- Email: [email protected]
01528 Investigation of polycyclic biomarker transformation during hydrous pyrolysis of oil shale by GC-MS
15
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
Estimation of average structural parameters of 97/01514 bitumens by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Michon, L. er al. Fuel, 1997. 76, (I). Y-15. A new investigation method for the determination of the average moleci$ar parameters of bitumens is presented, based only on the analysis of C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and molecular weights. Estimation of coal conversion by supercritical 97/01515 solvents using the method of neural nets Murty, 13. S. N. et al. Fuel, 1997, 76, (2), 165-168. In this study coal conversion by solvent extraction under supercritical conditions was estimated by use of neural nets, using the experimental temperature (7;.) and pressure (PC,), critical temperature (?;) and critical pressure (PC). volatile matter (VM) and atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) of several coals as inputs. The method could be used for obtaining reasonable estimates of coal conversion. Evaporation enthalpies of higher boiling crude 97101516 petroleum components. Laux. H. and Kopsch. H. Chem. Tech. (Leipzigj. 1996, 48, (5). 267-270. (In German) This article presents details of a study of evaporation enthalpies of higherboiling crude petroleum components. The results obtained were compared with values estimated by the equations of Riedel and Pitzer. The enthalpies of different crude petroleum products were slightly higher than the values of corresponding hydrocarbons. 97101517 Far-field coalescence effects in diffusion flames Tambour, Y. er ul. Prog. Asironatct. Aeronaut. 1996. in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop I). 3YY-410. Fully discusses the effects of coalescence on far-field
polydisperse
spray
I66 (Recent Advances Burning Phenomena, spray diffusion
flames.
Flow characteristics of coal-oil suspensions 97101518 Kempe, J. and Mueller. A. Erdoel, Erd.gas, K&e, 1996, 112, (IO), 409-413. (In German) Details an investigation into changes in flow resistance of coal-oil suspensions at different temperatures and pressures and under the influence of process gases in technological processes. Brown coal-oil suspensions were used as the test material. Some results are presented and discussion is provided. 97/01519 Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of fuels: curve-fitting of C-H stretching bands Zhang, S. L. et al. (Natural Resources Canada, CANMET Western Research Center, Devon. AB Can. TOC IEO). Spectrochim. Acta, Port A IYYh, 52A. (I I), 1.529-1540. The paper describes how curve-fitting of the C-H stretching region in Fourier transform Raman spectra of hydrocarbon fuels provides detailed information on branching of alkane chains, aromaticity, and positions and intensities of the bands that comprise the observed spectra. A total of 15 Lorentzian bands (I 1 assigned to aliphatic groups, four to aromatic species) were used to fit spectra of a series of Syncrude hydrocarbons and other samples. The results presented in this paper confirm that FT Raman spectroscopy is a viable method for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of fuels. 97101520 The future for steam cycle, clean coal power generation technologies. Billingsley, J. lMechE Semin., 1996, (3, Energy for the 21st Century), l18. The authors note that the future for coal depends on the commercial application of clean coal techniques for power generation. This study shows that burning coal cleanly need not require a change to a totally new technology. One recently commissioned pulverized fuel (PF) steam plant, which is fitted with flue gas desulfurization and NO, reduction equipment, exhibits an efficiency exceeding 45%. It meets stringent environmental legislation and has attained an availability in excess of 90%. World-wide surveys of the power industry have revealed that PF technology will be chosen for the bulk of new coal-fired stations. Hindered diffusion of coal and petroleum asphal97101521 tenes in a supported hydrotreating catalyst Yang, X. and Guin, J. A. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sm., Div. Fuel Chem., 1996. 41, (3), 1013-1014. Presents a study of hindered diffusion of one coal and two petroleum asphaltenes by adsorptive uptake in THF from a bath surrounding a commercial Ni-Mo/Alz03 catalyst. A mathematical model for the adsorption-diffusion ofasphaltenes was developed. The model parameters were obtained by simulating the experimental data with the model solution. Several asphaltene fractions were defined via SEC (size exclusion chromatography), with the molecular weight of each fraction being determined by its elution characteristics using polystyrene standards. The experimental diffusion data of the three asphaltenes were well represented by similar mathematical models.
