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01280 The co-firing of biomass and municipal sewage sludge with pulverized coal in utility boilers
07
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
97101276 Biomass processing for decreasing content emission-causing and combustion-disturbing components biogenic fuels
of of
Scheffer, K. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 519, 213 (Cl. ClOLY/OO). 2X Nov IYYh, Appl. 19, 519, 213, 24 May 1995, 2 pp. (In German) Details a process by which the emission-causing and combustion-disturbing content of hiogenic fuels can be reduced. To decrease the amount of emission-causing components (e.g. Nz, S, Cl, Na, K). the fuel is exposed to an acid fermentation. and the harmful components are dissolved and then separated by mechanical dewatering. The procedure involves either (1) mixing with a different biomass, combined silaging, and dewatering or (2) addition of water from a normal silage acid fermentation and dewatering.
97101277
Biomass
solids gasification
system and process.
PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 32, I63 (Cl. Morasid, D. P. and Taylor Jr., C. D. A62D3/00). I7 Ott 1996, US Appl. 419, 876, II Apr 1905, 22 pp.
Catalytic
97101276
and thermal
degradation
of Korean
food
sludge Kim, S.-B. et al. Korean J. Chem. Eng., lY9h. 13, (S), 435-438. Korean food waste sludge was subjected to a new thermal degradation method. In this system, waste food sludge containing radish as its main constituent was selected as a standard material. Products of thermal degradation were mainly composed of carbonized solid, small amounts of oil and methane. About 25-32% of solid in the radish was converted to carbonized solid in the thermal degradation of radish at 200”. The heating values of the carbonized solid and the liquefied heavy oil were 4000-6000 Cal/g and about 8000 Cal/g, respectively. Various catalysts were also examined to improve the carbonized solid used as energy source. Acid clay and Montinorillonite KSF catalysts showed the best results among the catalysts tested. From the energy balance, this thermal degradation process operated at 200” was a net energy producer.
Catalytic pyrogasification of biomass. nickel catalysts J. et al. Ind. Ettg. Chem. Res.. 1997, 36, (1). 67-75.
97101279 of modified Arauzo,
The co-firing of biomass and 97101260 sludge with pulverized coal in utility boilers Van De Kamp,
W. L. and Morgan,
D. J.
Evaluation
municipal
sewage
Inst. Energy’s ht. Conf. Cnmhust.
Emiss. Control, Proc. Inst. Energy, Conf., 2nd. 1995, 159-168. Extensive tests have been conducted on the co-firing of pulverized coal with straw and wastepaper. The main parameters affecting the NO, and SO? emissions and burnout were the co-firing ratio, coal type, and flame type. This study finds that municipal sewage sludge may be milled and fired successfully as a pulverized fuel, fired unmixed with coal, or co-fired as a blend with pulverized coal in varying proportions. In general, the co-firing of municipal sewage sludge with pulverized coal is practically feasible, although operational difficulties such as slagging and fouling can be of major concern because of the high ash content of the sewage.
97101261
CO2 gasification
of eucalyptus
wood chars
Tancredi, N. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (13), 1505-1508. In this study chars obtained from Euculyptus grandis sawdust at different carbonization temperatures were gasified with COz. At low and intermediate conversion values the reactivity can be reasonably well explained in terms of the development of surface area as gasification proceeds. At high conversion values a steep increase in reactivity is observed which can be attributed to the increasing catalytic effect of the metallic constituents (mainly Na and K) of the inorganic matter present in the chars. COP gasification willow and giganteus
97101262
of
wheat
straw,
barley
straw,
Illerup, J. B. and Rathmann, 0. Risag NotI. Lub., [Rep./ Risac-R, 1996, (Risoe-R-873). 32 pp. This work presents an investigation into the COz gasification re-activities of chars of wheat straw, barley straw, willow, and elephant grass. These were examined at 700-900” in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyser at 2-20 bar. For wheat straw, the variation of reactivity with temperature and gas composition, including the inhibiting effect of CO, was analysed in terms of the Langmuir-Hinselwood equation. Also, the separate effects of total pyrolysis pressure and total gasification pressure were investigated. The variation in reactivity among the four biomasses under equal gasification conditions was investigated and analysed on the basis of their chemical compositions 97101263 Conversion of cotton plant and cotton gin residues to fuels by the extruder feeder liquefaction process White, D. H. et al. Bioresour. Tech&., 1996. 56, (I), 117-123. A large amount of cotton plant residue and cotton gin waste is produced annually. This waste presents a disposal problem. Cotton plant residue is a greater problem in the warmer regions of the USA as it serves as an overwintering site for insect pests, and thus must be destroyed. Presently they are buried. This burial process is considered to be detrimental to the soil. Another option, presented in this paper, is to harvest the cotton plants and combine them with other cotton wastes to produce a feedstock for
102
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
March 1997
liquefaction purposes. The authors propose a combined harvesting/ liquefaction system. This system would harvest and liquefy cotton wastes into oil and densified solid fuels with higher economic values.
