00541 Thermal plasma pyrolysis of used old tires for production of syngas

07

97/90528 conjunction tivity

The use of a thermal energy recycle with a basin-type solar still for enhanced

unit in produc-

Ahoabhoud. M. M. CI cl/., Enrre. 1907. 22. (I), X3-01. A recently developed thermal energy recycling unit operating under forced air circulation was attached to a conventional, basin-type solar still to enhance overall still productivity. In this unit. a relatively large fraction of the latent heat of condensation of the distillate is utilized to preheat and evaporate the feedstock. The system performance was tested in the laboratory using a solar simulator. The solar still was double glazed and no condensation was observed on the inner glazing when operating in the thermal energy recycling mode. The overall system productivity was about three times that of a conventional (single-effect) basin-type solar still. The advantages of the proposed system design are the following: (i) the solar still productivity can he enhanced significantly and at a reasonable cost; (ii) on-wetting glazings (e.g. certain plastic glazings) can he utilized. since in this mode of operation the glazing does not function as a condensation surface: (iii) as a result. the thermal losses from the outer surface of the glazing to the amhient can he reduced significantly by the use of double glazings: and (iv) the system is very adaptable to the utilization of an external waste energy source (e.g. wet steam or hot saturated air) for nocturnal distillation, namely operation in the absence of solar radiation. 97100529

still including

Waterfilm cooling over the glass evaporation effects

cover of a solar

Abu-Hijleh, 9. and Mousa, H. A., Energy, 1997. 22, (I). 43-48 The effect of water film cooling of the glass cover on the efficiency of a single-basin still has been investigated numerically. Proper use of the filmcooling parameters may increase the still efficiency by up to 20%. On the other hand, a poor combination of these parameters leads to a significant reduction in efficiency. The presence of the cooling film neutralizes the effect of wind speed on still efficiency. Only a small fraction of the cooling film evaporates as it passes over the glass cover.

Whatever

97100530

happened

to the Building

Energy Code of

Australia? Sale. R., Solar Enera, Dec. 1996, 17, (4), 4-S. The paper looks at the prospect of a Building Energy Code in Australia non-residential buildings and the issues surrounding its introduction.

for

Wind Energy of a wind-turbine-driven

compressor

Abed, K. A., &erg? lYY7, 22, (1). 2l-2h. Energy storage is important for renewable energy systems. Compressed air storage is an attractive alternative to pumped water storage. It is suitable for use with wind-energy systems. We have studied a system consisting of a wind turbine, compressor, storage tank, and air-lift pump. The output power and capacity factor were accurately determined. Characteristics of the air-lift pump were investigated by using a numerical model. Wind turbines with compressed air storage and capacity factors greater than 40% are feasible with air-lift pumps. With air-lift pumps, increases of air-flow rates were accompanied by corresponding increases in water-flow rates, up to maximum outputs. The efficiency of the system reaches 22% when the ratio of water to air flow rate equals 2. I5 and decreases thereafter.

Others, Including Economics 97100532 batteries.

Development,

Determination of an ageing 1. Kinetic aspects

factor

for

lead/acid

Armenta-Deu. C. and Donaire, T., Journal of Power Sources, Feb. 1996, 5X. (2). 12X-133. The capacity of lead/acid batteries decreases with the,number of cycles. This process is known as ageing. The reduction of capacity affects not only the operation time hut also the performance of the accumulator and of the system attached to the battery. One of the main procedures affected by the hattery ageing is the determination of the state-of-charge, In this paper, a parameter called ‘ageing factor’, f.,, which represents the reduction of the available energy in lead/acid batteries, is introduced. A method to calculate this factor and its incidence on battery performance has also been developed. The method is based on the effective reduction in electrolyte specific gravity in a fully charged lead/acid battery computed from the change of the slope of the electrolyte density during charge with the number of cycles, and the subsequent reduction in discharge time. A correlation process between the reduction of the energy delivered by the electrochemical cell, the reduction of the discharge time, and the apparent change of the slope of electrolyte density has been developed, resulting in an analytical expression that may be used to compute the effective reduction in available energy in lead/acid batteries. The results of the experiments have

energy sources (wind energy)

proven the merit of the proposed system: the predicted values are in good agreement with experimental data, the associated error in thef‘, estimation being lower than Y%, a result which has been considered acceptable to validate the proposed method.