science, analysis, instrumentation)
97101522 Hydrocarbon composition of products of hydrogenation of Shurbarkolsky coal and heavy petroleum residue Khrupov. V. A. e/ al. Khim. Tehhnol. Top!. Mosel, 1096, (4). 36-37. (In Russian) In this study coal and West Siberian vacuum petroleum residue were hydrogenated. IR spectra and characteristics of the coal and liquid products of its hydrogenation are discussed. Eighty-one compounds are identified in these products by gas and liquid chromatography. 97101523 Hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization of coal model compounds using synthesis gas Ishikuro, K. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1YY4, 31, 6770 (In Japanese). A discussion of the hydroprocessing of model compounds including phenanthrene. anthracene, and dibenzothiophene in the presence of petroleum solvent and NiMo/AlzOj catalyst in syngas-water systems. Significant water-gas shift reaction occurred simultaneously. and the hydrogen produced by the CO-shift conversion was utilized in the hydrogenation reactions. 97101524 An improved model for fixed-bed coal combustion and gasification: sensitivity analysis and applications. Ghani, M. U. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (IO), 1213-1226. The article presents detailed sensitivity analysis and applications of an improved, comprehensive, one-dimensional model for combustion and gasification of coal in fixed beds. The effects of the devolatilization, oxidation and gasification submodels on the model predictions are discussed. The product gas compositions predicted by various options for gas-phase chemistry are shown. The effects of five model parameters and one operational variable on the predictions of the model are also presented. The sensitivity analysis presented is quantitative since the houndary conditions for both the feed coal and the feed gas streams are satisfied exactly. The utility of the model as a design and analysis tool is demonstrated by simulating two gasifiers: an METC medium-pressure gasifier, and a PyGas high-pressure staged gasifier. Sub-models and areas that need further improvements are identified: among these are submodels for large-particle devolatilization, oxidation and gasification and a robust solution method suitable for stiff, highly non-linear problems. Additional features that should be implemented to develop a model for general industrial applications are also identified. 97101525 The influence of bed depth on secondary reactions during slow pyrolysis of coal Pather, T. S. and Al-Masry, W. A. J. Anal. .4pp/. f~ro/ysi.s, 1996, 37. (I), 83-94. The article details how slow pyrolysis experiments were performed on Waterberg 1.4 coal using a fixed bed reactor with a bed depth range of 25250 mm to determine the effect of bed depth on secondary reactions. Results show that bed depth has a significant influence on the yield of volatiles comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane. carbon dioxide and tar. Further, the bed depth effect varies with each volatile component and is dependent on the final pyrolysis temperature. These observations are explained in terms of the enhancement of secondary reactions of the nascent volatiles in the void spaces after release from the coal particles. 97101526 Influence of type of vacuum residue on the catalytic coprocessing of a demineralized Catalan llgnlte Bengoa, C. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (1 I), 1327-1330. Presents the results of a study into the catalytic coprocessing of a demineralized Catalan lignite under a hydrogen atmosphere. Two vacuum residues with different asphaltene contents were tested as solvents. The residue with the lower content of both asphaltenes and aromatic oils yields poor coal conversion and oil production as well as low-quality products. The residue with the higher aromatic content gives higher conversions under catalytic conditions. 97101527 Integrated coal gasification and methanol synthesis power plants. Part II. Parametric analysis and performance evaluation Carapellucci. R. et al. Proc. -Annu. Inl. Piftshurgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 644 71. This report concludes that an integrated coal gasification and methanol synthesis power plant can perform a load-following service by converting a portion of the coal gas to liquid methanol, which is stored and subsequently utilized in the power plant for load modulation. The performances of integrated coal gasification and methanol synthesis power plants have been evaluated. Investigation of polycyclic biomarker transforma97101528 tion during hydrous pyrolysis of oil shale by GC-MS Glumicic, T. et al. J. Serb. Chem. Sm., 1996, 61, (9) 809-816. In this study hydrous pyrolysis of immature oil shale from Vranje was conducted at 280 and 300°C for 48 and 96 h under a constant pressure of 12-13 MPa. Using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method (GCMS) fragmentograms, polycyclic alkanes, steranes and terpanes, isolated from bitumens and hydrous pyrolyzates were analysed. Based on the
