- Email: [email protected]
00585 Experimental thermal study of a solar wall of composite type
12
97100577 ovens
Measurement
of coking
pressure
in industrial
coke
Kopeliovich. L. V. and Sukhorukov, V. I., Koks Khim.,. 19Y6, (3), 20-21 (In Russian). A polemic in answer to M. S. Sheptovitskii, A. G. Volfovskii, I. V. Shulga CI ~1. (ibid. 1905. 9. 14-18) is given.
Reduction of calcium 97/00578 lating fluidized bed furnace
sulfate
in a coal-fired
circu-
Talukdar. J. et ul., Fuel, 1996, 75. (9). I 115-1123. This paper looks at the sulfur capture process in a circulating fluidized bed furnace and the reactivity of partially sulfated calcium oxide.
Refactorieskeramics
13 SPACE HEATING COOLING
Production,
Applications
Determining thermal diffusivity and defect 97100579 butes in ceramic matrix composites by infrared imaging
Energy efficiency in China
and environmental
pollution
of
Zang. Z., Energy, 1997. 22, (I), 33-42. This paper examines the technologies, energy use and environmental pollution of brickmaking in China. China’s brick industry is characterized by its enormous size and large number of small producers with outdated technologies. More than 90% of the bricks are fired in annular kilns with coal as the predominant fuel, resulting in substantial SO?, COz and other air emissions. Based on available energy coefficients and emission factors, coal use for brickmaking and associated SO: and CO2 emissions are estimated. Government policies and options for energy-efficiency improvements in brickmaking are also discussed.
97100581 oxygenation
Mixed-conducting of methane
ceramic
membranes
for partial
Balachandran, U. et rrl., Ceram. Trans. 1996, 65 (Role of Ceramics in Advanced Electrochemical Systems), 23-35. In the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, the activity of mixedconducting ceramic materials, produced from Sr-Fe-Co (SFC-type) mixed oxides in the form of tubes and bars was examined. The thermodynamic stability of the tubes was studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure by high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The mechical properties were adequate for a reactor containing SrFeCo,,.sO,; the ratio of ionic to electronic conductance was close to unity. The performance of the membrane tubes was good only with SrFeCo,r.sO,. Fracture of other catalysts was due to the introduction of an oxygen gradient that resulted in a volumetric lattice difference between the inner and outer walls. Tubes containing SrFeCol.sO, provided methane conversion efficiencies of more than 99%, over more than 1000 h operation.
97/00582
Optical
imaging
systems
for ceramic
on reduction
of cooling
loads
attri-
Ahuja, S. et al., Proc. SPIE-lnt. Sm. Opt. Eng., 1996. 2766 (Thermosense XVIII: An international Conference on Thermal Sensing and Imaging Diagnostic Applications), 249-257. This paper examines the ceramic matrix composites being developed for numerous high temperature applications. including rotors and combustors for advanced turbine engines. heat exchanger and hot-gas filters for coal gasification plants. Among the materials of interest are silicon-carbidefibre-reinforced-silicon-carbide (SiC(f)/SiC), silicon-carbide-fibre-reinforced-silicon-nitride (SiC(f)/Si,N,), aluminum-oxide-reinforced-alumina (Al:OT(f)/ Al?O,), and so on. In the manufacturing process of these ceramic composites, the conditions of the fibreimatrix interface are critical to the mechanical and thermal behaviour of the component. The performance can be affected by defects such as delaminations and nonuniform porosity. A non-destructive evaluation method, developed at Argonne National Laboratory has proved beneficial in analysing asprocessed conditions and defect detection created during manufacturing. This non-destructive evaluation method uses IR thermal imaging for fullfield quantitative measurement of the distribution of thermal diffusivity in large components. Intensity transform algorithms have been used for contrast enhancement of the output image. Non-uniformity correction and automatic gain control are used to dynamically optimize video contrast and brightness, providing additional resolution in the acquired images.
