- Email: [email protected]
00707 Study on the reaction mechanism of CO and H2 in the corona discharge
17
Energy
(supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
coal alone. Mill fineness was slightly affected, as the wood particles did not grind as small as the coal particles. Coal particles experienced only a minimal effect due to the presence of the wood. Mill power increased with wood cofiring. Opacity was seen to increase with wood cofiring, the cause of which is presently under investigation. Nitrogen oxide emissions with wood were about the same or slightly less than with coal firing. Sulfur emissions in theory should have been 67% lower with wood cofiringhowever this was not observed because of fluctuations in the coal sulfur content.
Spray characterization: numerical prediction 97100704 Sauter mean diameter and droplet size distribution
of
Semiao, V. er al., Fuel, Dee 1996. 75, (15), 1707-1714. This article presents a simplified equation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa type for droplet size distribution in sprays, obtained from the synergetic concept of entropy information, assuming spherical droplets and zero and infinity as their limit sizes. The introduction of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) definition in that equation yields a new distribution function dependent solely on SMD, which is calculated from available correlations for pressurejet and pre-filming airblast atomizers. Several droplet size ditributions are predicted. The agreement between experimental data and predictions of SMD is satisfactory.
Studies on the method of determination of Kovats indexes of alkylbenzene with high reproducibility
97100705
retention
Yang, Wenchu and Chen. Bangile Fenxi Huaxue, 1996, 24, (7), 862. (In Chinese) In order to solve the problem of poor reproducibility of Kovats retention index for alkylbenzenes when using OV-101 columns, a method is proposed to analyse the aromatic fraction of synthetic gasolin. Homologous compounds of alkylbenzenes are selected as the reference compounds. 97100706
organic
Study on association behavior of coal extracts solvents by surface tension measurement
in
Hayasaka, K. et al., Sekitan Kagaku Koigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1995, 32, 153-156. (In Japanese) The paper presents the findings of experimenis in which the surface tension of coal extracts, i.e. acetone soluble (AS), and pyridine soluble-acetone were measured at insoluble (PS) fractions, in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 25°C by the Wilbelmy plate method.
Study on the reaction the corona discharge 97100707
mechanism
of CO and H2 in
Zhang, W. et al., Meitan Zhrranhua, 199f1, 19, (l), 78-81. (In Chinese) This paper studies the reaction mechanism of CO and Hz from synthesis gas in the corona discharge. The discharge chemical reaction of CO and Hz was the reaction between free radicals which were formed by collisions between a molecule and a electron. In the range of low input voltage, the acceleration of a low energy electron to a high energy electron with electric field controlled the rate of the discharge chemical reaction of CO and HZ. The main product of the reaction was methane.
97100708 regulating
A study on the transient Joule-Thomson cryocooler
characteristics
of a self-
Chien, S. B. et al.. Cryogenics, 1996, 36, (IZ), ?79-Y84. An experimental and numerical study of transtent characteristics for the self-regulating Joule-Thomson (J-T) cryocooler is developed in the present work. The modelling of the bellows control mechanism and the simulation of the cooler system are developed. It is proved by experiment that the most important transient behaviours can be accurately predicted by the present numerical simulation. In order to rectify the instability problem of the bellows controlled J-T cooler, this study also proposes a revised design to improve temperature stability. The revised dual-orifice J-T cooler can effectively reduce the phenomena of unstable temperature and mass flow rate, but sacrifices the expected gas consumption rise by approximately 5%. Through experimental evaluation, it becomes obvious that this revised type cooler would be a better design.
Theoretical analysis 97100709 stone during coal gasification
on the de-sulfurizing
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
Supplies, 97lOO711
semiconducting
January 1997
Policy, Economics,
Forecasts
Anglo ahead of expectations
Mining Jnl, 29 Nov. 1996, 327, (8406). 441. Examines Anglo American Corporation’s announcement ings well above market expectations.