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
119
15
Fuel science
and
technology (fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
observed differences in the compositions of polycyclic alkanes isolated from bitumens and hydrous pyrolyzates, structural changes of these biomarkers at the molecular level during hydrous pyrolysis were studied. Investigation of the origin of Aleksinac oil shale 97101529 organic matter Glumicic, T. L. et al. J. Serb. Chern. Sm., 1996, 61, (ll), 1015-1024. A detailed GC-MS analysis of biological markers, such as steranes, diterpanes. and triterpanes, was carried out in order to determine the origin of organic matter of Aleksinac oil shale (from the village of Subotinac, Yugoslavia). Micropetrographical analysis was also conducted. The report suggests that the formation of the oil shale occurred in a large freshwater lake basin, and that the majority of organic matter originated from algae, partially modified by microorganisms. The origin of the organic matter could be from cyanophytes, green algae, archaebacteria, partially degraded algae, and acritarchs. Kinetics of the carbonylation of methanol in a 97101530 mechanically agitated reactor Bai, L. et al. J. Nat. Gas Chem.. 1996, 5, (3), 229-236. Presents a study into the carbonylation of methanol using a sodium methoxide catalyst in the temperature range of 60-110°C and pressure range of 2.0-4.0 MPa in a mechanically agitated reactor. The paper preents a kinetic rate expression for the reaction. The negative effects of CO2 and Hz0 on the carbonylation reaction were also studied. The impurities react with the sodium methoxide catalyst and stop the reaction. Liquefaction of plasma-treated coals T. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu. 1995. 32, 275-278 (In Japanese). This article presents a preliminary study of the effect of microwave irradiation on Tanito Harum and Yallourn coal. 97101531 Kotanigawa,
Method for reduction of fuel consumption in 97101532 manufacture of hot iron from scrap and ore Ujisawa, M. and Yamamoto, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 199, 213 [96, 199, 2131 (Cl. C21Bl I/02), 6 Aug 1996, Appl. 95/10, 300, 26 Jan 1995, 7 pp (In Japanese). The hot iron is manufactured in a vertical barrel-type furnace with an opening to receive charge and to discharge off-gas at the top, a lower tuyere, an upper tuyere and a tapping hole at the bottom. Coke is filled up to the level of the lower tuyere, scrap and iron ore are charged on the top of the packed coke separate up to the level of the upper tuyere, a combustion supporting gas and, when necessary, fuel are injected through the lower tuyere, a combustion supporting gas is blown into the furnace through the upper tuyere when scrap is detected at the upper tuyere level, and the blowing of combustion gas into the furnace through the upper tuyere is terminated when ore is detected at the upper tuyere level. This method can reduce the consumption of fuel. Methodology and evaluation of priorities for energy 97101533 and environmental research projects Kagazyo, T. et al., Energy, Feb/March 1997, 22, (2/3), 121-129. This article details an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate and prioritize energy-related projects based not only on technological issues but also resource and social aspects. Nineteen energy-related characteristics and seven environmental characteristics are used to describe a proposed research project. Microbial attack on sulfur-containing hydro97101534 carbons: implications for the biodesulfurization of oils and coals Sherman, J. L. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 1996, 67, (2). 109-123. This article is concerned with microbiological attack on organic sulfurcontaining hydrocarbons. The objective of most research in this area is to find suitable biocatalysts for removal at the industrial scale of organic sulfur from fossil fuels. Microbes for desulfurization should, ideally, attack the sulfur in hydrocarbons without altering the carbon skeleton or affecting other valuable components of the oil or coal. Organisms able to cleave carbon-sulfur bonds releasing sulfur atoms (as sulfate in aerobic processes) appear to fulfil these requirements. Biodesulfurization is biological possible and practically attainable at the laboratory scale. 97JO1535 Modeling of thermodynamic properties of propellants Petrzilek, J. and Zigmund, J. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1996, 27th (Energetic Materials), 93.1-93.5. Discusses the use of TCHAR (a computer program designed for computation of thermodynamic properties of explosives), to obtain values of some energetic parameters (e.g. heat of explosion, flame temperature, force, and expected composition of burning products) for 23, 199 possible variations in compositions of propellants containing dinitrotoluene O-15, centralite O-IO, nitroglycerin O-40, nitrognanidine O-55, RDX O-30 vol.%, and nitrocellulose (containing 13.1% N) balance. Mathematical models were developed based on the results.
