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01140 Spouted-bed coal gasifier burner and its use in coal gasification
03
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
Pyrolysis 97fO1125 aceous materials
and
fixed-bed
gasification
of carbon-
Rabe, W. ef al. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 509, 570 (Cl. ClOJ3/60), 19 Sep 1996, Appl. 19, 509, 570, 16 Mar 1995, 4 pp. (In German) In this study thermoplastic polymer containing wastes were subjected to successive pyrolysis and fixed-bed gasification in the same reactor. The height of the fixed bed depends on the pyrolysis temperature. With decreasing bed height. the gas yield is increased and the yield of condensable hydrocarbons is decreased. Typically, the system is used for simultaneous processing of brown-coal briquettes, compacted polymer wastes, and tar-oil-solid-water mixtures to produce a synthesis gas.
97101126
Pyrolysis
of Kansk-Achinsk
lignite in methane
Khim. Tverd. Top/. (Moscow), Syroezhko, A. M. and Proskuryakov, V. A. 1996. (3), 66-72. (In Russian) Presents the results of a comparative study into the high-temperature methanolysis. medium-temperature pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis, and copyrolysis in the presence of organic modifiers of 2 KAB-type Iignites. The yields and compositions of gas, solid, and liquid products were determined. In methanolysis, the yield of solid residue and the content of ethene in gaseous products were increased. Hydropyrolysis and copyrolysis resulted in high tar yields and low-reactivity mechanically stable semi-coke with an optimal granule size.
97101127
Pyrolysis
of scrap tires: can it be profitable?
CHEMTECH, 1996. 26, (IO), 48-53. Wojtowicz, M. A. and Serio, M. A. Describes a process for the reprocessing of scrap tires which produces marketable products: activated carbon, carbon black and Boudouard carbon and fuel gas. A preliminary cost analysis for Ihe proposed tire reprocessing scheme is discussed.
Pyrolysis-cum-water vapor gasification of coals/ 97101126 lignite: Effects of temperature and cobalt loading on the yield and quality of gas obtained Srivastava, S K. and Alam. S. Fuel Sci. Technol., 1995, 14, (l), 10-25. Details studies on pyrolysis-cum-water vapour gasification of a lignite and four coals which were carried out at 500°C. The effects of temperature and two percent cobalt loading on the yield and quality of product gas obtained on pyrolysis and then gasifying the remaining char with water vapour, were studied.
Reduction 97101129 tion of the reactants autothermic conversion
of exergy losses and temperature of methane
through the distribuin the double-stage
Safonov, M. S. et al. Them. Found. Chem. Eng. (Transl. of Tear. Osn. Khim. Tekhnol.), 1996, 30, (4), 395399. This paper shows that. compared to a single adiabatic converter, a doublestage cascade of autothermic methane converters can markedly reduce exergy losses through a distributed admission of steam and carbon dioxide to the individual stages of the cascade and also through successive removal and supply of heat of with the aid of auxiliary heat exchange installed between the reactors.
Reforming of methane 97lO1130 dynamic and catalytic approaches
by carbon dioxide.
Thermo-
@an, Z. and Helmut, P. Cuihun Xuehao, 1996, 17, (5), 407-411. A thermodynamic analysis was performed for the reforming of CH4 by COz. In given reaction conditions, e.g. CO&H4 feed ratio, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, the reaction behaviour can be predicted. A recommended reaction condition for laboratory catalyst evaluation is 800°C 0.1 MPa and COZ/CH4 = 1.5, which gives high CHI conversion, maximum Hz yield, low H20 formation and no carbon deposition.
97101131 furiration
Regenerable of coal gas
sorbents
for low temperature
desul-
Khare, G. P. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 10801085. Recent work with modified formulations suggests the temperature application range of Z-Sorb sorbent can be expanded to include the lower temperatures (600-800°F) used for moderate temperature gas cleanup. Experimental data are presented.
Removal of carbon oxide from hydrocarbon 97101132 ing gases for fuel cells
reform-
Niikura, J. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (JI) 08, 188, 783 [96, 188, 7831 (Cl. ClOK3/04), 23 Jul 1996, Appl. 9.513, 505, 12 Jan 1995, 6 pp (In Japanese). The process presented in this article comprises mixing 120 vol.% air with hydrocarbon fuel reforming gases; and passing through selective catalyst layers containing Cu oxide and Mn oxide, preferably at 50-Igo”, to decrease CO at
92
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
97101133 streams
Removal
of hydrogen
chloride
from
hot coal gas
Krishnan, G. N. et al. Proc. Anmr. Inr. Pit,shurgh Coul C‘onf:. 19YS. 12. 1207-1212. A study into sorbents for the high-temperature removal of HCI from coal gas.
