00505 Utilization of Estonian energy wood resources

07

Alternative energy sources (bioconversion

energy)

proposed full-scale furnace tests, fouling rates should decline for treated fuel5 compared with untreated fuels in conventional and advanced biomass power systems.

The potential of agro-industrial 97/00495 duction of biogas and electricity in Tanzania

residues

for pro-

Kivaisi. A. K. and Ruhindamayugi. M. S. T., Rewwahle Ewr&y. IYYh, 9. (l-4. Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and the Environment. Vol. 2). Yl7-Y2l. This paper examines the Tanzanian government‘s strategy to alleviate the current serious shortage of electricity, this include exploitation of the country‘s hig natural gas rcservcs for power generation and utilization of the renewable energies such as colar. wind and hiogas. Important agroIndustrial residues with a large potrntlal for anaerobic conversion Into hiogay and electricity are Identified in this paper, and their production and locations are described.

Potential

97100496

of electrolytic

flocculation

for recovery

of

micro-algae Poelman. E. c/ N/., Heso~rrcec. CO~?Y~~IIO~I rr!irl Kec~cli~r,~. Jan 1997. 19. (I). I-IO. This paper discusse\ a method for the cost-effeC’tivc harvecting of microalgae in the exploitation of pure mass algal cultures, alw from waste stabilization ponds, high rate algal ponds, and reservoir5 for drinking water production. Electrolytic flocculation involves no flocculant\ and needs only relatively little electricity to flocculate the micro-algae from a suspension and subsequently float the algal flocculants. Efficiencies of YScp elimination or more are easily obtained with different taxonomic groups of algae tested while the consumption of current only amounted to about 0.3 kWh/m’. 97100497

polluting

The potential source of energy

use

of sweet /-

sorghum

as a non-

IYY7. 22. ( I ). I7-IV. Tiire. S. CI (I/. Ewrg, In order to counter worsening air pollution in Turkey caused by increasing study has heen undertaken at the energy demands, an experimental TUBITAK-Marmara Research Ccntre to determine pos%ibilitie\ of using energy-friendly plant sweet sorghum a\ an alternative fuel. The fuel propertie\ of sweet sorghum have been compared with those of various Turkish lignites in terms of emission of polluting gnse\. The carbon and sulphur contents and the average calorific value of this plant were found to he 44.0%, 0.00% and 4100 kcal/kg. respectively. indicating that low-quality lignites may be partially replaced hy sweet sorghum with a consequent reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gas.

Procedure and apparatus for processing 97100498 bustible components of residues and wastes

of com-

Schingnitz, M. er rrl., Ger. Offen. DE 4,446,X03 (Cl. ClOJ3/02). 27 Jun 1006, Appl. 4.446.X03. 24 Dee 1494. (In German) The procedure for processing comhustihle components of residues and wastes invoIvc\ the following: (i) the pyrolysis of wastes in air absence in a rotary flirnace at helow X00 C, (ii) the separation to ohtam (vapour + gaseous) products and solid products. (iii) g’ sification of the solid pyrolysis residue with an additional fuel (for examp c natural gas) and an oxygencontaining gasification agent in a first gasif’d ation reactor above the melting temperature of mineral components. (iv) gasification of the (vapour + gaseous) products in a second gasification reactor. (v) separate cooling of effluents from hoth reactors. (vi) compression of the fuel gas tram the 2nd reactor to the pressure level maintained for the products of the Ist reactor. purification (particulalry (vii) combining of both gases, and (viii) desulfurization wjith sulfur recovery) of the combined gas. A portion of the purified gn< IS recycled and used for heating of the pyrolysis furnace, Molten slag from hoth gasification reactors is granulated and used for huilding materials. The resulting (Hz + CO)-containing fuel gas is auitahle for firing of furnaces or driving of gab turbines.

97100499 components

Pyrolysis

characteristics

of biomass

and biomass

FL&, lYY6, 75, (X), 9X7-908. Raveendran. K. rt al., Prernts the results of an investigation into the pyrolysis charcteristics of biomass and biomass components using thermogravimetric analysis and packed-bed pyrolysis. Studies on isolated bil)mass components as well as synthetic biomass show that the interactions among the components are not of as much significance as the composition of the biomass. Direct summative correlations based on biomass component pyrolysis adequately explain both the pyrolysis characteristics and product distrihution of biomass. It is inferred that there is no detectable interaction among the components during pyrolysis in either the thermogravimctric analyzer or the packed-hed pyrolyzer. However, ash present in biomass seems to have a strong influence on hoth the pyrolysis characteristics and the product distribution. 97/00500 Testing of downstream catalysts for tar destruction with a guard bed in a fluidized bed biomass gasifier at pilot plant scale Arnar, M. P. cl crl., VTTS~nlp. 1996, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyro ys~s RniDD), 263-26X This paper considers a pilot plant and the main c A’ aracterlstic of the pilot plant for advanced gasification of biomass in a fast fluidized bed, which is that it has two catalytic reactors connected in series, downstream the

38

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

January 1997

hiomas\ gasifier. The reactors having an internal diameter of 4 cm are placed in a slip-stream in a bypass from the main gesifirr exit gas. The gasification is done at atmospheric pressure, with flow rates of 3-.50 kg/h using steam-oxygen mixtures as the gasifying agent. Scvcral combined Ni steam reforming catalysts are being tested under a rcali\tic raw ga\ composition. Tar eliminations or destructions of more than YY’i arc ea\ilj achieved.