120
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
97101536 Modelling of char-gas reaction kinetics Liliedahl, T. and Sjostrom, K. Fuel, 1997, 76, (l), 29-37. Discusses the development of a semi-empirical gasification kinetic model and reviews the most common rate models. Comparisons are made with experimental data for lignite char and published data on chars of coal, peat and biomass. In the gasification experiments, finely ground lignite char samples of 0.5-I g were gasified in a thermobalance at atmospheric and elevated pressures, at temperatures between 750 and 8So’C, using a number of CO-C02-HZO-Ar mixtures. 97101537 Online GC-MS techniques for monitoring highpressure conversion reactions Jakab, E. et al. Process Control Qual., 1996, 8, (2-3). 55-67. In experiments conducted for this study gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments were interfaced to high-pressure flow-through microreactors to monitor the product formation online. Three types of instrumental setup are described illustrating the versatility of this kind of coupling. The first example shows the thermal and catalytic conversion of dibenzyl ether in solution under 115 bar hydrogen atmospheres. In the second application, thermal decomposition of JP-7 jet fuel was carried out under supercritical conditions to study the gaseous product evolution. This system features the application of a microbalance to monitor the weight of the total liquid sample plus products. The third system was designed to perform conversion of solid sample (wood) in liquid/vapor environment. This-reactor can be applied to model two-step liquefaction processes with catalytic conversion of the primary products. All the three systems provide information on the product distribution and kinetic profiles of the conversion processes. Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of 97101538 large-scale laboratory biomass fires. Yekelson, R. J. et al. .I. Geophys. Res., [Atmos./, 1996. 101. (D15). 2106721080. A series of large-scale open fires was conducted at controlled-environment combustion facility using pure pine needles or sagebrush or mixed fuels as fuels, simulating forest-floor, ground fires; crown fires; broadcast burns; and slash pile burns. Mid-IR spectra of the smoke were recorded throughout each fire by open path Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurements were made of fuel mass loss, stack gas temperature, and total mass flow up the stack. Carbon dioxide is the dominant emission of (and primarily produced by) flaming combustion, from which nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and most of the water vapour from combustion and fuel moisture were also measured. Carbon monoxide is the dominant emission formed primarily by smoldering combustion from which carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and ethane were also measured. A significant fraction of the total emissions consisted of unoxidized pyrolysis products (e.g. methanol, foimaldehyde, acetic and formic acid, ethene (ethylene), ethyne (acetylene), and hydrogen cyanide). Large differences in emissions occur from different fire and fuel types, and the observed temporal behaviour of the emissions is found to depend strongly on the fuel bed and product type. 97101539 Performance and stability characterization of liquid oxygen/kerosene injectors at Aerojet Pieper, J. et al. Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut., 1996. 171 (Recent Advances in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop Burning Phenomena, 2), 349-368. Presents the findings of research conducted on spray combustion of RP-II liquid O2 rocket propellant systems, with emphasis on determining the impact on performance and stability of the geometric and flow dynamics that affect spray combustion. Topics discussed include historical background, visualization of liquid 02-hydrocarbon combustion sprays, combustion efficiency and stability, RP-1 vapourization limitations, injector element mixing limitations, kinetic limitations at low oxidizer-fuel ratios, types of combustion instability, effect of damping devices, and effect of operating conditions. 97101540 Phase diagram approach to the fluxing effect of additions of CaCO, on Australian coal ashes Hurst, H. J. et al., (Division of Coal and Energy Technology, CSIRO, Norih Ryde, 2113 Australia). Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (6), 1215-1219. A phase diagram approach to predict the melting temperatures of coal ash/ flux mixtures and the viscosity vs. temperature characteristics of the molten slags is presented in this article. The approach is illustrated by calcium oxide fluxing studies of three Australian bituminous coal ashes covering a range of silica to alumina ratios. The agreement between experimental results and predictions from this approach suggests that sensible estimates can be made of the amount of fluxing agent necessary for satisfactory slag tapping from the ash content and ash composition of the coal. 97101541 Plasma chemical reactions at atmospheric pressure for high efficiency use of hydrocarbon fuels Okazaki, K. et a/. Energy, Feb/March 1997, 22, (2/3), 369-374. This article discusses how the direct conversion of methane to methanol with minimum energy consumption could become a key technology for highly efficient utilization of fossil fuel, because low-quality or Iowtemperature (-ilOO”C) energy sources can be used and regenerated by converting methanol to hydrogen. A new technique for synthesizing methanol directly from a methane-oxygen mixture has been developed.
