. Late.Zi-mt. Akad. Vestis. B, 1995, (Y/IO), Y7-I 12. A review of the world-wide experience of energy production from biomas\. including thermal treatment, hydrolysis and hioconversion. This paper assesses the benefits, utilization of recycling and environmental safety ot biomass processing and considers four main groups of the existing technologies of hiomass thermal conversion, namely combustion. gasification, liquefaction, and pyrolysis. The review of hydrolytic destruction processes of lignified plant materials with ethanol production includes a strong acid hydrolysis (sulfuric. hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids), a diluted acid hydrolysis (sulfuric acid) and some new methods of acid hydrolyses. The main pretreatment processes for efficient hioconversion of biomass, as well as different methods of enzymic hydrolysis of pretreated hiomasa. are reviewed. A financial analysis of using sawmill 97lOO480 cogeneration in Northern Ontario IWh, X. (I). In-26 Beke, N. et ol., Emqy Studies ReGw,
residues
for
The financial viahility of producing steam and electricity from forest biomass using a small-scale cogeneration facility (5 MW capacity) in the context of Geraldton, a small municipality in Northern Ontario is considered in this paper. Two sources of biomass fuel were considered; sawmill residues and chipped hiomass. Results of the financial analysis indicate that, for lllO% capacity utilization. using sawmill residues for cogeneration would yield a net present value of over $7 million and an internal rate of return of approximately 17 “r on an initial investment of $6 million. In comparison, using chipped biomass would yield a net present value of about $2 million and an internal rate of return of Y? at lOOC+ capacity utilization. Calculations hased on X0% capacity utilization produced rates of returns of approximately 12% for sawmill residues and about 2% for chipped forest biomass respectively.
97lOO481
Finnish
bioenergy
research
program
VTT S~‘nt~~,. 1996, I64 (Power Production from Biomass 11 Asplund, D., with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 253-&l. This hioenergy research programme carried out in Finland includes the production of wood fuel. peat production, use of hioenergy, and biomass conversion. It also includes projects for fuel production from energy crops and utilization of the energy content of sludge and solid waste.
97100482 97100475
l’itcx
Fixed bed gasification
of solid biomass
fuels
Haavisto, I., VTT Symp., 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 127-I 32. A review of fixed-hed gasification of solid biomass fuels. This paper also discusses chemical processes in the gasification of hiomass, state-of-the-art of fixed-bed countercurrent gasification. potential applications for the established countercurrent gasifier. cocurrent gasification, and gas cleaning.
97100483 Fresh tar (from biomass gasification) destruction with downstream catalysts: comparison of their intrinsic activity with a realistic kinetic model Corella, J. et al., VTTSymp. 1996, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 260-27.5. This presents a model for fresh tar destruction over catalvsts placed downstream a biomass gasifier. The model includes the stoichihmetry and the calculation of the kinetic constants for the tar destruction. Catalyst\ studied include combined Ni steam reforming catalysts and calcined dolomites. Kinetic constants for tar destruction are calculated for several particle sizes, times on stream, and temperatures of the catalyst and equivalence ratios in the gasifier. Such intrinsic kinetic constants allow a rigorous comparison of solids and conditions to be used in an advanced gasification process.
renew97100484
Gasification
experience
with biomass
and wastes
Thermochim. Acta, 1996, 279, 11 I-120. Kumar, J. V. and Pratt, B. C. et al., Experiments conducted for this paper employed thermal methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis (EA) to determine. the calorific values of some renewable biofuels either directly or indirectly. The biofuels tested were the common milkweed, doghane, kudzu, and eucalyptus tree. The works aim was to optimize the experimental conditions for DSC analysis of biofuels, improve the calorific values by adding metal oxides as catalysts, and compare the heat values between DSC and EA analyses.