Domestic urban ecosystem

97100533

fuel

energy

consumption

in an Indian

Misra. M. K. et al., Biomass and Bioenwgy. 1995. 9. (h), 473-486. Presents a discussion of the use of biofuels as a domestic energy source in Berhampur, Orissa State The domestic sector derives 49% of its energy used for cooking and heating from biomass sources. A number of links are made between economic and cultural factors, and the use of different fuels. The paper concludes that there is scope for enlarging the biomass base hy utilising the available bio-wastes and developing a green belt around the town. This requires some rural features in the urban area using new technologies. 97100534

gasification

Energy recovery technologies

from ‘waste.

The

application

of

Pollesel. P., Chim. IrId. (Milan), 1996. 7X. (S), hO3-607. This review considers the applications of gasification processes to residues and waste materials. and analyses the most important technologies to obtain energy from wastes through gasification,

97100535 Industry? Wells, M., Australia is international ERDC in to

97100536 processing

Is innovation

important

for the Australian

Building

Solar Ener~. Dec. 1906, 17 (4). 12. looking to innovation to provrde a competitive edge in the building market. This article looks at work carried out by the energy innovation.

Procedure and of used tires

apparatus

for

chemical-thermal

Schleicher, H., Ger. Offen. DE 4.447.357 (Cl. ClOBS3/OO). 27 Jun 1996, Appl. 4,447,357, 20 Dee 1994. (In German) Used tyre processing involves pyrolysis, gasification of pyrolysis products. and iron-steam reaction in a shaft reactor. No preliminary separation of the charge (for exmaple the removal of steel wire) is necessary. In all stages. a superheated steam-oxygen mixture is used. liberated thermal energy is obtained, and the resulting (CO + Hz)-containing synthesis gas and Fe-rich slag are continuously withdrawn. Optionally, CaO or Ca(OH)? is added to the charge for slag formation.

97100537 materials Performance 97100531 for lifting water

Alternative

Properties

and possible

uses of nontraditional

fuel

Bendere, R. cf al.. Larr. J. Phys. Tech. Sci.. 199h. (2), 22-31. (In Latvian) This paper reports the results of the characterization study of using lowgrade coal, oil products, peat and wood chips as fuel. The investigation has therefore been conducted on the determination of technical parameters and elementary composition of investigated materials. It is shown that on the basis of these analyses it is possible to estimate characteristics of low-grade fuels in context with the requirements of environmental standards and technical design of common type furnaces.

97100536

Renewable

energy transportation

technologies

Bull, S. R. Renewable Energy, 1996, 9. (l-4. Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and the Environment, Vol. 2). 1019-1024. Finding alternative and renewable transportation fuels is an important issue as substituting these fuels for petroleum can reduce dependence on foreign oil imports, improve air quality. and mitigate greenhouse gases. Renewable fuels are very attractive as they not only offer the same advantages as nonrenewable alternative fuels, but also provide an inexhaustible supply. The largest potential for significant quantities of liquid renewable fuels is from the production of hiofuels from cellulosic biomass such as wastes and energy crops. This paper look at the plans for advanced vehicles and the prospect of combining renewable fuels and high efficiency, advanced vehicles to move towards a sustainable transportation system.

97100539

Repowering

with clean coal technologies

Freier. M. D. et al.. Proc. Am. Power Con)“., 1YYh. .5X, (I), 3.53-358. This paper examines the repowering of existing coal-fired power generation plants with clean coal technologies.

97100540

Sasol: growth through

innovation

Jager, B., Chim. Ind. (Milan), 1096. 78, (4), 451-452. A review of the Sasol process for the production of synthetic fuels (FischerTropsch process) and such products as rr-olefins. anode coke. sulfur and specialty waxes.

