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ZrO2 catalysts for CH4 partial oxidation
03
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
Catalysts for the partial 97lO1031 carbons to synthesis gas
oxidation
of light hydro-
Verykios. X. et ul. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 741, 107 (Cl. COlB3138). 6 Nov 1996, GR Appl. 100, 173. 3 May 1995. 17 pp. Explores the use of two catalysts in the partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons such as natural gas to synthesis gas.
Catalytic activity and coke resistance in the carbon 97101032 dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas over zeolitesupported Ni catalysts Chang, J.-S. et u/. A/?/J/. Card., A, 1996, 145, (I-2). I I l-124. This study involved the CO* reforming of methane to synthesis gas over pentasil-type zeolite-supported Ni catalysts. High activity with high resistance to coke formation in the catalysts was confirmed by obtaining near equilibrium conversions of CO? and methane as well as near equilibrium yields on CO and HZ for >I40 h operation. Coke deposition was significantly diminished by on the catalysts during CO2 reforming addition of alkali promoters. This was attributed to the formation of carbonate species on alkali promoters, located adjacent to Ni sites, and to the dissociative adsorption of COz on an Ni surface by the addition of alkali promoters.
97101033 spouted-bed
Catalytic gasifier
coal
gasification
using
a draft-tube
Hatate, Y. et crl. Kopku Kogaku Ronhmshu. IYY6, 22, (5), IIXO-I 184 (in Japanese). This article details how a new type coalgasifier, consisting of a draft tube spouted bed with circulating ceramic particles as a thermal medium, was demonstrated to produce hydrogen rich gases from subbituminous coal loaded with potassium carbonate. Although a low content of hydrogen in the produced gases was obtained due to the large amount of bypass flow (from nozzle to annulus) for HD (distance between throat nozzle and draft tube) = 6 mm, initially expected results such as no generation of tar, nearly perfect carbon conversion and 55% hydrogen content in the produced gases were achieved for HD = 3 mm. proving the potential of the coal gasifier proposed.
of
97lOlO34
Catalytic
conversion
of methane
to hythane
Pandey, R. N. er al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 22, 941 (Cl. COlB3/38), I Aug 1996, CA Appl. 2, 141, 065, 25 Jan 1995, 23 pp. Details the direct conversion of methane to hythane, a S-20 vol.% hydrogen and X0-95 vol.% natural gas mixture, suitable for use as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. The conversion is effected by oxidizing methane with water vapor at 4OO-500” and pressure l-5 atm in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium or its binary alloy with another metal selected from Group IB, Group IIA. Group VIII and the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table. and the catalyst is being supported on a porous carrier. The direct conversion of methane to hythane in accordance with the present invention enables hythane to he produced not only economically and efficiently, but also at or near vehicle fueling sites, thereby eliminating the storage and transportation of dangerously reactive hydrogen for mixing with methane or natural gas.
Catalytic performance of Ni/ZrO:, catalysts 97101035 partial oxidation Zhang, Y. et al. Cuihrca Xurhuo, 1996, 17, (5), 375-377.
for CH4
Presents an evaluation of the catalytic performance of a series of Ni/ZrOz catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas. The Ni-ZrOz catalysts with rare-earth additives were suitable for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas. CH? conversion was >92%, with CO and HZ selectivities >90% at 973 K and space velocity of 284 l/g-h at 2:1 CH.,-02 vol ratio.
Catalytic 97101036 method for purification
reduction of sulfur dioxide-effective and utilization of waste gases
Aklimedov, M. M. et al. Tsvefn. Met. (Moscow), 1996, (3). 34-36. (In Russian) Presents the results of thermodynamic and kinetic investigations of reduction of sulfur dioxide-containing gases by methane, synthesis gas, and hydrogen. The technology for processing of concentrated sulfur dioxide-containing gases from smelting is proposed. Optimal conditions of reduction processes were determined. Gas mixtures containing 9-12s SOa can be reduced at space velocity 1000-1500/h to give sulfur recovery of 60-63s~ after first stage.
97101037
Catalytic
supercritical
gasification
of wet biomass
Antal Jr., M. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 30, 464 (Cl. ClOJ3/00), 3 Ott 1996.. US Appl. 414, 523, 31 Mar 1995. 29 pp. Details a process for the supercritical gasification of wet biomass. A hydrogen-rich gas may be formed from feedstocks that may include water hyacinth, algae or organic waste, or mixtures of biomass and organic waste. Reaction products are substantially free of tars or chars.