97101134 The role of process coal liquefaction
oil characterization
in direct
Burke. F. P. and Winschel, R. A. Proc. -Annu. fur. Putsburgh Coal Con/:. 1995, 12, 1017-1022. Presents a short history and discussion of the development and importance of process (recycle) oils in different coal liquefaction processes. Current research trends are to replace supported-catalyst systems with dispersed catalysts that offer high selectivity and reactivity but avoid capital costs, and to incorporate solvent-mediated reactions as a part of a strategy to reduced process costs.
97101135 Role of support over Ni catalysts
in COP reforming
of CH4 to syngas
Ruckenstein, E. and Hu, Y. H. J. Cu!ul.. 1996, 162, (2). 230-238. Presents an investigation into the dynamic changes in activity and selectivity for the COz reforming of CH4 over unsupported and supported Ni catalyst\. The reduced NiO has low initial conversions of CHI and CO>, which decrease rapidly with time. The mixture of powders of NiO and AlzOl has low initial conversions of CH4 and CO2 and a low yield to CO, which, however. increase with reaction time, due most likely to Ni migration to AlzO+ In contrast, the reduced 1 wt% Ni/A120J catalyst (reduced from NiO/AIZOj) has high initial conversions and CO yield, which slowly decrease with time due to carbon deposition. The reduced 13.6 wt% Nil AllO catalyst has high initial conversions and CO yield, but. hecause of carbon deposition, the reactor was completely plugged in 6 h. The reduced 1 wt% Ni/SiOz catalyst has moderate initial activity and CO yield. which decay fast with reaction time. The reduced 13.6 wt% Ni/Si02 has a high initial activity and CO yield, which decay slowly with reaction time. The reduced 13.6 wt% Ni/TiO? has a moderate initial activity and CO yield. which decay with reaction time. Carbon deposition was found to occur over all these catalysts, and the sequence of carbon deposition was: 13.6 wt? NI/ AIIOJ > 13.6 wt% NiiSiO? > the reduced mixture of NiO and AlzOl (13.6 wt% Ni) > 13.6 wt% NiiTiO? 7 1 wtB Ni/A1203 > I wt% NiiSiO:.
Selective removal of carbon 97101136 ture of hydrogen for fuel cells
monoxide
in manufac-
Akimoto, Y. and Fujimoto, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 217, 406 [Y6, 217, 4061 (Cl. COlB3/58), 27 Aug 1996, Appl. 951 19. 587, 7 Feb 1995. 8 pp (In Japanese). Details a process which comprises the removal of CO from mixed gases containing H and COz, which are manufactured by reforming H-producing fuels, by selective oxidation with O-containing gases using cationic Ptloaded catalysts. A process for the manufacture of H-containing gases for fuel cells from reformed gases by removal of CO with the above process is also presented.
97101137 Simulation of underground gasification seams Kuyper, R. A. et al. In Sifu, 1996, 20, (3), 311-346.
of thin coal
A number of simulation models were developed for mass, momentum, energy and chemical species, for the simulation of underground air gasification of thin deep-lying coal seams. A two-dimensional version of Hottel’s zone method was developed to describe radiative heat transfer. The model was used to predict the influence on the gasification process of coal seam thickness, pressure, steam and COz injection, and coal composition.
97101136 Simultaneous carbon dioxide and steam reforming of methane to syngas over NiO-CaO catalyst Choudhary, V. R. and Rajput, A. M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1906, 3.5, (1 I), 3934-3939. This article presents an investigation into steam reforming, COz reforming, and simultaneous steam and COz reforming of methane to CO and HZ over an NiO-CaO catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, XPS, and temperature-programmed reduction. 97101139
Simultaneous
removal
of H2S and
NH3 from
hot
coal gas Jothimurugesan, K. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pitfsburgh Coal Couf., 1995, 12. 1201-1206. A study into the simultaneous desulfurization, and decomposition of ammonia, in hot coal gas.
97JOll40 Spouted-bed coal gasifier burner and its use in coal gasification Ikeda, Y. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,283, 750 [96,283, 7501 (Cl. ClOJ31541, 29 Ott 1996, Apal. 95/81. In the aiparatus describeh’ coal is spouted-bed reactor comprising a concentric spray nozzles, a means for
593. 6 Aor 1995, 6 PD (In Japanese). gasified ‘with oxidi’zing agehts in ‘a burner equipped with three-layer adjusting the spraying speed through
03
the nozzles, and a means for detecting the pressure drop between the burner and the spouted-hed reactor. The burner is simple in construction and increases gasification efficiency.