97100541 production

Thermal plasma of syngas

pyrolysis

of used

old

tires

for

Chang, J. S. et al.. J Environ. SC;. Health, Part A: Enkon. Sci. Eng. Tok Hazard. Suhst. Control, 199f1, A31. (7) 1781-1799. This paper investigates the thermal plasma pyrolysis of used tires for the production of syngas. A series of experiments have shown that tire waste can be pyrolyzed in a plasma reactor to produce combustible gas. such as ethyne, methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The combustion heat value of the produced gas is about 4-7 MJim’. which is higher than that of

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

January 1997

41

08

Steam raising (boiler operation/design)

blast furnace gas and reforming gas from coals. Zinc oxide can he captured during pyrolysis by both high temperature filters and low temperature filters in the quenching chamber. The pollutant gases, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are at relatively low levels, about 100-300 ppm. Increasing the tire injection quantity will increase the hydrocarbon concentration, increase the combustion heat of the pyrolysis product, and decrease the metal oxide concentration. With steam injection, a large quantity of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with lower concentrations of ethyne was produced. The combustion heat is slightly lower with steam injection than without it. Neither polychlorinated biphenyls nor paminohippuric acid was detected in the ashes. 97160542

technology

Transfer of renewable energy to developing countries Solu~ Enew. Dec. 1996, 17, (4). 12.

and environmental

Zahedi, A.. The paper discusses the need for basic utilities in developing countries the scope fur renewable energy sources to provide these services.

08

and

Boiler Operation/Design Apparatus

for coal gasification

without

slag jam

Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,143,874 [Y&143,X74] (Cl. Ueda, A. ef al., CiOJ3/46), 4 Jun 1996, Appl. 941312,347, 24 Nov. 1994. (In Japanese). This paper looks at the apparatus for slag cooling section and gasification sectiun which includes a boiler system to have different water-cooling walls,

09

COMBUSTION Burners,

97100544

Analysis

Combustion of the operation

Systems of a shaft kiln fired with

coke-oven gas Inz. Apr. Chern.. 1996, 35, (2), 1 I-14. (In Gawdzik, A. and Smolczyk, A., Polish) The analysis presented in this article shows a posdibility of obtaining burnt lime in a coke gas-fired shaft furnace. A mathematical model of the furnace together with the appropriate numerical procedure. enables a simulation of the operating furnace at various processing parameters. Therefore, the appropriate software can be a useful tuul for process engineers working in the lime plants.

97100545 measures

Coke degradation mechanism and suppression during high-rate pulverized coal in’ ction

Yamaguchi. K. et al., Tctsrrto Hqanr. 1996, 8I , (X), h4l-646. (In Japanese) This article examines the coke degradation mechanism which was considered to suppress the fine coke increase during high-rate pulverized coal injection. It describes how the fine coke increases at the tuyere level during high-rate pulverized coal injection because of degraded coke surface and the lack of gasification by oxygen and the increase of gasification hy carbon dioxide in the raceway. The use of high reactive coke is effective to suppress the coke degradation. To apply the model experimental results to the actual blast furnace. it is necessary tu consider the effect of coke strength at room temperature and the decrease of coke surface strength after gasification during the use of high reactive coke. 97100546

residual

Combustion-generated fuel oil combustion

NO,

and

coke

in

heavy

Oksanen. A. and Karvinen, R., Cojnhusf. Sci. Techrd.. 1995, 108, (4-h). 345-361. In this paper the numerical modelling of combustion of heayy residual fuel oil was presented. with emphasis on NO emissions and formation of coke (soot). The emissions of both species were greatly affected by gas temperature. The calculated results of three combustion cases, with thermal inputs of 1.X. 3.5, and 3h MW. were compared with the measured results. A simplified model for the formation and reduction of NO, where HCN is an intermediate phase hetween fuel nitrogen and NO, was used. The amount of coke generated was described with the so-called residual carbon rate coefficient, <, which in actual practice has a nonlinear relationship to the heavy residues and chemical structure of the fuel. It

42

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

97100547 turbine

January 1997

Combustion

of low

heating

value

gas

in a gas

Kelsall, G. and Cannon. M.. VTT Sy~p., 1996. lh4 (Power Productione from Biomass II with Special Emphasis on Gasification and Pyrolysi\ R&DD), 109-126. A brief overview of the air blown gasification cycle (ABGC) dcvclopment initiative and discussion of the general requirements for a gas turbine operating within such a cycle. It also presents full comhustor performance results for the second phase of turbine comhustor development and discusses the rationale for the progressive design modifications made within that program. Includes the strategy for the further development of the comhustor t9 hum low calorific value fuel gas with low conversion of fuelbound nitrogen to NO,.