The contribution to the greenhouse 97100712 use of peat and coal for energy
of interim earn-
effect from the
Zetterberg, L. and Klemedtsson, L., IVL Rep., 1996, (B 1237). In this study greenhouse gas emissions and uptake were estimated from peat production and combustion in four regions of Sweden. Net emissions were defined as the sum of emissions and uptake from mining, loading, transporting, burning, and foresting peat land minus emissions from virgin peat land: cropping of forested peat land was not considered. Net carbon dioxide emissions from peat production and combustion was estahlished to be 87 g/MJ in the Bergslagen and Smaaland regions, 99 g/MJ in Haeijedalen. and 95 g/MJ in Vaesterbotten kustland. Net nitrogen oxide emissions were estimated to be 66 mg/MJ for all regions. Due to natural methane emissions from a virgin peat bog, peat production and combustion reduced net methane emissions by 0.9 g CH,/MJ peat. A hypothetical case was studied where all drained peat areas were forested vs approximately half the area as it is today. According to this scenario, net carbon dioxide emissions were reduced from 87 to 57 g carbon dioxide/MJ peat for Bergslagen. As a comparison, carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion were -Y2 g carbon dioxide/MJ. Based on the emissions inventory, the contribution to the greenhouse effect was calculated in terms of the contribution to atmospheric radiative forcing. Compared to earlier cases where background concentrations were assumed constant, radiative forcing from both peat and coal was reduced by 20% on average over 100 years. However, the ratio between peat and coal was approximately the same.
97100713 sumption 2009-l 0
Energy 1997 and production:
Projections-Australian energy conhistorical trends and projections to
Bush, S. et al.. ABARE, Energy Economics Branch, GPO Box 1563, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, Feb. 1997. This report is a profile of the Australian energy sector, past, present and future which covers a set of projections of energy consumption and production to the year 2009-10 and an historical perspective of trends in energy markets since the early 1970s. In addition, the provision of statistics on key issues-energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector-should assist informed decision making. All energy types, all states and internal territories, and all main sectoral divisions of the Australian energy market are covered in the report. It is a biennial publication which continues a series produced by Commonwealth agencies since the early 1970s.
97100714
Energy conservation
applied to mineral preparation
Sampat, K. V. Y., Miner. Process.: Recent Adv. Furure Trends. Proc. Conf., 1995, 808-815. Edited by Mehrotra, S. P. and Shekhar, R., Allied Publishers: New Delhi., India. As energy conservation is a so important in India, energy cost has become a significant factor in economic activity on a level with the factors like capital, land and labour costs. Mineral preparation. is a major consumer of energy in mining and metallurgical industry and therefore affords opportunity for energy conservation. Energy auditing is a powerful tool to identify the opportunities of energy conservation and in this study the approach to energy conservation in respect of mining and mineral prepn. including coal mining and processing of minerals is discussed with some case studies.
97100715
polyaniline
thin
Misra, S. C. K. et al., Proc. SPIE-Inr. Sot. Opt. Eng., 199f1, 2733, 223-225. The electrical conductance, optical absorption, and electrical capacitance of the metal-polyaniline interface is strongly influenced by the presence of gas molecules. These results have led to development of gas sensors for use in semiconductor industry, environment monitoring, coal mine\ and other industries, where a continuous and in-situ monitoring of the working environment with respect to presence of gases is required.
56
ENERGY
of lime-
Chang, L., Meitan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (1). 57-hl,. (In Chinese) This paper looks at the mechanism on the capturing and removing of sulfur with limestone in fluidized-bed during coal gasification. The areas studied were the thermodynamic criterion and the parameters of operating condition in the gasification. Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate had a de-sulfurizing effect. Iron oxide and sodium oxide in the limestone might have a de-sulfurizing effect. magnesium oxide, potassium oxide and aluminium oxide in the limestone did not have a de-sulfurizing effect,
Vacuum-deposited 97/00710 film gas sensors
17
Energy consumption
and economic
growth
Cheng, B. S., J. Energy Devel., Autumn 1995, XXI, (I), 73-84. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth or gross national product is a controversial subject. This review of the related literature reveals mixed and inconclusive evidence concerning this relationship.
97100716 A framework for environmental of long-distance energy transport systems
impact assessment
Knoepfel, I. H.. Energy (Oxford). 1996, 21, (718). hY3-702. This study looks at a simple framework for environmental life-cycle assessment based on physical measures and applied to the comparison of long-distance energy transport systems, including high-voltage alternating and d.c. transmission lines, pipelines for gas and oil, inland waterway, road and rail transportation. Quantity indicators for fossil-energy consumption, air-emission impacts, land use, audible noise impacts, and visual impacts are developed. These can be used in the context of existing planning or decision making instruments, such as integrated resource planning, technological assessment, life-cycle assessment, regional planning, line
Energy
(supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
coal alone. Mill fineness was slightly affected, as the wood particles did not grind as small as the coal particles. Coal particles experienced only a minimal effect due to the presence of the wood. Mill power increased with wood cofiring. Opacity was seen to increase with wood cofiring, the cause of which is presently under investigation. Nitrogen oxide emissions with wood were about the same or slightly less than with coal firing. Sulfur emissions in theory should have been 67% lower with wood cofiringhowever this was not observed because of fluctuations in the coal sulfur content.