97lOl141
Spouted-bed
coal gasifier
Kate. S. and Fukuda. H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 199, 176 [96, 199, 1761 (Cl. ClOJ3/54), 6 Aug 1996, Appl. 9517. 191, 20 Jan 19YS, 4 pp (In Japanese). Details an apparatus which comprises a spouted-bed gasifier with a combustor zone, a reductor zone to pass high-temperature combustible gas to a heat exchanger. a means for blowing pulverized coal with air into the burner in the reductor zone, a char burner in the lower part of the comhustor zone, a means for utilizing the high-temperature combustible gas as a heat source. and a means for generating high-temperature air for the comhustor zone.
Structure/activity relationships in coprecipitated 97101142 nickel-alumina catalysts using CO2 adsorption and methanation Aksoylu, A. E. et al. Appl. Cutal.. A. 1996, 145, (l-2), 185-193. The study detailed in this paper involved the examination of a series of coprecipitated Ni/AlrOl catalysts containing O-2.5 wt.% Ni for total surface area. total pore volume, metal surface area, COz adsorption and CO2 methanation activity in order to study the relation between metal content. structure and catalyst activity. These catalysts are efficient promoters for methanation. Methanation activity is dependent on the nickel content and the degree of CO2 adsorption at the reaction considered. Although AlzOl does not exhibit methanation activity, it is active for CO2 adsorption.
97101143 reference
Study of partial oxidation to the production of synthesis
of hydrocarbons gas
Basevich, V. Ya. et ul. Theor. Found. Chem. Eng. (Transl. of Tear. Khim. Tekhml.), 1096, 30. (5) 456-460. Presents a kinetic model calculation of a generator of synthesis-gas the oxidation of methane, ethane, and ethylene. Results show that the parameter determining the yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide composition of the mixture The yield of these products increases increasing temperature.
97101144 blue gas
Study on briquette
gasification
with Osn. using main is the with
to low CO content
Wang. Y. L’I cl/. Hnrrdort,e Lieoong Duxue Xtrchao. 1996. 22. (5). 524-529. (In Chinese) The gasification test for producing blue gas was conducted in a small. single tube reactor, with hriquettetes made from a mixture of fine coal and shift agents. The composition and yield of the product gas depended on the type and quantity of the shift agent. temperature and time of gasification; steam flow rate, etc. These results have heen verified in an industrial gasification test in a two stage hlue gas gasifier.
97101145 Study on flash hydropyrolysis (I). Effect of atmospheres
of bituminous
coal.
Zhu, Z. ef ul. Runliao Huaxue Xuehao, 1996. 24, (5), 411-415. (In Chinese) Presents the results of a study into the flash pyrolysis of Dongsheng httuminous coal in a small entrained reactor in Hz and Nz atmospheres.
97101146 Study coal gasifier
on in-bed
desulfurization
in a fluidized
97101147 A study on the impacts of changes in coal quality on the performances of the gasification processes and IGCC Ann. D-H. ef al. Proc. Annu. In?. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 187-192. This article presents an investigation into the impacts of changes in coal quality on the performances of gasification processes and integrated gasification-combined cycle (IGCC) plants. Twenty-two imported coals were evaluated. Among the imported coals to Korea, bituminous coal was superior to subbituminous coal for IGCC power generation, partly because of solids concentration limitations in a slurry feeding system and energy requirements for drying for a dry feeding system for the subbituminous CdS.
Synthesis gas production reactor with reversed flow
from
natural
97101149 Technical and economic integrated schemes for gasification operating petroleum refinery
results from various of heavy residues in
Thiery, G. and Galeazzi, R. Pet. Tech.. 1996. 402, 37-38. 40-47. (In French) Processing of the residues obtained during visbreaking, deasphalting, coking, and hydrotreatment was considered. The processing schemes included partial oxidation, S recovery, H production and generation of electrical power.
97lO1150 production
Thermal plasma of syngas
pyrolysis
of
used
old
tires
for
Chang, J. S. et al. J Environ. Sci. Health. Part A; Envirotr. %i. Eng. Toxic Hazard. S&at. Control, 1996, A.31, (7), 1781-1799. Thermal plasma pyrolysis of used tyres for the production of syngas was investigated experimentally. A series of experiments have shown that tyre waste can be pyrolysed in a plasma reactor to produce combustible gas, such as CzHz, CH+ CzH4, Hz, CO. Increasing the tyre injection quantity increases the concentration of hydrocarbons, increases the combustion heat of the pyrolysis product. and decreases the concentration of metal oxide. With steam injection, it produced a large quantity of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with lower concentrations of CzH2. The combustion heat is slightly lower with steam injecetion than that without it. Neither polychlorinated biphenyls nor p-aminohippuric acid were detected in the ashes.