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
Estimation of average structural parameters of 97/01514 bitumens by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Michon, L. er al. Fuel, 1997. 76, (I). Y-15. A new investigation method for the determination of the average moleci$ar parameters of bitumens is presented, based only on the analysis of C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and molecular weights. Estimation of coal conversion by supercritical 97/01515 solvents using the method of neural nets Murty, 13. S. N. et al. Fuel, 1997, 76, (2), 165-168. In this study coal conversion by solvent extraction under supercritical conditions was estimated by use of neural nets, using the experimental temperature (7;.) and pressure (PC,), critical temperature (?;) and critical pressure (PC). volatile matter (VM) and atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) of several coals as inputs. The method could be used for obtaining reasonable estimates of coal conversion. Evaporation enthalpies of higher boiling crude 97101516 petroleum components. Laux. H. and Kopsch. H. Chem. Tech. (Leipzigj. 1996, 48, (5). 267-270. (In German) This article presents details of a study of evaporation enthalpies of higherboiling crude petroleum components. The results obtained were compared with values estimated by the equations of Riedel and Pitzer. The enthalpies of different crude petroleum products were slightly higher than the values of corresponding hydrocarbons. 97101517 Far-field coalescence effects in diffusion flames Tambour, Y. er ul. Prog. Asironatct. Aeronaut. 1996. in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop I). 3YY-410. Fully discusses the effects of coalescence on far-field
polydisperse
spray
I66 (Recent Advances Burning Phenomena, spray diffusion
flames.
Flow characteristics of coal-oil suspensions 97101518 Kempe, J. and Mueller. A. Erdoel, Erd.gas, K&e, 1996, 112, (IO), 409-413. (In German) Details an investigation into changes in flow resistance of coal-oil suspensions at different temperatures and pressures and under the influence of process gases in technological processes. Brown coal-oil suspensions were used as the test material. Some results are presented and discussion is provided. 97/01519 Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of fuels: curve-fitting of C-H stretching bands Zhang, S. L. et al. (Natural Resources Canada, CANMET Western Research Center, Devon. AB Can. TOC IEO). Spectrochim. Acta, Port A IYYh, 52A. (I I), 1.529-1540. The paper describes how curve-fitting of the C-H stretching region in Fourier transform Raman spectra of hydrocarbon fuels provides detailed information on branching of alkane chains, aromaticity, and positions and intensities of the bands that comprise the observed spectra. A total of 15 Lorentzian bands (I 1 assigned to aliphatic groups, four to aromatic species) were used to fit spectra of a series of Syncrude hydrocarbons and other samples. The results presented in this paper confirm that FT Raman spectroscopy is a viable method for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of fuels. 97101520 The future for steam cycle, clean coal power generation technologies. Billingsley, J. lMechE Semin., 1996, (3, Energy for the 21st Century), l18. The authors note that the future for coal depends on the commercial application of clean coal techniques for power generation. This study shows that burning coal cleanly need not require a change to a totally new technology. One recently commissioned pulverized fuel (PF) steam plant, which is fitted with flue gas desulfurization and NO, reduction equipment, exhibits an efficiency exceeding 45%. It meets stringent environmental legislation and has attained an availability in excess of 90%. World-wide surveys of the power industry have revealed that PF technology will be chosen for the bulk of new coal-fired stations. Hindered diffusion of coal and petroleum asphal97101521 tenes in a supported hydrotreating catalyst Yang, X. and Guin, J. A. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sm., Div. Fuel Chem., 1996. 41, (3), 1013-1014. Presents a study of hindered diffusion of one coal and two petroleum asphaltenes by adsorptive uptake in THF from a bath surrounding a commercial Ni-Mo/Alz03 catalyst. A mathematical model for the adsorption-diffusion ofasphaltenes was developed. The model parameters were obtained by simulating the experimental data with the model solution. Several asphaltene fractions were defined via SEC (size exclusion chromatography), with the molecular weight of each fraction being determined by its elution characteristics using polystyrene standards. The experimental diffusion data of the three asphaltenes were well represented by similar mathematical models.