97101264
Demonstration
of a 1 MWe biomass
power plant
C. R. et al. U. S. Environ. Pmt. Agency, Res. Dav., [Rep.] EPA, 1996, (EPA-600/R-96-072, Proceedings: The 1995 Symposium on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Research), 4/l-4/6. Examines the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of an innovative energy conversion technology, producing approximately I MWe, at the Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, NC. Camp Lejeune will supply wood waste for power plant operation. This paper provides details on the status of this project, including a description of the gasifier-diesel engine power generation system. Porvis,
Diphasic
97101265 spentwash
fixed-film
biomethanation
of
distillery
Goyal, S. K. et al. Bioresour. Techml.. 1996, 56, (2-3). 239-244. Presents an investigation into the anaerobic treatment of sugarcane molasses-based distillery spentwash employing diphasic fixed-film reactor technology using granular activated carbon (GAC) as support media for microbial attachment and growth in the second phase. In the first phase. neutralized spent-wash was treated with acidogens to produce volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are easily utilizable by methanogens to yield methanogens to yield methane gas. An H,RT of 4 days corresponding to an organic loading rate of 21.3 kg COD mm day- , with a COD reduction of 67.1% and gas yield of 0.45 rn. kg COD removed with 70% methane content, was achieved in the methane phase. About 50% reduction in media porosity was observed due to accumulation of biomass and inorganics. No apparent inhibition of the methanogenic activity was observed even with a propionic acid concentration of SY.l% (2134 mg I-‘) of total volatile acids.
Equipment
97101266
for utilizing
biofuel as fuel by controlled
gasification Pettersson, L., Swed. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 23, 045 (Cl. ClOJ3120). I Aug 1996, SE Appl. 951227, 24 Jan 1995, 29 pp. Details how a conventional oil burner for water-borne heating is replaced with equipment for biofuel, the biofuel being formed into pellets of equal size and the process being controlled by means of a number of valves which contribute to the intermittent functioning of the process. The method allows for the controlled combustion of forest wastes, organic wastes, and similar materials.
Feasibility
97101267
of burning
or gasifying
unsaleable
seed
corn Stobbe, S. D. et al. FACT (Am. Sec. Mech. Eng.), lYY5, 20 (Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Power Generation Conference, 1995. 1). 427435. This article details a study undertaken in order to determine the feasibility of burning or gasifying unsaleable seed corn for conversion into useful energy. The feasibility of both combusting and gasifying seed corn in a laboratory-sized fluidized bed reactor was demonstrated. The combustion tests were performed at steady-state bed temperatures of approximately 1500°F. At this operating temperature, no harmful compounds were found in the combustion products. The gasification tests were run at a steady-state bed temperature of -142O”F, and these tests generated combustible product gases with heating values on the order of 95-105 Btuistandard ft’ (3540-3911 kJ/m’). The laboratory set-up, the procedure used in hoth the combustion and gasification tests, and the final results are summarized.
97101266 Finnish bioenergy research program Asplund, D VTT Symp.. 1996, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II and Pyrolysis R&DD), 253-261. with Special Emphasis on Gasification As discussed in this article the main research areas of the Finnish bioenergv research program include production of wood fuel, peat production, use of bioenergy, and biomass conversion. In addition, it includes projects for fuel production from energy crops and utilization of the energy content of sludge and solid waste.
97101269 production.
From solar radiation to vegetal terrestrial biomass A schematic view of the energy fluxes J-F. and Combarnous, M. ReL’.Gen. Therm.. 1996.35, (416), S27-
Bonnet, 542. (In French)
97101290
Full-scale
co-firing
of straw and coal
Pedersen, L. S. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (13) 1584-1590. Tests the co-firing of biofuels and coal in power plants as a potential tool in reducing CO? emissions. Full-scale measurements were carried out for I wk on a 250 MW pulverized coal fired unit using lo-20% straw (thermal basis). With an increased fraction of straw in the fuel, a net decrease in NC&. and SOI emissions was measured. Reasons for this are discussed. No signiftcant effects on the performance of the desulfurization plant were detected, although this may he due to the short test period.