97/00580 brickmaking
study
AND
Al-Turki, A. M. er al., Energy & BrG[diirg.s, IY97, 25, (I). l-5. This paper looks at a simple inexpensive method to meet the ever increasing demand for power to support the energy used for air conditioning in arid areas. This method takes advantage of the fact that the thermal resistance of a building roof is increased by adding a layer of loose gravel. The properties of the gravel as well as the intergranular trapped air reduces the heat transfer through the roof. The method was tested experimentally for outdoor weather conditions and the results show that the effect of the gravel mass intensity is more pronounced than the size of the gravel.
REFACTORIES/CERAMICS Properties,
applications)
m thick. Periscopic video viewers can be used to relay an image to a video camera located outside the cell so that the process inside the cell may be viewed. The periscopes are constructed using radiation-stabilized glasses.
97toO583 Comparative by roof gravel cover
12
(properties. product/on,
melters
Brenden, B. B. and Dhingra, H. S., Waste Management, 1995, 15, (5/h), 457-459. This paper is concerned with the development of periscoplc video viewers for use with ceramic melters in immobilizing radioactive wastes within a glass matrix. Because of the thermal and nuclear radiation and the chemical environment, the process is performed within a cell with shield walls 1.219
97100584 Energy consumption Russian apartment building stock
and
conservation
in the
Opitz, M. W. et al., Energy & Buiiding.s, 19Y7, 25. (1). 75-02. In response to reported figures that Russian residential buildings consume around twice the amount of primary energy for space heating as those in some developed Western countries, this study presents a preliminary set of information that looks at these areas specifically in the city of Moscow. This study breaks down Moscow’s district-heated apartment building stock by type and year of construction and by the thermal standards that were in place at the time of construction. These results are aggregated and the overall energy use for space-heating is estimated using a steady-state model. The predicted energy useand actual use were then compared. The indications of the study for the metered building were that poor control of heat delivery from the district heating system is responsible for the excess energy consumption.
97/00585 composite
Experimental type
thermal
study
of a solar
wall
of
Zalewski, L. ef al., Energy & Buildings, IYY7, 25, (I), 7-18. This study considers the two main drawbacks of a standard Trombe wall noting that these can be eliminated by a more complex design such as the composite Trombe wall. In connection with the architects such as J. Michel, a massive solar wall was designed with an insulting panel just behind it. A ventilated air layer was present between the panel and the wall. Vents were located at the top and the bottom of the insulting panel to allow air circulation and therefore energy into the building. A prototype was built into a test cell at Cadarache and was tested for 2 years, this allowed time for the various climatic conditions and operation modes to be examined. Tangential gradient type heat fluxmeters were used to determine the thermophysical properties of the massive wall and the heat transfers in the ventilated layer and to the building quantified. The data obtained from this study will be processed by software and the performance of the improved component evaluated.
97100586 Impact energy consumption
of daylight and cost
saving
time
on
residential
Rock, B., Energy Rr Buildings, 1997, 25. (I). 63-68. This is an evaluation of the effect of daylight saving time on a residential building’s HVAC and lighting energy consumption. In this study DOE-2.1 E is used to predict a residence’s annual energy consumption at 224 locations in the U.S.A. The quantities monitored ate annual electrical energy use, electrical cost, natural gas quantity, natural gas cost and total energy cost. A existing house in Lawrence, KS and its actual characteristics, operations schedules and utility bills are used in the preparation of the energy model. The results for this house, which is fairly typical property in the U.S.A., show that the energy consumption is increased on average when summer daylight time is used instead of standard daylight time throughout the year. Other combinations of standard and daylight time are also considered in this study.
An improvement 97lOO587 urban air temperatures
of the CTTC model for predicting
Elnahas, M. M. and Williamson, T. J., &rerXy & Rui/dmg,s, 1997, 25. (I). 41-49. The C’M’C model, which was originally developed by SwGd and Hoffman, has been improved to make it applicable in any fine weather situation. These improvements are presented in this paper together with the results of verification tests to check the accuracy of the new version. The significance of incorporating the urbanization effect to modify meteorological air temperatures used in thermal simulation programs is also investigated.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
45
97100577 ovens
Measurement
of coking
pressure
in industrial
coke
Kopeliovich. L. V. and Sukhorukov, V. I., Koks Khim.,. 19Y6, (3), 20-21 (In Russian). A polemic in answer to M. S. Sheptovitskii, A. G. Volfovskii, I. V. Shulga CI ~1. (ibid. 1905. 9. 14-18) is given.