science, analysis, instrumentation)
97101522 Hydrocarbon composition of products of hydrogenation of Shurbarkolsky coal and heavy petroleum residue Khrupov. V. A. e/ al. Khim. Tehhnol. Top!. Mosel, 1096, (4). 36-37. (In Russian) In this study coal and West Siberian vacuum petroleum residue were hydrogenated. IR spectra and characteristics of the coal and liquid products of its hydrogenation are discussed. Eighty-one compounds are identified in these products by gas and liquid chromatography. 97101523 Hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization of coal model compounds using synthesis gas Ishikuro, K. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1YY4, 31, 6770 (In Japanese). A discussion of the hydroprocessing of model compounds including phenanthrene. anthracene, and dibenzothiophene in the presence of petroleum solvent and NiMo/AlzOj catalyst in syngas-water systems. Significant water-gas shift reaction occurred simultaneously. and the hydrogen produced by the CO-shift conversion was utilized in the hydrogenation reactions. 97101524 An improved model for fixed-bed coal combustion and gasification: sensitivity analysis and applications. Ghani, M. U. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (IO), 1213-1226. The article presents detailed sensitivity analysis and applications of an improved, comprehensive, one-dimensional model for combustion and gasification of coal in fixed beds. The effects of the devolatilization, oxidation and gasification submodels on the model predictions are discussed. The product gas compositions predicted by various options for gas-phase chemistry are shown. The effects of five model parameters and one operational variable on the predictions of the model are also presented. The sensitivity analysis presented is quantitative since the houndary conditions for both the feed coal and the feed gas streams are satisfied exactly. The utility of the model as a design and analysis tool is demonstrated by simulating two gasifiers: an METC medium-pressure gasifier, and a PyGas high-pressure staged gasifier. Sub-models and areas that need further improvements are identified: among these are submodels for large-particle devolatilization, oxidation and gasification and a robust solution method suitable for stiff, highly non-linear problems. Additional features that should be implemented to develop a model for general industrial applications are also identified. 97101525 The influence of bed depth on secondary reactions during slow pyrolysis of coal Pather, T. S. and Al-Masry, W. A. J. Anal. .4pp/. f~ro/ysi.s, 1996, 37. (I), 83-94. The article details how slow pyrolysis experiments were performed on Waterberg 1.4 coal using a fixed bed reactor with a bed depth range of 25250 mm to determine the effect of bed depth on secondary reactions. Results show that bed depth has a significant influence on the yield of volatiles comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane. carbon dioxide and tar. Further, the bed depth effect varies with each volatile component and is dependent on the final pyrolysis temperature. These observations are explained in terms of the enhancement of secondary reactions of the nascent volatiles in the void spaces after release from the coal particles. 97101526 Influence of type of vacuum residue on the catalytic coprocessing of a demineralized Catalan llgnlte Bengoa, C. et al. Fuel, 1996, 75, (1 I), 1327-1330. Presents the results of a study into the catalytic coprocessing of a demineralized Catalan lignite under a hydrogen atmosphere. Two vacuum residues with different asphaltene contents were tested as solvents. The residue with the lower content of both asphaltenes and aromatic oils yields poor coal conversion and oil production as well as low-quality products. The residue with the higher aromatic content gives higher conversions under catalytic conditions. 97101527 Integrated coal gasification and methanol synthesis power plants. Part II. Parametric analysis and performance evaluation Carapellucci. R. et al. Proc. -Annu. Inl. Piftshurgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 644 71. This report concludes that an integrated coal gasification and methanol synthesis power plant can perform a load-following service by converting a portion of the coal gas to liquid methanol, which is stored and subsequently utilized in the power plant for load modulation. The performances of integrated coal gasification and methanol synthesis power plants have been evaluated. Investigation of polycyclic biomarker transforma97101528 tion during hydrous pyrolysis of oil shale by GC-MS Glumicic, T. et al. J. Serb. Chem. Sm., 1996, 61, (9) 809-816. In this study hydrous pyrolysis of immature oil shale from Vranje was conducted at 280 and 300°C for 48 and 96 h under a constant pressure of 12-13 MPa. Using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method (GCMS) fragmentograms, polycyclic alkanes, steranes and terpanes, isolated from bitumens and hydrous pyrolyzates were analysed. Based on the