Alternative
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
97101276 Biomass processing for decreasing content emission-causing and combustion-disturbing components biogenic fuels
of of
Scheffer, K. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 519, 213 (Cl. ClOLY/OO). 2X Nov IYYh, Appl. 19, 519, 213, 24 May 1995, 2 pp. (In German) Details a process by which the emission-causing and combustion-disturbing content of hiogenic fuels can be reduced. To decrease the amount of emission-causing components (e.g. Nz, S, Cl, Na, K). the fuel is exposed to an acid fermentation. and the harmful components are dissolved and then separated by mechanical dewatering. The procedure involves either (1) mixing with a different biomass, combined silaging, and dewatering or (2) addition of water from a normal silage acid fermentation and dewatering.
97101277
Biomass
solids gasification
system and process.
PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 32, I63 (Cl. Morasid, D. P. and Taylor Jr., C. D. A62D3/00). I7 Ott 1996, US Appl. 419, 876, II Apr 1905, 22 pp.
Catalytic
97101276
and thermal
degradation
of Korean
food
sludge Kim, S.-B. et al. Korean J. Chem. Eng., lY9h. 13, (S), 435-438. Korean food waste sludge was subjected to a new thermal degradation method. In this system, waste food sludge containing radish as its main constituent was selected as a standard material. Products of thermal degradation were mainly composed of carbonized solid, small amounts of oil and methane. About 25-32% of solid in the radish was converted to carbonized solid in the thermal degradation of radish at 200”. The heating values of the carbonized solid and the liquefied heavy oil were 4000-6000 Cal/g and about 8000 Cal/g, respectively. Various catalysts were also examined to improve the carbonized solid used as energy source. Acid clay and Montinorillonite KSF catalysts showed the best results among the catalysts tested. From the energy balance, this thermal degradation process operated at 200” was a net energy producer.
Catalytic pyrogasification of biomass. nickel catalysts J. et al. Ind. Ettg. Chem. Res.. 1997, 36, (1). 67-75.
97101279 of modified Arauzo,
The co-firing of biomass and 97101260 sludge with pulverized coal in utility boilers Van De Kamp,
W. L. and Morgan,
D. J.
Evaluation
municipal
sewage
Inst. Energy’s ht. Conf. Cnmhust.
Emiss. Control, Proc. Inst. Energy, Conf., 2nd. 1995, 159-168. Extensive tests have been conducted on the co-firing of pulverized coal with straw and wastepaper. The main parameters affecting the NO, and SO? emissions and burnout were the co-firing ratio, coal type, and flame type. This study finds that municipal sewage sludge may be milled and fired successfully as a pulverized fuel, fired unmixed with coal, or co-fired as a blend with pulverized coal in varying proportions. In general, the co-firing of municipal sewage sludge with pulverized coal is practically feasible, although operational difficulties such as slagging and fouling can be of major concern because of the high ash content of the sewage.
97101261
CO2 gasification
of eucalyptus
wood chars
Tancredi, N. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (13), 1505-1508. In this study chars obtained from Euculyptus grandis sawdust at different carbonization temperatures were gasified with COz. At low and intermediate conversion values the reactivity can be reasonably well explained in terms of the development of surface area as gasification proceeds. At high conversion values a steep increase in reactivity is observed which can be attributed to the increasing catalytic effect of the metallic constituents (mainly Na and K) of the inorganic matter present in the chars. COP gasification willow and giganteus
97101262
of
wheat
straw,
barley
straw,
Illerup, J. B. and Rathmann, 0. Risag NotI. Lub., [Rep./ Risac-R, 1996, (Risoe-R-873). 32 pp. This work presents an investigation into the COz gasification re-activities of chars of wheat straw, barley straw, willow, and elephant grass. These were examined at 700-900” in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyser at 2-20 bar. For wheat straw, the variation of reactivity with temperature and gas composition, including the inhibiting effect of CO, was analysed in terms of the Langmuir-Hinselwood equation. Also, the separate effects of total pyrolysis pressure and total gasification pressure were investigated. The variation in reactivity among the four biomasses under equal gasification conditions was investigated and analysed on the basis of their chemical compositions 97101263 Conversion of cotton plant and cotton gin residues to fuels by the extruder feeder liquefaction process White, D. H. et al. Bioresour. Tech&., 1996. 56, (I), 117-123. A large amount of cotton plant residue and cotton gin waste is produced annually. This waste presents a disposal problem. Cotton plant residue is a greater problem in the warmer regions of the USA as it serves as an overwintering site for insect pests, and thus must be destroyed. Presently they are buried. This burial process is considered to be detrimental to the soil. Another option, presented in this paper, is to harvest the cotton plants and combine them with other cotton wastes to produce a feedstock for
102
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
March 1997
liquefaction purposes. The authors propose a combined harvesting/ liquefaction system. This system would harvest and liquefy cotton wastes into oil and densified solid fuels with higher economic values.