Schiffer, H-P. Adlhoch, W.. VTT Symp., 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 67-91. A study of the high-temperature Winkler (HTW) for gasification of lowrank feedstocks. Results on feedstock preparation, gasification performance, corrosion, emission and residual matter were obtained during small and large scale tests. The report concludes that a commercial application requires additional gas treatment,
97100478 Effect of coppicing height on the regeneration and productivity of certain firewood shrubs in alkaline soils of North Indian plains Misra, P. N., Biomass and Rioenergy. 1995, 9, (6). 459-463. Presents an evaluation of four shrubs (Hibiscus tiliareur. Leucuena leucocephala, Vitex rlegundo and Seshuniu sesbatz) as firewood crops in
circulating
97ioo485
coppiced stands of varying cutting heights (15, 30 and 45 cm) in repeated annual harvests on alkaline soils of the North Indian plains. The coppicing heights generally did not show any significant effect on the growth and productivity. The number of coppice shoots per stump incresed with stump
36
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1997
Gasification fluidized bed
of sawdust
in pressurized
internally
Maartensson. R. and Lindblom, M.. VTT Symp. lYY6, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 289-294. This report looks at the work carried out at the department of Chemical Engineering II at the University of Lund to develop a test plant for pressurized gasification of biofuels (sawdust) in a internally circulating fluidizeu bed. The design performance is set to a maximum 20 bar and 1050°C at a thermal input of 100 kW or a maximum fuel input of IX kg/h. Pressurized gasification of hiofuels was studied in relation to process
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of starch: kinetic evalua97100472 tion of selectivity in polyol and monoalcohol formation Abreu, C. A. M. et al., Biomass and Bioene~gy, 1995, 9, (h). 487-492. This paper presents a kinetic evaluation of successive stages of the catalytic hydrogenolysis of starch. The study made use of a ruthenium catalyst to quantify the parameters for the production of polyols and monoalcohols in order to evaluate the relative importance of C-C vs C-O hydrogenolysis. The substrate was converted, in the presence of ruthenium at 473 K and SO bars, to a mixture of monoalcohols and polyols. The proportion of methanol by weight was approximately 80%. COP gasification willow and giganteus
97100473
of wheat
straw,
barley
straw,
Illerup. J. B. and Rathmann, 0.. Risoe Nutl. Lab., [Rep.] Risoe-R 1996, (Risoe-R-873). This investigation looks at the CO? gasification re-activities of chars of four biomass fuels, that is wheat straw, barley straw. willow, and giganteus (elephant grass), at 700-9OO’C in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyser at 2-20 bar. For wheat straw, the variation of reactivity with temperature and gas composition, including the inhibiting effect of CO, was analysed in terms of the Langmuir-Hinselwood equation. Also, the separation effects of total pyrolysis pressure and total gasification pressure were investigated. Finally, the variation in reactivity among the four biomasses under equal gasification conditions was investigated and analysed on the basis of their chemical compositions. 97100474
Co-combustion
and
gasification
of various
bio-
masses fl7‘Svmo.. 1996. 164 (Power Production from Biomass II Mutanen. K.. with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 1655182. This review considers the development of fluidized bed combustion and gasification technology over the last 20 years and how it now possible to increase significantly the utilization of various biomasses in power and heat generation. However, in many cases available quantities and/or qualities of biomasses are not adequate for only biomass-based energy generation in an economic sense. In many cases the only way to fulfil these targets and utilize the energy is to apply co-combustion or gasification of different fuels and wastes, Due to the fact that fluidized bed combustion technology offers a very high fuel flexibility and high combustion efficiency with low emissions it has become the dominating technology in co-combustion applications. Fluidized bed gasification offers a technically feasible solution for some specific cases such as the utilization of demolition waste for energy or in lime kilns. There are some technical issues in co-combustion of biomasses which must be emphasized and these arc discussed within the paper.
height and production of coppice shoots was maximum in minimum in Lcrrcue~ra. The average diameter of coppice shoots decrease with increasing coppicing height of the stumps.
Commercial
asoects
of Raoid Thermal
Processina
WP) Graham, R. G. and Huffman, D. R., k’7T Symp., 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 215-224. The process of rapid thermal processing liquefies biomass into bio-crude, which can be used as boiler fuel diesel fuel, or turbine fuel. There are 10 combustion facilities, including one to study the combustion-emission characteristics of the bio-crude.
Criteria for selection of dolomites and catalysts for 97100476 tar elimination from biomass gasification gas; kinetic constants Corella, J. et al., vn syrup.,1996. 163, 177-183. In this work calcined dolomites and combined steam reforming catalysts are used downstream of biomass gasifiers for hot catalytic raw gas cleaning. To compare these solids under rigorous conditions, a reaction mechanism and a kinetic model are presented. The apparent kinetic constant for the tar reduction is proposed as a basis of comparison. Tar sampling and analysis, and the units used for the space-time in the catalytic reactor affect the kinetic constants observed.