Spray characterization: numerical prediction 97100704 Sauter mean diameter and droplet size distribution
of
Semiao, V. er al., Fuel, Dee 1996. 75, (15), 1707-1714. This article presents a simplified equation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa type for droplet size distribution in sprays, obtained from the synergetic concept of entropy information, assuming spherical droplets and zero and infinity as their limit sizes. The introduction of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) definition in that equation yields a new distribution function dependent solely on SMD, which is calculated from available correlations for pressurejet and pre-filming airblast atomizers. Several droplet size ditributions are predicted. The agreement between experimental data and predictions of SMD is satisfactory.
Studies on the method of determination of Kovats indexes of alkylbenzene with high reproducibility
97100705
retention
Yang, Wenchu and Chen. Bangile Fenxi Huaxue, 1996, 24, (7), 862. (In Chinese) In order to solve the problem of poor reproducibility of Kovats retention index for alkylbenzenes when using OV-101 columns, a method is proposed to analyse the aromatic fraction of synthetic gasolin. Homologous compounds of alkylbenzenes are selected as the reference compounds. 97100706
organic
Study on association behavior of coal extracts solvents by surface tension measurement
in
Hayasaka, K. et al., Sekitan Kagaku Koigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1995, 32, 153-156. (In Japanese) The paper presents the findings of experimenis in which the surface tension of coal extracts, i.e. acetone soluble (AS), and pyridine soluble-acetone were measured at insoluble (PS) fractions, in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 25°C by the Wilbelmy plate method.
Study on the reaction the corona discharge 97100707
mechanism
of CO and H2 in
Zhang, W. et al., Meitan Zhrranhua, 199f1, 19, (l), 78-81. (In Chinese) This paper studies the reaction mechanism of CO and Hz from synthesis gas in the corona discharge. The discharge chemical reaction of CO and Hz was the reaction between free radicals which were formed by collisions between a molecule and a electron. In the range of low input voltage, the acceleration of a low energy electron to a high energy electron with electric field controlled the rate of the discharge chemical reaction of CO and HZ. The main product of the reaction was methane.
97100708 regulating
A study on the transient Joule-Thomson cryocooler
characteristics
of a self-
Chien, S. B. et al.. Cryogenics, 1996, 36, (IZ), ?79-Y84. An experimental and numerical study of transtent characteristics for the self-regulating Joule-Thomson (J-T) cryocooler is developed in the present work. The modelling of the bellows control mechanism and the simulation of the cooler system are developed. It is proved by experiment that the most important transient behaviours can be accurately predicted by the present numerical simulation. In order to rectify the instability problem of the bellows controlled J-T cooler, this study also proposes a revised design to improve temperature stability. The revised dual-orifice J-T cooler can effectively reduce the phenomena of unstable temperature and mass flow rate, but sacrifices the expected gas consumption rise by approximately 5%. Through experimental evaluation, it becomes obvious that this revised type cooler would be a better design.
Theoretical analysis 97100709 stone during coal gasification
on the de-sulfurizing
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
Supplies, 97lOO711
semiconducting
January 1997
Policy, Economics,
Forecasts
Anglo ahead of expectations
Mining Jnl, 29 Nov. 1996, 327, (8406). 441. Examines Anglo American Corporation’s announcement ings well above market expectations.