97/00501

Thermal

characteristics

of bagasse

Nassar. M. M. er trl.. J. Appl. Pol~m Sci.. IYYh. 61. (6). X85-X00. Presents the results of the thermal analy,sis of hagasw. uwd as a fuel in sugar mills, using DTA arad thermograwmetry under oxidizing and inert atmospheres. Kinetic studies were based on weight los\ obtained from thermogravimetric analysis Thermal degradation of hagasse take\ place in two stages: volatilization and carbonization. The reaction rate. activation energy, entropy change, cnthalpy change. and Gihh\ free energy for the two thermal stages were calculated. The result\ indicated that activation energy for the volatilization stage is higher than that of decarhonization stage, and that both the rate constant and activation energy for comhuation are htgher than those of pyrolysis.

97100502 Thermal opment in the U.S.A.

gasification

of biomass

technology

devel-

Bahu, S. P. ef cl/., VT7‘S,vjn/>., 1006. lh4 (Power Production from Biomas\ II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysla RBDD). Sj-66. A review of technological development of thermal gasification of biomass in the U.S.A.

97/00503 Thermogravimetriclmass spectrometric characterization of two energy crops, Arondo donax and Miscanthos sinensis IYYO. 36. (2). 17’~LlYO. Szabo, P. <‘f 01.. J. Amrl. A/$. &wk\i\. This paper presents a study of two herhaceou~ plants with high hiomas\ production potential. An&o rloncrs and Mi.wa~~!/?rrc \rwr~.vi.v. The studv wa\ undertaken hy simultaneous thermogravimetryinl~lss apectrometry ‘(TG! MS) in an inert argon atmosphere at a heating rate of 20 min ‘. The cffcct of particle size. the partial removal of the minerals by acid- and watcrwashing, and the effect of potassium carbonate as catalq\t were studied. The paper also discusses the results of an investigation Into the effect ot secondary tar cracking on the charcoal productlon. TG!MS supplied intensity profiles of the low molecular weight wlatilc products as a function of time or temperature Their comparison to the wright-lays rate curves (DTG) provided information of the dewI\ of the degradatwn mechanism. The amounts of various volatile pyrolysis product\ were estimated by the integrals of the corresponding mass apcctrometric inten\itics. The factors influencing the char yield are discussed. 97/00504 Use and co-combustion of straw in Denmark Poulsen, J. S., VT7‘J;?ntp., IYYh. I64 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis RRtDD), 183~lY.I This review examines the five straw-fired combined heat and power plant\ in Denmark are in operation. Three of these plants exclusively uw straw as a fuel, one uses hoth straw, wood chips and natural gas, and one straw and coal. These five combined heat and power plants, have a total annual consumption of straw of approximately 200000 tons and supply district heating to five medium-sized towns. Danish Parliament ordered the power industry to reach an annual volume input of I.2 Mtona of straw and 0.2 Mtons of wood chips in the year 2000. Therefore two new plant\ arc under construction and co-combustion with straw is heing installed at an existing coal-fired power station. Additionally, two large plants are under consideration. With the two plants under construction and with the cocombustion plant. the straw consumption is expected to increase to 43l)OOO tons of straw per year. 97100505 Utilization of Estonian energy wood resources Muiste, P. ef ul., VTT Syrnl?., 1906, 164 (Power Production from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysis R&DD), 2X3-287. A review discussing the utilization of biomass resources of Estonian forests as a source of energy. 97100506 Wood cofiring evaluation at TVA power plants Gold, B. A. and Tillman, D. A., Bionrass Bioemqy. IYYh, IO. (2-3), 71-7X. Site-specific case studies of cofiring wood-derived fuel and coal at existing fossil-fired boilers within the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power generation system were carried out hy Foster Wheeler Environmental and Reaction Engineering International. TVA’s interest in utilizing biomass as a power generation option and the progress of the cofiring case studies through I993 are addressed. The analyses demonstrate that wood cofiring is economically feasible at cyclone boiler installations and may he a Iow-cost COZ mitigation strategy for many pulverized coal boilers. 97lOO507 Xylanases: from biology to bio technology Prade, R. A., BiorechnoL Gener. Eng. Ret,., lYY6, 13. 101-131. This review looks at xylan, which is the main carbohydrate found in the hemicellulosic fraction of plant tissues and accounts for one-third of all renewable organic carbon available on earth and xylanase, the major component of an enzymic consortium, which acts in nature hy dcpolymcrizing xylan molecules into monomeric pentosan units that are used hv