97101151 Thermodynamic simulations of lignite-fired with in situ desulfurization and COP capture
IGCC
Elseviers, W. F. et al. Fuel. 1996. 75. (12). 1449-1456. This study involved the simulation of integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) running on Greek lignite with in rtfn desulfurization and COz capture with the ASPEN PLUS process simulator and its comparison with other power cycles.
97101152 carbons
Two stage direct coal gasification
to C2-C4 hydro-
Annapragada, R. V. rr al. Fltel Sci. Technol Inr., 1996, 14. (4). 1161-l 194. Presents the results of a study conducted to convert coal to Cz-CI hydrocarbons in a two-stage reactor system. Coal was converted to liquids at 44O’C in a stirred hatch autoclave using Tetralin as the hydrogen donor solvent. The liquids produced were separated from the unreacted coal and ash by filtration. The liquids were then fed into a second stage fixed bed reactor containing sulfided Ni-Mo/AlzOi and Si02-A1207 catalyst. The liquids were hydrocracked on the dual-functional catalyst giving high yields of Cz-C, hydrocarbons at 1800 psig and 425-500 ‘C. Reaction mechanisms of conversion of coal derived liquids to Cz-C4 hydrocarbons are presented. The kinetic parameters of the conversion of coal liquids to gases were determined. The activation energy was calculated to he 23.9 Kcalimol.
97101153 Two years’ successful operation of a hot gas filter in the Rheinbraun high temperature Winkler coal gasification demonstration plant Wischnewski, R. and Engelhard, J. Proc. Annu. fnt. Pittsburgh Coal Conf,, 1995. 12, 52-57. The design of the filter for hot coal gas is descrtbed, and a review after two years successful operation is presented.
bed
Bu, X. ct al. Huarrjing Kexur, 1996. 17, (2), 39-41. (In Chinese) This study made use of coal from four sources by using limestone and dolomite as desulfurizer. The results showed that both limestone and dolomite can he used for removing sulfur during the gasification of highsulfur coal. The desulfurization efficiency increased with increasing Ca-S molar ratio and reached a maximum at Ca-S 3:l. The effect of operating pressure on desulfurization efficiency depends on the temperature and partial pressure of CO>. A desulfurization rate of 50%-85% was ohtained.
97101146 fixed-bed
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
gas in a
De Groote, A. M. and Froment, G. F. Can. J Chem. Eng., 1996. 74, (S), 735-742. Presents the results of an investigation into the feasihility of producing synthesis gas by partial oxidation of natural gas on a Ni-catalyst in a fixed bed reactor with reversed flow. The results were obtained by means of simulation.
97lO1154
Use of methane
gas at Vorkuta
mines
Veselov, A. P. et al. Bezop. Tr. Prom -sfi. 1996. (8), 37-38. (In Russian) Presents a discussion of the uses of methane recovered from coal mines as fuel and feedstock for the chemical industry (through manufacturing of synthesis gases). The average content of methane in the recovered aircontaining gas is 35%; maximum level of methane recovery from Vorkuta mines reached 553.6 m7/min (55.5 msimin just from one mine). The possibility of increasing the degassing efficiency (which is currently 5 I %) was also discussed.
97101155 oven gas
Use of screw compressors
in processing
of coke-
Kovalev, E. T. and Ivashchenko, V. A. Koks Khim., 1995, (S), 3.5-37. (In Russian) Discusses how the purification of coke-oven gas and its conversion to synthesis gas required the use of screw compressors.