66
Fuel and Energy Absfracts
March 1997
97101036 Characterization of gasification reactivity of peat char in pressurized conditions. Effect of product gas inhibition and inorganic material Moilanen, A. and Muehlen, H-J. I;uel, lYY6. 75. (1I). 1270-12X.5. A discussion of the characteristic effects of the main operating parameter\ in pressurized fluidized bed gasification, such as pressure and product gas composition, and of inorganic material on peat char gasification reactivity. The measurements were carried out isothermally in a pressurized thermobalance at temperatures between 1023 and 1233 K and pressures up to I..5 MPa. Steam and carbon dioxide, both pure and mixed with the product gases Hz and CO, were used as reaction agents. The reactivity was expressed in the form of instantaneous gasification rate vs. char hurnoff. The steam gasification rate of peat char was only slightly higher than the COz gasification rate. and the gasification rates decreased at increasing pressure in both steam and carbon dioxide. The steam gasification rate of the peat char increased to a maximum before decreasing with increasing char hurnoff. In carbon dioxide. the main trend was that the gasification rate slightly increased with the hurnoff. Demineralization of the peat decreased the reactivity and also removed the negative hurnoff hehavioui observed in steam gasification. The presence of the product gases H, and CO inhibited the gasification of the peat char almost entirely.
97101039 Chemical transformations in carbonate absorption solutions used to remove carbon dioxide from synthesis gases resulting in formation of carboxylic acids Halat, A. and Seweryniak, M. Pr. Nauk. Ins/. Tcch~wl. Nirorgortic~ Nuwozow Miner. F’&ech. Wwcluw.. 1995. 43, (Postep i Bezpieczenstwo Techniczne w Technologii Nawozow Azotowych. IYYS). 17-7’). (In Polish) Investigates the formation of formic acid and acetic acid in the process of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen absorption in carbonate solutions. The reversible reaction of carbon monoxide with potassium carbonate solution and formation of potassium formate and carbon dioxide was experimentally proven. The reaction mechanism and kinetic parameters of the formation reaction are described. No hydrogen participation wa\ ohserved in the investigated reactions.
97/01040
COz gasification of iron loaded carbon Tanaka. S. et ul. Sekitun Kapku Krrigi Happya Rmhrtrtvhu. lYY3, 30, 67-70 (In Japanese).. In this study COz gasification of iron-loaded Yallourn coal, carbon black, and active carbon was carried out in a thermobalance. The sample wa\ heated to 800” under Ar and then gasified with COL. When the sample was with CO for 120 s, a rapid weight decrease was treated at 780 to -800 observed for selected samples. Such rapid gasification was attrihuted to the highly dispersed state of iron on the carbon species. 97101041
COz-reforming
of methane
on supported
Rh and Ir
catalysts Mark, M. F. and Maier, W. F. J. Crrrcr(.. I9Yh. 164. (I), 122lit). Presents a study into the effect of catalyst structure on the (‘0: reforming of methane in the temperature range 5SO-85O’C with oxide-supported Rh and Ir catalysts under conditions of reaction rate control. 97101042
Coal
gasification
system
combined
with
power
generation Ikeguchi, T. et 01. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP OX. 21X. XYI [Y6. 218. XYI] (Cl. FtJ2C3128). 27 Aug 1996, Appl. 95121, 486, Y Feh IYYS. 6 pp (In Japanese). Details a system for the gasification of coal with combined power generation. It comprises a means for separating oxygen and nitrogen from air in a cryogenic separator, a means for gasification of coal or heavy oils with oxygen in a catalytic reactor to generate combustible gases, a means for utilizing the combustible gases to drive the shaft of gas turbines in a power plant, and a means for utilizing the nitrogen from the cryogenic separator to cool the gas turbine blades. 97101043 Coal gasifier and its operation method Yokohama, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 188, 781 106, 188, 7811 (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 23 Jul 1996, Appl. 9511, X70, IO Jan 1995. 5 pp (In Japanese). The coal gasifier described comprises a means for feeding powdered coal from a ball mill into a combustor zone to form high-temperature gases, a means for introducing the high-temperature gases into a reduction zone, a means for feeding alkali earth metals-based flux suitable for reducing the melting point of coal ashes into the combustor zone, and a means for recovering the char from a cyclone and recycling it into the comhustor zone. This method increases the dischargeability of coal ashes and increases gasification efficiency. 97101044 Cogasification of domestic fuels. Green, A. et al. FACT (Am. Sm. Mech. Eng.), 1995. 20 (Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Power Generation Conference, 1995, I), 247-258. Considers on-site cogasification of domestic fuels to identify feedstock combinations that could be cogasified profitably even when oil prices are low. Coal-natural gas, coal-biomass, biomass-natural gas, and coal-MSW are among the promising domestic combinations. The article concludes that cogasification of domestic fuels could serve as a near term clean combustion technology helpful towards trade deficit reduction and achieving global environmental goals.