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
119
15
Fuel science
and
technology (fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
observed differences in the compositions of polycyclic alkanes isolated from bitumens and hydrous pyrolyzates, structural changes of these biomarkers at the molecular level during hydrous pyrolysis were studied. Investigation of the origin of Aleksinac oil shale 97101529 organic matter Glumicic, T. L. et al. J. Serb. Chern. Sm., 1996, 61, (ll), 1015-1024. A detailed GC-MS analysis of biological markers, such as steranes, diterpanes. and triterpanes, was carried out in order to determine the origin of organic matter of Aleksinac oil shale (from the village of Subotinac, Yugoslavia). Micropetrographical analysis was also conducted. The report suggests that the formation of the oil shale occurred in a large freshwater lake basin, and that the majority of organic matter originated from algae, partially modified by microorganisms. The origin of the organic matter could be from cyanophytes, green algae, archaebacteria, partially degraded algae, and acritarchs. Kinetics of the carbonylation of methanol in a 97101530 mechanically agitated reactor Bai, L. et al. J. Nat. Gas Chem.. 1996, 5, (3), 229-236. Presents a study into the carbonylation of methanol using a sodium methoxide catalyst in the temperature range of 60-110°C and pressure range of 2.0-4.0 MPa in a mechanically agitated reactor. The paper preents a kinetic rate expression for the reaction. The negative effects of CO2 and Hz0 on the carbonylation reaction were also studied. The impurities react with the sodium methoxide catalyst and stop the reaction. Liquefaction of plasma-treated coals T. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu. 1995. 32, 275-278 (In Japanese). This article presents a preliminary study of the effect of microwave irradiation on Tanito Harum and Yallourn coal. 97101531 Kotanigawa,
Method for reduction of fuel consumption in 97101532 manufacture of hot iron from scrap and ore Ujisawa, M. and Yamamoto, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 199, 213 [96, 199, 2131 (Cl. C21Bl I/02), 6 Aug 1996, Appl. 95/10, 300, 26 Jan 1995, 7 pp (In Japanese). The hot iron is manufactured in a vertical barrel-type furnace with an opening to receive charge and to discharge off-gas at the top, a lower tuyere, an upper tuyere and a tapping hole at the bottom. Coke is filled up to the level of the lower tuyere, scrap and iron ore are charged on the top of the packed coke separate up to the level of the upper tuyere, a combustion supporting gas and, when necessary, fuel are injected through the lower tuyere, a combustion supporting gas is blown into the furnace through the upper tuyere when scrap is detected at the upper tuyere level, and the blowing of combustion gas into the furnace through the upper tuyere is terminated when ore is detected at the upper tuyere level. This method can reduce the consumption of fuel. Methodology and evaluation of priorities for energy 97101533 and environmental research projects Kagazyo, T. et al., Energy, Feb/March 1997, 22, (2/3), 121-129. This article details an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate and prioritize energy-related projects based not only on technological issues but also resource and social aspects. Nineteen energy-related characteristics and seven environmental characteristics are used to describe a proposed research project. Microbial attack on sulfur-containing hydro97101534 carbons: implications for the biodesulfurization of oils and coals Sherman, J. L. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 1996, 67, (2). 109-123. This article is concerned with microbiological attack on organic sulfurcontaining hydrocarbons. The objective of most research in this area is to find suitable biocatalysts for removal at the industrial scale of organic sulfur from fossil fuels. Microbes for desulfurization should, ideally, attack the sulfur in hydrocarbons without altering the carbon skeleton or affecting other valuable components of the oil or coal. Organisms able to cleave carbon-sulfur bonds releasing sulfur atoms (as sulfate in aerobic processes) appear to fulfil these requirements. Biodesulfurization is biological possible and practically attainable at the laboratory scale. 97JO1535 Modeling of thermodynamic properties of propellants Petrzilek, J. and Zigmund, J. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1996, 27th (Energetic Materials), 93.1-93.5. Discusses the use of TCHAR (a computer program designed for computation of thermodynamic properties of explosives), to obtain values of some energetic parameters (e.g. heat of explosion, flame temperature, force, and expected composition of burning products) for 23, 199 possible variations in compositions of propellants containing dinitrotoluene O-15, centralite O-IO, nitroglycerin O-40, nitrognanidine O-55, RDX O-30 vol.%, and nitrocellulose (containing 13.1% N) balance. Mathematical models were developed based on the results.