97101156 Volatilization and catalytic metal during coal char gasification
effectiveness
of alkali
Takarada, T. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy Ronhunshu. 1995, 32. 236-239 (In Japanese). Four kinds of alkali compounds and kaolinite were added to acid-treated Yallourn coal. The alkali-loaded coal was pyrolysed in N and gasified in a CO> atmosphere. The effects of temperature, gasifying atmosphere, mineral matter and carbon conversion on volatilization of alkalis and gasification rate were examined. The catalytic effectiveness of alkali metal on the gasification rate was affected by the addition of kaolinite and coal particle size. The char gasification rate was much enhanced by the addition of NazSiOl.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
93
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
Pyrolysis 97fO1125 aceous materials
and
fixed-bed
gasification
of carbon-
Rabe, W. ef al. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 509, 570 (Cl. ClOJ3/60), 19 Sep 1996, Appl. 19, 509, 570, 16 Mar 1995, 4 pp. (In German) In this study thermoplastic polymer containing wastes were subjected to successive pyrolysis and fixed-bed gasification in the same reactor. The height of the fixed bed depends on the pyrolysis temperature. With decreasing bed height. the gas yield is increased and the yield of condensable hydrocarbons is decreased. Typically, the system is used for simultaneous processing of brown-coal briquettes, compacted polymer wastes, and tar-oil-solid-water mixtures to produce a synthesis gas.
97101126
Pyrolysis
of Kansk-Achinsk
lignite in methane
Khim. Tverd. Top/. (Moscow), Syroezhko, A. M. and Proskuryakov, V. A. 1996. (3), 66-72. (In Russian) Presents the results of a comparative study into the high-temperature methanolysis. medium-temperature pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis, and copyrolysis in the presence of organic modifiers of 2 KAB-type Iignites. The yields and compositions of gas, solid, and liquid products were determined. In methanolysis, the yield of solid residue and the content of ethene in gaseous products were increased. Hydropyrolysis and copyrolysis resulted in high tar yields and low-reactivity mechanically stable semi-coke with an optimal granule size.
97101127
Pyrolysis
of scrap tires: can it be profitable?
CHEMTECH, 1996. 26, (IO), 48-53. Wojtowicz, M. A. and Serio, M. A. Describes a process for the reprocessing of scrap tires which produces marketable products: activated carbon, carbon black and Boudouard carbon and fuel gas. A preliminary cost analysis for Ihe proposed tire reprocessing scheme is discussed.
Pyrolysis-cum-water vapor gasification of coals/ 97101126 lignite: Effects of temperature and cobalt loading on the yield and quality of gas obtained Srivastava, S K. and Alam. S. Fuel Sci. Technol., 1995, 14, (l), 10-25. Details studies on pyrolysis-cum-water vapour gasification of a lignite and four coals which were carried out at 500°C. The effects of temperature and two percent cobalt loading on the yield and quality of product gas obtained on pyrolysis and then gasifying the remaining char with water vapour, were studied.
Reduction 97101129 tion of the reactants autothermic conversion
of exergy losses and temperature of methane
through the distribuin the double-stage
Safonov, M. S. et al. Them. Found. Chem. Eng. (Transl. of Tear. Osn. Khim. Tekhnol.), 1996, 30, (4), 395399. This paper shows that. compared to a single adiabatic converter, a doublestage cascade of autothermic methane converters can markedly reduce exergy losses through a distributed admission of steam and carbon dioxide to the individual stages of the cascade and also through successive removal and supply of heat of with the aid of auxiliary heat exchange installed between the reactors.
Reforming of methane 97lO1130 dynamic and catalytic approaches
by carbon dioxide.
Thermo-
@an, Z. and Helmut, P. Cuihun Xuehao, 1996, 17, (5), 407-411. A thermodynamic analysis was performed for the reforming of CH4 by COz. In given reaction conditions, e.g. CO&H4 feed ratio, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, the reaction behaviour can be predicted. A recommended reaction condition for laboratory catalyst evaluation is 800°C 0.1 MPa and COZ/CH4 = 1.5, which gives high CHI conversion, maximum Hz yield, low H20 formation and no carbon deposition.
97101131 furiration
Regenerable of coal gas
sorbents
for low temperature
desul-
Khare, G. P. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 10801085. Recent work with modified formulations suggests the temperature application range of Z-Sorb sorbent can be expanded to include the lower temperatures (600-800°F) used for moderate temperature gas cleanup. Experimental data are presented.
Removal of carbon oxide from hydrocarbon 97101132 ing gases for fuel cells
reform-
Niikura, J. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (JI) 08, 188, 783 [96, 188, 7831 (Cl. ClOK3/04), 23 Jul 1996, Appl. 9.513, 505, 12 Jan 1995, 6 pp (In Japanese). The process presented in this article comprises mixing 120 vol.% air with hydrocarbon fuel reforming gases; and passing through selective catalyst layers containing Cu oxide and Mn oxide, preferably at 50-Igo”, to decrease CO at
92
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
97101133 streams
Removal
of hydrogen
chloride
from
hot coal gas
Krishnan, G. N. et al. Proc. Anmr. Inr. Pit,shurgh Coul C‘onf:. 19YS. 12. 1207-1212. A study into sorbents for the high-temperature removal of HCI from coal gas.