97100546 freeboard

STEAM RAISING

97100543

was assumed that a fixed portion of vapourized fuel oil remains as coke (i.e. t is a const.). The prediction of snot absorptivity was based on the idea that soot is formed in the zones where fuel vapour is burning.

Combustion of a calorimetric

modelling of coal volatiles fluidized bed combustor

in the

Bautista-Margulis, R. G. cr al.. Fttrl. Dee 1996. 75, (lS), 1737-1742. In order to conduct a parametric study with the experimental results obtained from a calorimetric fluidized bed combustor (FBC) a simplified kinetic approach, based on functional groups of the parent coal. was coupled with the bed hydrodynamics and a volatiles evolution region within the bed. The model results are presented and discussed. Good agreement between the model and experimental data suggests that tho evolution of volatiles for coal particle diameters
97100549 boilers

Computerized

analysis

of low-NO,

coal-fired

utility

Epple, B. cl ul.. C‘onthtrs~. Sci. Tcc/~~zo/., 1995. 10X(. 4-h), 3833401. In this study mathematic modeling and simulations were used to assess the effect of modifications of the combustion process and pollutant formation for two pulverized coal combustion plants. These were: (I) a hituminou\ coal-fired furnace (490.MW thermal capacity). with eight swirl burners, and (2) a brown-coal-fired furnace (ISOMW thermal capacity). In order to reduce NO, formation, the furnace system was modified using a different burner design and a modified burnout air arrangement for staging of combustion air. The goals were to reduce CO emissions and to improve coal burnout. Fur a more flexible discretization of the domain. a method was developed which allows each burner to he discretired by an independent grid system. Using this method. the details of the burner geometry can be considered and the governing processes of pollutant formation in the nearburner znne may be described in more detail.

97100550 Design of automatic of water-coal slurry

control system for combustion

Ban, Y., Grartgri Shifbn Duxnc X~rehoo, Z~rcrn Kc,rireho~~, IYYh, 14, (I ). 3X41. (In Chinese) Details the development of a method for the automatic temperature regulation in industrial kilns of burning water-coal paste fuel making use of a PID loop system. The kiln temperature difference WRS as a main control signal to regulate the fuel injection, and balance ventilation was used to maintain balanced heating in the kiln. The system is also suitable for temperature regulation in kilns using other fuels.

97100551 Devolatilization studies of single coal particles at high heating rates (carbon dioxide laser pyrolysis, heat transfer) Maswadeh, W. M.. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int.. Order No. DA9nZlY72. From Dits. Ahsfr. hf., B 1906, 57, (3), 1962. This paper looks at the devolatilization studies of single coal particles at high heating rates (carbon dioxide laser pyrolysis. heat transfer).

97100552 Effect of SOP and NO on the conversion of fuel nitrogen to N20 and NO in single particle combustion of coal Tullin, C. J. et al., Comh~rst. Ser. Tecl~~d., 1995, IOh. (l-3) 153-166. Reports and discusses the effects of SO: and NO concentrations on the emissions of NLO and NO from a single particle of coal burning in a fluidized bed comhustor. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale quartz glass fluidized hed reactor in the temperture range 1023-I 123 K. During the combustion of the volatiles, addition of NO (250 ppm) results in an increased formation of NzO, whereas the net NO formation decreases. This effect is enhanced when both NO (250 ppm) and SOL (900 ppm) are included in the fluidizing gas mixture. During the char combustion stage, similar effects are seen i.e., the NzO formation increases in the presence of NO, and is further increased in the presence of both NO and SO?. Over the temperature range investigated, the addition of NO resulted in an increased emission of NzO, whereas the effect of SO: decreased with increasing temperature.