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
Catalysts for the partial 97lO1031 carbons to synthesis gas
oxidation
of light hydro-
Verykios. X. et ul. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 741, 107 (Cl. COlB3138). 6 Nov 1996, GR Appl. 100, 173. 3 May 1995. 17 pp. Explores the use of two catalysts in the partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons such as natural gas to synthesis gas.
Catalytic activity and coke resistance in the carbon 97101032 dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas over zeolitesupported Ni catalysts Chang, J.-S. et u/. A/?/J/. Card., A, 1996, 145, (I-2). I I l-124. This study involved the CO* reforming of methane to synthesis gas over pentasil-type zeolite-supported Ni catalysts. High activity with high resistance to coke formation in the catalysts was confirmed by obtaining near equilibrium conversions of CO? and methane as well as near equilibrium yields on CO and HZ for >I40 h operation. Coke deposition was significantly diminished by on the catalysts during CO2 reforming addition of alkali promoters. This was attributed to the formation of carbonate species on alkali promoters, located adjacent to Ni sites, and to the dissociative adsorption of COz on an Ni surface by the addition of alkali promoters.
97101033 spouted-bed
Catalytic gasifier
coal
gasification
using
a draft-tube
Hatate, Y. et crl. Kopku Kogaku Ronhmshu. IYY6, 22, (5), IIXO-I 184 (in Japanese). This article details how a new type coalgasifier, consisting of a draft tube spouted bed with circulating ceramic particles as a thermal medium, was demonstrated to produce hydrogen rich gases from subbituminous coal loaded with potassium carbonate. Although a low content of hydrogen in the produced gases was obtained due to the large amount of bypass flow (from nozzle to annulus) for HD (distance between throat nozzle and draft tube) = 6 mm, initially expected results such as no generation of tar, nearly perfect carbon conversion and 55% hydrogen content in the produced gases were achieved for HD = 3 mm. proving the potential of the coal gasifier proposed.
of
97lOlO34
Catalytic
conversion
of methane
to hythane
Pandey, R. N. er al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 22, 941 (Cl. COlB3/38), I Aug 1996, CA Appl. 2, 141, 065, 25 Jan 1995, 23 pp. Details the direct conversion of methane to hythane, a S-20 vol.% hydrogen and X0-95 vol.% natural gas mixture, suitable for use as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. The conversion is effected by oxidizing methane with water vapor at 4OO-500” and pressure l-5 atm in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium or its binary alloy with another metal selected from Group IB, Group IIA. Group VIII and the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table. and the catalyst is being supported on a porous carrier. The direct conversion of methane to hythane in accordance with the present invention enables hythane to he produced not only economically and efficiently, but also at or near vehicle fueling sites, thereby eliminating the storage and transportation of dangerously reactive hydrogen for mixing with methane or natural gas.
Catalytic performance of Ni/ZrO:, catalysts 97101035 partial oxidation Zhang, Y. et al. Cuihrca Xurhuo, 1996, 17, (5), 375-377.
for CH4
Presents an evaluation of the catalytic performance of a series of Ni/ZrOz catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas. The Ni-ZrOz catalysts with rare-earth additives were suitable for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas. CH? conversion was >92%, with CO and HZ selectivities >90% at 973 K and space velocity of 284 l/g-h at 2:1 CH.,-02 vol ratio.
Catalytic 97101036 method for purification
reduction of sulfur dioxide-effective and utilization of waste gases
Aklimedov, M. M. et al. Tsvefn. Met. (Moscow), 1996, (3). 34-36. (In Russian) Presents the results of thermodynamic and kinetic investigations of reduction of sulfur dioxide-containing gases by methane, synthesis gas, and hydrogen. The technology for processing of concentrated sulfur dioxide-containing gases from smelting is proposed. Optimal conditions of reduction processes were determined. Gas mixtures containing 9-12s SOa can be reduced at space velocity 1000-1500/h to give sulfur recovery of 60-63s~ after first stage.
97101037
Catalytic
supercritical
gasification
of wet biomass
Antal Jr., M. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 30, 464 (Cl. ClOJ3/00), 3 Ott 1996.. US Appl. 414, 523, 31 Mar 1995. 29 pp. Details a process for the supercritical gasification of wet biomass. A hydrogen-rich gas may be formed from feedstocks that may include water hyacinth, algae or organic waste, or mixtures of biomass and organic waste. Reaction products are substantially free of tars or chars.