120
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
97101536 Modelling of char-gas reaction kinetics Liliedahl, T. and Sjostrom, K. Fuel, 1997, 76, (l), 29-37. Discusses the development of a semi-empirical gasification kinetic model and reviews the most common rate models. Comparisons are made with experimental data for lignite char and published data on chars of coal, peat and biomass. In the gasification experiments, finely ground lignite char samples of 0.5-I g were gasified in a thermobalance at atmospheric and elevated pressures, at temperatures between 750 and 8So’C, using a number of CO-C02-HZO-Ar mixtures. 97101537 Online GC-MS techniques for monitoring highpressure conversion reactions Jakab, E. et al. Process Control Qual., 1996, 8, (2-3). 55-67. In experiments conducted for this study gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments were interfaced to high-pressure flow-through microreactors to monitor the product formation online. Three types of instrumental setup are described illustrating the versatility of this kind of coupling. The first example shows the thermal and catalytic conversion of dibenzyl ether in solution under 115 bar hydrogen atmospheres. In the second application, thermal decomposition of JP-7 jet fuel was carried out under supercritical conditions to study the gaseous product evolution. This system features the application of a microbalance to monitor the weight of the total liquid sample plus products. The third system was designed to perform conversion of solid sample (wood) in liquid/vapor environment. This-reactor can be applied to model two-step liquefaction processes with catalytic conversion of the primary products. All the three systems provide information on the product distribution and kinetic profiles of the conversion processes. Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of 97101538 large-scale laboratory biomass fires. Yekelson, R. J. et al. .I. Geophys. Res., [Atmos./, 1996. 101. (D15). 2106721080. A series of large-scale open fires was conducted at controlled-environment combustion facility using pure pine needles or sagebrush or mixed fuels as fuels, simulating forest-floor, ground fires; crown fires; broadcast burns; and slash pile burns. Mid-IR spectra of the smoke were recorded throughout each fire by open path Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurements were made of fuel mass loss, stack gas temperature, and total mass flow up the stack. Carbon dioxide is the dominant emission of (and primarily produced by) flaming combustion, from which nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and most of the water vapour from combustion and fuel moisture were also measured. Carbon monoxide is the dominant emission formed primarily by smoldering combustion from which carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and ethane were also measured. A significant fraction of the total emissions consisted of unoxidized pyrolysis products (e.g. methanol, foimaldehyde, acetic and formic acid, ethene (ethylene), ethyne (acetylene), and hydrogen cyanide). Large differences in emissions occur from different fire and fuel types, and the observed temporal behaviour of the emissions is found to depend strongly on the fuel bed and product type. 97101539 Performance and stability characterization of liquid oxygen/kerosene injectors at Aerojet Pieper, J. et al. Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut., 1996. 171 (Recent Advances in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop Burning Phenomena, 2), 349-368. Presents the findings of research conducted on spray combustion of RP-II liquid O2 rocket propellant systems, with emphasis on determining the impact on performance and stability of the geometric and flow dynamics that affect spray combustion. Topics discussed include historical background, visualization of liquid 02-hydrocarbon combustion sprays, combustion efficiency and stability, RP-1 vapourization limitations, injector element mixing limitations, kinetic limitations at low oxidizer-fuel ratios, types of combustion instability, effect of damping devices, and effect of operating conditions. 97101540 Phase diagram approach to the fluxing effect of additions of CaCO, on Australian coal ashes Hurst, H. J. et al., (Division of Coal and Energy Technology, CSIRO, Norih Ryde, 2113 Australia). Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (6), 1215-1219. A phase diagram approach to predict the melting temperatures of coal ash/ flux mixtures and the viscosity vs. temperature characteristics of the molten slags is presented in this article. The approach is illustrated by calcium oxide fluxing studies of three Australian bituminous coal ashes covering a range of silica to alumina ratios. The agreement between experimental results and predictions from this approach suggests that sensible estimates can be made of the amount of fluxing agent necessary for satisfactory slag tapping from the ash content and ash composition of the coal. 97101541 Plasma chemical reactions at atmospheric pressure for high efficiency use of hydrocarbon fuels Okazaki, K. et a/. Energy, Feb/March 1997, 22, (2/3), 369-374. This article discusses how the direct conversion of methane to methanol with minimum energy consumption could become a key technology for highly efficient utilization of fossil fuel, because low-quality or Iowtemperature (-ilOO”C) energy sources can be used and regenerated by converting methanol to hydrogen. A new technique for synthesizing methanol directly from a methane-oxygen mixture has been developed.