97101264
Demonstration
of a 1 MWe biomass
power plant
C. R. et al. U. S. Environ. Pmt. Agency, Res. Dav., [Rep.] EPA, 1996, (EPA-600/R-96-072, Proceedings: The 1995 Symposium on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Research), 4/l-4/6. Examines the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of an innovative energy conversion technology, producing approximately I MWe, at the Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, NC. Camp Lejeune will supply wood waste for power plant operation. This paper provides details on the status of this project, including a description of the gasifier-diesel engine power generation system. Porvis,
Diphasic
97101265 spentwash
fixed-film
biomethanation
of
distillery
Goyal, S. K. et al. Bioresour. Techml.. 1996, 56, (2-3). 239-244. Presents an investigation into the anaerobic treatment of sugarcane molasses-based distillery spentwash employing diphasic fixed-film reactor technology using granular activated carbon (GAC) as support media for microbial attachment and growth in the second phase. In the first phase. neutralized spent-wash was treated with acidogens to produce volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are easily utilizable by methanogens to yield methanogens to yield methane gas. An H,RT of 4 days corresponding to an organic loading rate of 21.3 kg COD mm day- , with a COD reduction of 67.1% and gas yield of 0.45 rn. kg COD removed with 70% methane content, was achieved in the methane phase. About 50% reduction in media porosity was observed due to accumulation of biomass and inorganics. No apparent inhibition of the methanogenic activity was observed even with a propionic acid concentration of SY.l% (2134 mg I-‘) of total volatile acids.
Equipment
97101266
for utilizing
biofuel as fuel by controlled
gasification Pettersson, L., Swed. PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 23, 045 (Cl. ClOJ3120). I Aug 1996, SE Appl. 951227, 24 Jan 1995, 29 pp. Details how a conventional oil burner for water-borne heating is replaced with equipment for biofuel, the biofuel being formed into pellets of equal size and the process being controlled by means of a number of valves which contribute to the intermittent functioning of the process. The method allows for the controlled combustion of forest wastes, organic wastes, and similar materials.
Feasibility
97101267
of burning
or gasifying
unsaleable
seed
corn Stobbe, S. D. et al. FACT (Am. Sec. Mech. Eng.), lYY5, 20 (Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Power Generation Conference, 1995. 1). 427435. This article details a study undertaken in order to determine the feasibility of burning or gasifying unsaleable seed corn for conversion into useful energy. The feasibility of both combusting and gasifying seed corn in a laboratory-sized fluidized bed reactor was demonstrated. The combustion tests were performed at steady-state bed temperatures of approximately 1500°F. At this operating temperature, no harmful compounds were found in the combustion products. The gasification tests were run at a steady-state bed temperature of -142O”F, and these tests generated combustible product gases with heating values on the order of 95-105 Btuistandard ft’ (3540-3911 kJ/m’). The laboratory set-up, the procedure used in hoth the combustion and gasification tests, and the final results are summarized.
97101266 Finnish bioenergy research program Asplund, D VTT Symp.. 1996, I64 (Power Production from Biomass II and Pyrolysis R&DD), 253-261. with Special Emphasis on Gasification As discussed in this article the main research areas of the Finnish bioenergv research program include production of wood fuel, peat production, use of bioenergy, and biomass conversion. In addition, it includes projects for fuel production from energy crops and utilization of the energy content of sludge and solid waste.
97101269 production.
From solar radiation to vegetal terrestrial biomass A schematic view of the energy fluxes J-F. and Combarnous, M. ReL’.Gen. Therm.. 1996.35, (416), S27-
Bonnet, 542. (In French)
97101290
Full-scale
co-firing
of straw and coal
Pedersen, L. S. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (13) 1584-1590. Tests the co-firing of biofuels and coal in power plants as a potential tool in reducing CO? emissions. Full-scale measurements were carried out for I wk on a 250 MW pulverized coal fired unit using lo-20% straw (thermal basis). With an increased fraction of straw in the fuel, a net decrease in NC&. and SOI emissions was measured. Reasons for this are discussed. No signiftcant effects on the performance of the desulfurization plant were detected, although this may he due to the short test period.