Determination 97100477 able biofuels
of calorific
values
of some
tended
and to
Energy production from biomass: world experience 97100479 Viesturs. U. et al.. Late.Zi-mt. Akad. Vestis. B, 1995, (Y/IO), Y7-I 12. A review of the world-wide experience of energy production from biomas\. including thermal treatment, hydrolysis and hioconversion. This paper assesses the benefits, utilization of recycling and environmental safety ot biomass processing and considers four main groups of the existing technologies of hiomass thermal conversion, namely combustion. gasification, liquefaction, and pyrolysis. The review of hydrolytic destruction processes of lignified plant materials with ethanol production includes a strong acid hydrolysis (sulfuric. hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids), a diluted acid hydrolysis (sulfuric acid) and some new methods of acid hydrolyses. The main pretreatment processes for efficient hioconversion of biomass, as well as different methods of enzymic hydrolysis of pretreated hiomasa. are reviewed. A financial analysis of using sawmill 97lOO480 cogeneration in Northern Ontario IWh, X. (I). In-26 Beke, N. et ol., Emqy Studies ReGw,
residues
for
The financial viahility of producing steam and electricity from forest biomass using a small-scale cogeneration facility (5 MW capacity) in the context of Geraldton, a small municipality in Northern Ontario is considered in this paper. Two sources of biomass fuel were considered; sawmill residues and chipped hiomass. Results of the financial analysis indicate that, for lllO% capacity utilization. using sawmill residues for cogeneration would yield a net present value of over $7 million and an internal rate of return of approximately 17 “r on an initial investment of $6 million. In comparison, using chipped biomass would yield a net present value of about $2 million and an internal rate of return of Y? at lOOC+ capacity utilization. Calculations hased on X0% capacity utilization produced rates of returns of approximately 12% for sawmill residues and about 2% for chipped forest biomass respectively.
97lOO481
Finnish
bioenergy
research
program
VTT S~‘nt~~,. 1996, I64 (Power Production from Biomass 11 Asplund, D., with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 253-&l. This hioenergy research programme carried out in Finland includes the production of wood fuel. peat production, use of hioenergy, and biomass conversion. It also includes projects for fuel production from energy crops and utilization of the energy content of sludge and solid waste.
97100482 97100475
l’itcx
Fixed bed gasification
of solid biomass
fuels
Haavisto, I., VTT Symp., 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 127-I 32. A review of fixed-hed gasification of solid biomass fuels. This paper also discusses chemical processes in the gasification of hiomass, state-of-the-art of fixed-bed countercurrent gasification. potential applications for the established countercurrent gasifier. cocurrent gasification, and gas cleaning.
97100483 Fresh tar (from biomass gasification) destruction with downstream catalysts: comparison of their intrinsic activity with a realistic kinetic model Corella, J. et al., VTTSymp. 1996, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 260-27.5. This presents a model for fresh tar destruction over catalvsts placed downstream a biomass gasifier. The model includes the stoichihmetry and the calculation of the kinetic constants for the tar destruction. Catalyst\ studied include combined Ni steam reforming catalysts and calcined dolomites. Kinetic constants for tar destruction are calculated for several particle sizes, times on stream, and temperatures of the catalyst and equivalence ratios in the gasifier. Such intrinsic kinetic constants allow a rigorous comparison of solids and conditions to be used in an advanced gasification process.
renew97100484
Gasification
experience
with biomass
and wastes
Thermochim. Acta, 1996, 279, 11 I-120. Kumar, J. V. and Pratt, B. C. et al., Experiments conducted for this paper employed thermal methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis (EA) to determine. the calorific values of some renewable biofuels either directly or indirectly. The biofuels tested were the common milkweed, doghane, kudzu, and eucalyptus tree. The works aim was to optimize the experimental conditions for DSC analysis of biofuels, improve the calorific values by adding metal oxides as catalysts, and compare the heat values between DSC and EA analyses.
Schiffer, H-P. Adlhoch, W.. VTT Symp., 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 67-91. A study of the high-temperature Winkler (HTW) for gasification of lowrank feedstocks. Results on feedstock preparation, gasification performance, corrosion, emission and residual matter were obtained during small and large scale tests. The report concludes that a commercial application requires additional gas treatment,
97100478 Effect of coppicing height on the regeneration and productivity of certain firewood shrubs in alkaline soils of North Indian plains Misra, P. N., Biomass and Rioenergy. 1995, 9, (6). 459-463. Presents an evaluation of four shrubs (Hibiscus tiliareur. Leucuena leucocephala, Vitex rlegundo and Seshuniu sesbatz) as firewood crops in
circulating
97ioo485
coppiced stands of varying cutting heights (15, 30 and 45 cm) in repeated annual harvests on alkaline soils of the North Indian plains. The coppicing heights generally did not show any significant effect on the growth and productivity. The number of coppice shoots per stump incresed with stump
36
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1997
Gasification fluidized bed
of sawdust
in pressurized
internally
Maartensson. R. and Lindblom, M.. VTT Symp. lYY6, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 289-294. This report looks at the work carried out at the department of Chemical Engineering II at the University of Lund to develop a test plant for pressurized gasification of biofuels (sawdust) in a internally circulating fluidizeu bed. The design performance is set to a maximum 20 bar and 1050°C at a thermal input of 100 kW or a maximum fuel input of IX kg/h. Pressurized gasification of hiofuels was studied in relation to process