97101134 The role of process coal liquefaction
oil characterization
in direct
Burke. F. P. and Winschel, R. A. Proc. -Annu. fur. Putsburgh Coal Con/:. 1995, 12, 1017-1022. Presents a short history and discussion of the development and importance of process (recycle) oils in different coal liquefaction processes. Current research trends are to replace supported-catalyst systems with dispersed catalysts that offer high selectivity and reactivity but avoid capital costs, and to incorporate solvent-mediated reactions as a part of a strategy to reduced process costs.
97101135 Role of support over Ni catalysts
in COP reforming
of CH4 to syngas
Ruckenstein, E. and Hu, Y. H. J. Cu!ul.. 1996, 162, (2). 230-238. Presents an investigation into the dynamic changes in activity and selectivity for the COz reforming of CH4 over unsupported and supported Ni catalyst\. The reduced NiO has low initial conversions of CHI and CO>, which decrease rapidly with time. The mixture of powders of NiO and AlzOl has low initial conversions of CH4 and CO2 and a low yield to CO, which, however. increase with reaction time, due most likely to Ni migration to AlzO+ In contrast, the reduced 1 wt% Ni/A120J catalyst (reduced from NiO/AIZOj) has high initial conversions and CO yield, which slowly decrease with time due to carbon deposition. The reduced 13.6 wt% Nil AllO catalyst has high initial conversions and CO yield, but. hecause of carbon deposition, the reactor was completely plugged in 6 h. The reduced 1 wt% Ni/SiOz catalyst has moderate initial activity and CO yield. which decay fast with reaction time. The reduced 13.6 wt% Ni/Si02 has a high initial activity and CO yield, which decay slowly with reaction time. The reduced 13.6 wt% Ni/TiO? has a moderate initial activity and CO yield. which decay with reaction time. Carbon deposition was found to occur over all these catalysts, and the sequence of carbon deposition was: 13.6 wt? NI/ AIIOJ > 13.6 wt% NiiSiO? > the reduced mixture of NiO and AlzOl (13.6 wt% Ni) > 13.6 wt% NiiTiO? 7 1 wtB Ni/A1203 > I wt% NiiSiO:.
Selective removal of carbon 97101136 ture of hydrogen for fuel cells
monoxide
in manufac-
Akimoto, Y. and Fujimoto, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 217, 406 [Y6, 217, 4061 (Cl. COlB3/58), 27 Aug 1996, Appl. 951 19. 587, 7 Feb 1995. 8 pp (In Japanese). Details a process which comprises the removal of CO from mixed gases containing H and COz, which are manufactured by reforming H-producing fuels, by selective oxidation with O-containing gases using cationic Ptloaded catalysts. A process for the manufacture of H-containing gases for fuel cells from reformed gases by removal of CO with the above process is also presented.
97101137 Simulation of underground gasification seams Kuyper, R. A. et al. In Sifu, 1996, 20, (3), 311-346.
of thin coal
A number of simulation models were developed for mass, momentum, energy and chemical species, for the simulation of underground air gasification of thin deep-lying coal seams. A two-dimensional version of Hottel’s zone method was developed to describe radiative heat transfer. The model was used to predict the influence on the gasification process of coal seam thickness, pressure, steam and COz injection, and coal composition.
97101136 Simultaneous carbon dioxide and steam reforming of methane to syngas over NiO-CaO catalyst Choudhary, V. R. and Rajput, A. M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1906, 3.5, (1 I), 3934-3939. This article presents an investigation into steam reforming, COz reforming, and simultaneous steam and COz reforming of methane to CO and HZ over an NiO-CaO catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, XPS, and temperature-programmed reduction. 97101139
Simultaneous
removal
of H2S and
NH3 from
hot
coal gas Jothimurugesan, K. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pitfsburgh Coal Couf., 1995, 12. 1201-1206. A study into the simultaneous desulfurization, and decomposition of ammonia, in hot coal gas.
97JOll40 Spouted-bed coal gasifier burner and its use in coal gasification Ikeda, Y. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,283, 750 [96,283, 7501 (Cl. ClOJ31541, 29 Ott 1996, Apal. 95/81. In the aiparatus describeh’ coal is spouted-bed reactor comprising a concentric spray nozzles, a means for
593. 6 Aor 1995, 6 PD (In Japanese). gasified ‘with oxidi’zing agehts in ‘a burner equipped with three-layer adjusting the spraying speed through
03
the nozzles, and a means for detecting the pressure drop between the burner and the spouted-hed reactor. The burner is simple in construction and increases gasification efficiency.