Reduction of calcium 97/00578 lating fluidized bed furnace
sulfate
in a coal-fired
circu-
Talukdar. J. et ul., Fuel, 1996, 75. (9). I 115-1123. This paper looks at the sulfur capture process in a circulating fluidized bed furnace and the reactivity of partially sulfated calcium oxide.
Refactorieskeramics
13 SPACE HEATING COOLING
Production,
Applications
Determining thermal diffusivity and defect 97100579 butes in ceramic matrix composites by infrared imaging
Energy efficiency in China
and environmental
pollution
of
Zang. Z., Energy, 1997. 22, (I), 33-42. This paper examines the technologies, energy use and environmental pollution of brickmaking in China. China’s brick industry is characterized by its enormous size and large number of small producers with outdated technologies. More than 90% of the bricks are fired in annular kilns with coal as the predominant fuel, resulting in substantial SO?, COz and other air emissions. Based on available energy coefficients and emission factors, coal use for brickmaking and associated SO: and CO2 emissions are estimated. Government policies and options for energy-efficiency improvements in brickmaking are also discussed.
97100581 oxygenation
Mixed-conducting of methane
ceramic
membranes
for partial
Balachandran, U. et rrl., Ceram. Trans. 1996, 65 (Role of Ceramics in Advanced Electrochemical Systems), 23-35. In the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas, the activity of mixedconducting ceramic materials, produced from Sr-Fe-Co (SFC-type) mixed oxides in the form of tubes and bars was examined. The thermodynamic stability of the tubes was studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure by high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The mechical properties were adequate for a reactor containing SrFeCo,,.sO,; the ratio of ionic to electronic conductance was close to unity. The performance of the membrane tubes was good only with SrFeCo,r.sO,. Fracture of other catalysts was due to the introduction of an oxygen gradient that resulted in a volumetric lattice difference between the inner and outer walls. Tubes containing SrFeCol.sO, provided methane conversion efficiencies of more than 99%, over more than 1000 h operation.
97/00582
Optical
imaging
systems
for ceramic
on reduction
of cooling
loads
attri-
Ahuja, S. et al., Proc. SPIE-lnt. Sm. Opt. Eng., 1996. 2766 (Thermosense XVIII: An international Conference on Thermal Sensing and Imaging Diagnostic Applications), 249-257. This paper examines the ceramic matrix composites being developed for numerous high temperature applications. including rotors and combustors for advanced turbine engines. heat exchanger and hot-gas filters for coal gasification plants. Among the materials of interest are silicon-carbidefibre-reinforced-silicon-carbide (SiC(f)/SiC), silicon-carbide-fibre-reinforced-silicon-nitride (SiC(f)/Si,N,), aluminum-oxide-reinforced-alumina (Al:OT(f)/ Al?O,), and so on. In the manufacturing process of these ceramic composites, the conditions of the fibreimatrix interface are critical to the mechanical and thermal behaviour of the component. The performance can be affected by defects such as delaminations and nonuniform porosity. A non-destructive evaluation method, developed at Argonne National Laboratory has proved beneficial in analysing asprocessed conditions and defect detection created during manufacturing. This non-destructive evaluation method uses IR thermal imaging for fullfield quantitative measurement of the distribution of thermal diffusivity in large components. Intensity transform algorithms have been used for contrast enhancement of the output image. Non-uniformity correction and automatic gain control are used to dynamically optimize video contrast and brightness, providing additional resolution in the acquired images.