The contribution to the greenhouse 97100712 use of peat and coal for energy
of interim earn-
effect from the
Zetterberg, L. and Klemedtsson, L., IVL Rep., 1996, (B 1237). In this study greenhouse gas emissions and uptake were estimated from peat production and combustion in four regions of Sweden. Net emissions were defined as the sum of emissions and uptake from mining, loading, transporting, burning, and foresting peat land minus emissions from virgin peat land: cropping of forested peat land was not considered. Net carbon dioxide emissions from peat production and combustion was estahlished to be 87 g/MJ in the Bergslagen and Smaaland regions, 99 g/MJ in Haeijedalen. and 95 g/MJ in Vaesterbotten kustland. Net nitrogen oxide emissions were estimated to be 66 mg/MJ for all regions. Due to natural methane emissions from a virgin peat bog, peat production and combustion reduced net methane emissions by 0.9 g CH,/MJ peat. A hypothetical case was studied where all drained peat areas were forested vs approximately half the area as it is today. According to this scenario, net carbon dioxide emissions were reduced from 87 to 57 g carbon dioxide/MJ peat for Bergslagen. As a comparison, carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion were -Y2 g carbon dioxide/MJ. Based on the emissions inventory, the contribution to the greenhouse effect was calculated in terms of the contribution to atmospheric radiative forcing. Compared to earlier cases where background concentrations were assumed constant, radiative forcing from both peat and coal was reduced by 20% on average over 100 years. However, the ratio between peat and coal was approximately the same.
97100713 sumption 2009-l 0
Energy 1997 and production:
Projections-Australian energy conhistorical trends and projections to
Bush, S. et al.. ABARE, Energy Economics Branch, GPO Box 1563, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, Feb. 1997. This report is a profile of the Australian energy sector, past, present and future which covers a set of projections of energy consumption and production to the year 2009-10 and an historical perspective of trends in energy markets since the early 1970s. In addition, the provision of statistics on key issues-energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector-should assist informed decision making. All energy types, all states and internal territories, and all main sectoral divisions of the Australian energy market are covered in the report. It is a biennial publication which continues a series produced by Commonwealth agencies since the early 1970s.
97100714
Energy conservation
applied to mineral preparation
Sampat, K. V. Y., Miner. Process.: Recent Adv. Furure Trends. Proc. Conf., 1995, 808-815. Edited by Mehrotra, S. P. and Shekhar, R., Allied Publishers: New Delhi., India. As energy conservation is a so important in India, energy cost has become a significant factor in economic activity on a level with the factors like capital, land and labour costs. Mineral preparation. is a major consumer of energy in mining and metallurgical industry and therefore affords opportunity for energy conservation. Energy auditing is a powerful tool to identify the opportunities of energy conservation and in this study the approach to energy conservation in respect of mining and mineral prepn. including coal mining and processing of minerals is discussed with some case studies.
97100715
polyaniline
thin
Misra, S. C. K. et al., Proc. SPIE-Inr. Sot. Opt. Eng., 199f1, 2733, 223-225. The electrical conductance, optical absorption, and electrical capacitance of the metal-polyaniline interface is strongly influenced by the presence of gas molecules. These results have led to development of gas sensors for use in semiconductor industry, environment monitoring, coal mine\ and other industries, where a continuous and in-situ monitoring of the working environment with respect to presence of gases is required.
56
ENERGY
of lime-
Chang, L., Meitan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (1). 57-hl,. (In Chinese) This paper looks at the mechanism on the capturing and removing of sulfur with limestone in fluidized-bed during coal gasification. The areas studied were the thermodynamic criterion and the parameters of operating condition in the gasification. Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate had a de-sulfurizing effect. Iron oxide and sodium oxide in the limestone might have a de-sulfurizing effect. magnesium oxide, potassium oxide and aluminium oxide in the limestone did not have a de-sulfurizing effect,
Vacuum-deposited 97/00710 film gas sensors
17
Energy consumption
and economic
growth
Cheng, B. S., J. Energy Devel., Autumn 1995, XXI, (I), 73-84. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth or gross national product is a controversial subject. This review of the related literature reveals mixed and inconclusive evidence concerning this relationship.
97100716 A framework for environmental of long-distance energy transport systems
impact assessment
Knoepfel, I. H.. Energy (Oxford). 1996, 21, (718). hY3-702. This study looks at a simple framework for environmental life-cycle assessment based on physical measures and applied to the comparison of long-distance energy transport systems, including high-voltage alternating and d.c. transmission lines, pipelines for gas and oil, inland waterway, road and rail transportation. Quantity indicators for fossil-energy consumption, air-emission impacts, land use, audible noise impacts, and visual impacts are developed. These can be used in the context of existing planning or decision making instruments, such as integrated resource planning, technological assessment, life-cycle assessment, regional planning, line