97lOl141
Spouted-bed
coal gasifier
Kate. S. and Fukuda. H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 199, 176 [96, 199, 1761 (Cl. ClOJ3/54), 6 Aug 1996, Appl. 9517. 191, 20 Jan 19YS, 4 pp (In Japanese). Details an apparatus which comprises a spouted-bed gasifier with a combustor zone, a reductor zone to pass high-temperature combustible gas to a heat exchanger. a means for blowing pulverized coal with air into the burner in the reductor zone, a char burner in the lower part of the comhustor zone, a means for utilizing the high-temperature combustible gas as a heat source. and a means for generating high-temperature air for the comhustor zone.
Structure/activity relationships in coprecipitated 97101142 nickel-alumina catalysts using CO2 adsorption and methanation Aksoylu, A. E. et al. Appl. Cutal.. A. 1996, 145, (l-2), 185-193. The study detailed in this paper involved the examination of a series of coprecipitated Ni/AlrOl catalysts containing O-2.5 wt.% Ni for total surface area. total pore volume, metal surface area, COz adsorption and CO2 methanation activity in order to study the relation between metal content. structure and catalyst activity. These catalysts are efficient promoters for methanation. Methanation activity is dependent on the nickel content and the degree of CO2 adsorption at the reaction considered. Although AlzOl does not exhibit methanation activity, it is active for CO2 adsorption.
97101143 reference
Study of partial oxidation to the production of synthesis
of hydrocarbons gas
Basevich, V. Ya. et ul. Theor. Found. Chem. Eng. (Transl. of Tear. Khim. Tekhml.), 1096, 30. (5) 456-460. Presents a kinetic model calculation of a generator of synthesis-gas the oxidation of methane, ethane, and ethylene. Results show that the parameter determining the yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide composition of the mixture The yield of these products increases increasing temperature.
97101144 blue gas
Study on briquette
gasification
with Osn. using main is the with
to low CO content
Wang. Y. L’I cl/. Hnrrdort,e Lieoong Duxue Xtrchao. 1996. 22. (5). 524-529. (In Chinese) The gasification test for producing blue gas was conducted in a small. single tube reactor, with hriquettetes made from a mixture of fine coal and shift agents. The composition and yield of the product gas depended on the type and quantity of the shift agent. temperature and time of gasification; steam flow rate, etc. These results have heen verified in an industrial gasification test in a two stage hlue gas gasifier.
97101145 Study on flash hydropyrolysis (I). Effect of atmospheres
of bituminous
coal.
Zhu, Z. ef ul. Runliao Huaxue Xuehao, 1996. 24, (5), 411-415. (In Chinese) Presents the results of a study into the flash pyrolysis of Dongsheng httuminous coal in a small entrained reactor in Hz and Nz atmospheres.
97101146 Study coal gasifier
on in-bed
desulfurization
in a fluidized
97101147 A study on the impacts of changes in coal quality on the performances of the gasification processes and IGCC Ann. D-H. ef al. Proc. Annu. In?. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 187-192. This article presents an investigation into the impacts of changes in coal quality on the performances of gasification processes and integrated gasification-combined cycle (IGCC) plants. Twenty-two imported coals were evaluated. Among the imported coals to Korea, bituminous coal was superior to subbituminous coal for IGCC power generation, partly because of solids concentration limitations in a slurry feeding system and energy requirements for drying for a dry feeding system for the subbituminous CdS.
Synthesis gas production reactor with reversed flow
from
natural
97101149 Technical and economic integrated schemes for gasification operating petroleum refinery
results from various of heavy residues in
Thiery, G. and Galeazzi, R. Pet. Tech.. 1996. 402, 37-38. 40-47. (In French) Processing of the residues obtained during visbreaking, deasphalting, coking, and hydrotreatment was considered. The processing schemes included partial oxidation, S recovery, H production and generation of electrical power.
97lO1150 production
Thermal plasma of syngas
pyrolysis
of
used
old
tires
for
Chang, J. S. et al. J Environ. Sci. Health. Part A; Envirotr. %i. Eng. Toxic Hazard. S&at. Control, 1996, A.31, (7), 1781-1799. Thermal plasma pyrolysis of used tyres for the production of syngas was investigated experimentally. A series of experiments have shown that tyre waste can be pyrolysed in a plasma reactor to produce combustible gas, such as CzHz, CH+ CzH4, Hz, CO. Increasing the tyre injection quantity increases the concentration of hydrocarbons, increases the combustion heat of the pyrolysis product. and decreases the concentration of metal oxide. With steam injection, it produced a large quantity of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with lower concentrations of CzH2. The combustion heat is slightly lower with steam injecetion than that without it. Neither polychlorinated biphenyls nor p-aminohippuric acid were detected in the ashes.