97/00580 brickmaking
study
AND
Al-Turki, A. M. er al., Energy & BrG[diirg.s, IY97, 25, (I). l-5. This paper looks at a simple inexpensive method to meet the ever increasing demand for power to support the energy used for air conditioning in arid areas. This method takes advantage of the fact that the thermal resistance of a building roof is increased by adding a layer of loose gravel. The properties of the gravel as well as the intergranular trapped air reduces the heat transfer through the roof. The method was tested experimentally for outdoor weather conditions and the results show that the effect of the gravel mass intensity is more pronounced than the size of the gravel.
REFACTORIES/CERAMICS Properties,
applications)
m thick. Periscopic video viewers can be used to relay an image to a video camera located outside the cell so that the process inside the cell may be viewed. The periscopes are constructed using radiation-stabilized glasses.
97toO583 Comparative by roof gravel cover
12
(properties. product/on,
melters
Brenden, B. B. and Dhingra, H. S., Waste Management, 1995, 15, (5/h), 457-459. This paper is concerned with the development of periscoplc video viewers for use with ceramic melters in immobilizing radioactive wastes within a glass matrix. Because of the thermal and nuclear radiation and the chemical environment, the process is performed within a cell with shield walls 1.219
97100584 Energy consumption Russian apartment building stock
and
conservation
in the
Opitz, M. W. et al., Energy & Buiiding.s, 19Y7, 25. (1). 75-02. In response to reported figures that Russian residential buildings consume around twice the amount of primary energy for space heating as those in some developed Western countries, this study presents a preliminary set of information that looks at these areas specifically in the city of Moscow. This study breaks down Moscow’s district-heated apartment building stock by type and year of construction and by the thermal standards that were in place at the time of construction. These results are aggregated and the overall energy use for space-heating is estimated using a steady-state model. The predicted energy useand actual use were then compared. The indications of the study for the metered building were that poor control of heat delivery from the district heating system is responsible for the excess energy consumption.
97/00585 composite
Experimental type
thermal
study
of a solar
wall
of
Zalewski, L. ef al., Energy & Buildings, IYY7, 25, (I), 7-18. This study considers the two main drawbacks of a standard Trombe wall noting that these can be eliminated by a more complex design such as the composite Trombe wall. In connection with the architects such as J. Michel, a massive solar wall was designed with an insulting panel just behind it. A ventilated air layer was present between the panel and the wall. Vents were located at the top and the bottom of the insulting panel to allow air circulation and therefore energy into the building. A prototype was built into a test cell at Cadarache and was tested for 2 years, this allowed time for the various climatic conditions and operation modes to be examined. Tangential gradient type heat fluxmeters were used to determine the thermophysical properties of the massive wall and the heat transfers in the ventilated layer and to the building quantified. The data obtained from this study will be processed by software and the performance of the improved component evaluated.
97100586 Impact energy consumption
of daylight and cost
saving
time
on
residential
Rock, B., Energy Rr Buildings, 1997, 25. (I). 63-68. This is an evaluation of the effect of daylight saving time on a residential building’s HVAC and lighting energy consumption. In this study DOE-2.1 E is used to predict a residence’s annual energy consumption at 224 locations in the U.S.A. The quantities monitored ate annual electrical energy use, electrical cost, natural gas quantity, natural gas cost and total energy cost. A existing house in Lawrence, KS and its actual characteristics, operations schedules and utility bills are used in the preparation of the energy model. The results for this house, which is fairly typical property in the U.S.A., show that the energy consumption is increased on average when summer daylight time is used instead of standard daylight time throughout the year. Other combinations of standard and daylight time are also considered in this study.
An improvement 97lOO587 urban air temperatures
of the CTTC model for predicting
Elnahas, M. M. and Williamson, T. J., &rerXy & Rui/dmg,s, 1997, 25. (I). 41-49. The C’M’C model, which was originally developed by SwGd and Hoffman, has been improved to make it applicable in any fine weather situation. These improvements are presented in this paper together with the results of verification tests to check the accuracy of the new version. The significance of incorporating the urbanization effect to modify meteorological air temperatures used in thermal simulation programs is also investigated.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1997
45