66
Fuel and Energy Absfracts
March 1997
97101036 Characterization of gasification reactivity of peat char in pressurized conditions. Effect of product gas inhibition and inorganic material Moilanen, A. and Muehlen, H-J. I;uel, lYY6. 75. (1I). 1270-12X.5. A discussion of the characteristic effects of the main operating parameter\ in pressurized fluidized bed gasification, such as pressure and product gas composition, and of inorganic material on peat char gasification reactivity. The measurements were carried out isothermally in a pressurized thermobalance at temperatures between 1023 and 1233 K and pressures up to I..5 MPa. Steam and carbon dioxide, both pure and mixed with the product gases Hz and CO, were used as reaction agents. The reactivity was expressed in the form of instantaneous gasification rate vs. char hurnoff. The steam gasification rate of peat char was only slightly higher than the COz gasification rate. and the gasification rates decreased at increasing pressure in both steam and carbon dioxide. The steam gasification rate of the peat char increased to a maximum before decreasing with increasing char hurnoff. In carbon dioxide. the main trend was that the gasification rate slightly increased with the hurnoff. Demineralization of the peat decreased the reactivity and also removed the negative hurnoff hehavioui observed in steam gasification. The presence of the product gases H, and CO inhibited the gasification of the peat char almost entirely.
97101039 Chemical transformations in carbonate absorption solutions used to remove carbon dioxide from synthesis gases resulting in formation of carboxylic acids Halat, A. and Seweryniak, M. Pr. Nauk. Ins/. Tcch~wl. Nirorgortic~ Nuwozow Miner. F’&ech. Wwcluw.. 1995. 43, (Postep i Bezpieczenstwo Techniczne w Technologii Nawozow Azotowych. IYYS). 17-7’). (In Polish) Investigates the formation of formic acid and acetic acid in the process of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen absorption in carbonate solutions. The reversible reaction of carbon monoxide with potassium carbonate solution and formation of potassium formate and carbon dioxide was experimentally proven. The reaction mechanism and kinetic parameters of the formation reaction are described. No hydrogen participation wa\ ohserved in the investigated reactions.
97/01040
COz gasification of iron loaded carbon Tanaka. S. et ul. Sekitun Kapku Krrigi Happya Rmhrtrtvhu. lYY3, 30, 67-70 (In Japanese).. In this study COz gasification of iron-loaded Yallourn coal, carbon black, and active carbon was carried out in a thermobalance. The sample wa\ heated to 800” under Ar and then gasified with COL. When the sample was with CO for 120 s, a rapid weight decrease was treated at 780 to -800 observed for selected samples. Such rapid gasification was attrihuted to the highly dispersed state of iron on the carbon species. 97101041
COz-reforming
of methane
on supported
Rh and Ir
catalysts Mark, M. F. and Maier, W. F. J. Crrrcr(.. I9Yh. 164. (I), 122lit). Presents a study into the effect of catalyst structure on the (‘0: reforming of methane in the temperature range 5SO-85O’C with oxide-supported Rh and Ir catalysts under conditions of reaction rate control. 97101042
Coal
gasification
system
combined
with
power
generation Ikeguchi, T. et 01. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP OX. 21X. XYI [Y6. 218. XYI] (Cl. FtJ2C3128). 27 Aug 1996, Appl. 95121, 486, Y Feh IYYS. 6 pp (In Japanese). Details a system for the gasification of coal with combined power generation. It comprises a means for separating oxygen and nitrogen from air in a cryogenic separator, a means for gasification of coal or heavy oils with oxygen in a catalytic reactor to generate combustible gases, a means for utilizing the combustible gases to drive the shaft of gas turbines in a power plant, and a means for utilizing the nitrogen from the cryogenic separator to cool the gas turbine blades. 97101043 Coal gasifier and its operation method Yokohama, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 188, 781 106, 188, 7811 (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 23 Jul 1996, Appl. 9511, X70, IO Jan 1995. 5 pp (In Japanese). The coal gasifier described comprises a means for feeding powdered coal from a ball mill into a combustor zone to form high-temperature gases, a means for introducing the high-temperature gases into a reduction zone, a means for feeding alkali earth metals-based flux suitable for reducing the melting point of coal ashes into the combustor zone, and a means for recovering the char from a cyclone and recycling it into the comhustor zone. This method increases the dischargeability of coal ashes and increases gasification efficiency. 97101044 Cogasification of domestic fuels. Green, A. et al. FACT (Am. Sm. Mech. Eng.), 1995. 20 (Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Power Generation Conference, 1995, I), 247-258. Considers on-site cogasification of domestic fuels to identify feedstock combinations that could be cogasified profitably even when oil prices are low. Coal-natural gas, coal-biomass, biomass-natural gas, and coal-MSW are among the promising domestic combinations. The article concludes that cogasification of domestic fuels could serve as a near term clean combustion technology helpful towards trade deficit reduction and achieving global environmental goals.