97101151 Thermodynamic simulations of lignite-fired with in situ desulfurization and COP capture
IGCC
Elseviers, W. F. et al. Fuel. 1996. 75. (12). 1449-1456. This study involved the simulation of integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) running on Greek lignite with in rtfn desulfurization and COz capture with the ASPEN PLUS process simulator and its comparison with other power cycles.
97101152 carbons
Two stage direct coal gasification
to C2-C4 hydro-
Annapragada, R. V. rr al. Fltel Sci. Technol Inr., 1996, 14. (4). 1161-l 194. Presents the results of a study conducted to convert coal to Cz-CI hydrocarbons in a two-stage reactor system. Coal was converted to liquids at 44O’C in a stirred hatch autoclave using Tetralin as the hydrogen donor solvent. The liquids produced were separated from the unreacted coal and ash by filtration. The liquids were then fed into a second stage fixed bed reactor containing sulfided Ni-Mo/AlzOi and Si02-A1207 catalyst. The liquids were hydrocracked on the dual-functional catalyst giving high yields of Cz-C, hydrocarbons at 1800 psig and 425-500 ‘C. Reaction mechanisms of conversion of coal derived liquids to Cz-C4 hydrocarbons are presented. The kinetic parameters of the conversion of coal liquids to gases were determined. The activation energy was calculated to he 23.9 Kcalimol.
97101153 Two years’ successful operation of a hot gas filter in the Rheinbraun high temperature Winkler coal gasification demonstration plant Wischnewski, R. and Engelhard, J. Proc. Annu. fnt. Pittsburgh Coal Conf,, 1995. 12, 52-57. The design of the filter for hot coal gas is descrtbed, and a review after two years successful operation is presented.
bed
Bu, X. ct al. Huarrjing Kexur, 1996. 17, (2), 39-41. (In Chinese) This study made use of coal from four sources by using limestone and dolomite as desulfurizer. The results showed that both limestone and dolomite can he used for removing sulfur during the gasification of highsulfur coal. The desulfurization efficiency increased with increasing Ca-S molar ratio and reached a maximum at Ca-S 3:l. The effect of operating pressure on desulfurization efficiency depends on the temperature and partial pressure of CO>. A desulfurization rate of 50%-85% was ohtained.
97101146 fixed-bed
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
gas in a
De Groote, A. M. and Froment, G. F. Can. J Chem. Eng., 1996. 74, (S), 735-742. Presents the results of an investigation into the feasihility of producing synthesis gas by partial oxidation of natural gas on a Ni-catalyst in a fixed bed reactor with reversed flow. The results were obtained by means of simulation.
97lO1154
Use of methane
gas at Vorkuta
mines
Veselov, A. P. et al. Bezop. Tr. Prom -sfi. 1996. (8), 37-38. (In Russian) Presents a discussion of the uses of methane recovered from coal mines as fuel and feedstock for the chemical industry (through manufacturing of synthesis gases). The average content of methane in the recovered aircontaining gas is 35%; maximum level of methane recovery from Vorkuta mines reached 553.6 m7/min (55.5 msimin just from one mine). The possibility of increasing the degassing efficiency (which is currently 5 I %) was also discussed.
97101155 oven gas
Use of screw compressors
in processing
of coke-
Kovalev, E. T. and Ivashchenko, V. A. Koks Khim., 1995, (S), 3.5-37. (In Russian) Discusses how the purification of coke-oven gas and its conversion to synthesis gas required the use of screw compressors.
97101156 Volatilization and catalytic metal during coal char gasification
effectiveness
of alkali
Takarada, T. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy Ronhunshu. 1995, 32. 236-239 (In Japanese). Four kinds of alkali compounds and kaolinite were added to acid-treated Yallourn coal. The alkali-loaded coal was pyrolysed in N and gasified in a CO> atmosphere. The effects of temperature, gasifying atmosphere, mineral matter and carbon conversion on volatilization of alkalis and gasification rate were examined. The catalytic effectiveness of alkali metal on the gasification rate was affected by the addition of kaolinite and coal particle size. The char gasification rate was much enhanced by the addition of NazSiOl.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
93