- Email: [email protected]
02671 Diesel light oil compositions containing flow improvers
02
Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage)
97102658 Compositional studies of high-temperature by g.c.-FT4.r. analysis of middle oil fractions
coal tar
Zhang, M. CI ul. Ftrel, 1907, 76, (S), 415-423. The compositions of middle oil fractions in high-temperature coal tar can hc determined through a combination of capillary gas chromatographyFourier transform infrared spectrometry-gas chromatography retention and slope factors for the relations between indices (g.c.-FT-i.r.-RI). retention indices and boiling points for homologous series. Over 41, 53, 64 and 60 compounds were isolated and identified in middle oil fractions F?, Fi, F5 and F,, respectively. This approach can be applied in tar distillation processing and pollution monitoring where these compounds exist.
Evolution of volatile products 97102659 key) oil shales by temperature-programmed Ballicea, L. cf ul. Fuel, 1997, 76, (5), 375-380.
from Gliyniik pyrolysis
(Tur-
Small samples of oil shale particles were pyrolised in a fluidized-bed reactor under an inert gas flow (argon). Organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperatures and time intervals were collected by a special sampling technique. Capillary gas chromatography was implemented to analyse the products. The aliphatic hydrocarbon content of the pyrolysis products was characterized and classified by carbon number. The performance of the experimental system was assessed by a carbon balance and the recovery of total organic carbon as organic volatile products CO? and coke was determined.
97102660 Geochemical study of hydrocarbon resources northwestern Taiwan Kuo, C. L. et al. Sh@! Jikan, 1996, 32, (4), l-17. (In Chinese)
in
The hydrocarbon source potential and the problems of hydrocarbon generation and migration in north-western Taiwan are the focus of this paper. Source rock evaluation, activation energy analysis, hydrouspyrolysis and geological history reconstruction were implemented for the investigation. The result shows that the coaly shale of the Mushan and Wuchihsban Formations are the best source rock for gas and condensate in northwestern Taiwan and the coaly shale of the Shihti Formation is a subordinate gas-generating source rock. It is suggested that, according to hydrocarbon maturation and scmrce rock potential around the Tiehchenshan area, the hydrocarbons of Tiehchenshan gas field are mainly generated and migrated from the Mushan and Wuchihshan Formation.
97102661 In-situ ‘H NMR study of fluidity enhancement by hydrogen-donor and non-door pitches for a bituminous coal Maroto-Valer, M. et al. Prcpr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Cltem., 1997, 42, (I), 227-231. One of the factors responsible for the stabilization of the plastic phase during coal carbonization has been cited as hydrogen-donor ability. In-situ high temperature ‘H NMR has been used here to quantify the interactions between a low-volatile bituminous coal and both a normal coal tar pitch (CTP) and a hydrogen-donor pitch (HDP) obtained from a coal liquefaction process. When the CTP was added to the coal the amount of fluid material increased by nearly 20% more than that predicted at maximum fluidity close to 450°C. Moreover, a larger synergistic effect was observed with the HDP. By 4OO”C, 90% of the fluid phase concentration observed at 450°C had already been generated, corresponding to an enhancement of 50% over that predicted. However, particle size appears to be a dominant factor under the slow heating regime used.
97102662 slurries
Manufacture
of
high-concentration
coal-water
Kubo, Y. er al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 20,897 [97 20,897] (Cl. CltJL1/32), 21 Jan 1997, Appl. 951392,468, 5 Jul 1995, 8 pp. (In Japanese) Introduces a method for manufacture of high-concentration coal-water slurries comprising the stages of mixing coal, water and dispersant and wettype pulverization. It involves adding pH-adjusting agents and/or viscosifying aids to the coal-water slurry such that the product slurry has a rheological viscosity index of 0.6-0.9.
Organic petrological characteristics 97102663 source rocks and their hydrocarbon-generating Tarim Basin Xiao, X. Diqu Huaxue, 1997. 26, (I), 64-71. (In Chinese)
of Triassic potential in
The paper presents organic petrological and geochemical studies of Triassic source rocks in the Tarim Basin. A particular source rock was found, which mainly consisted of biodegraded amorphinite or its thermally altered product micrinite B. This source rock was characterized not only by obvious suppression of measured vitrinite reflectance, but early hydrocarbon generation. The rock had an oil window in the range of vitrinite reflectance O.40-0.95% and was found to have attained mature to oil peak stages in most part of the Lunnan area and Manjiaer Depression. This study has given same new evidence for a re-evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of Triassic source rocks in the Tarim Basin.
220
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
97102664 [Australia]:
Origin of petroleum in the Bowen and Surat Basins geochemistry revisited C. J. APEAJ.. 1995. 35, (Pt. I), 5799612.
Boreham, The paper describes a detailed regional geochemical study of over 70 oils and condensates, 1I natural gases and over 100 core samples from potential source rocks. This study allows a resolution of the generation and migration history of petroleum in the Bowen and Surat basins to be constructed. The origin of the petroleum is presented in detail.
97102665 Preliminary agglomeration process.
characterization
of a gas-promoted
oil
C‘orrl C‘WI[,. Drzymala. J. and Wheelock, T. D. Proc.--A~~tlu. Inr. Pittthuy$ 199f1, I.ith(Vol. 2) 898-902. A scale model mixing system measuring both agitator speed and torque wa\ used to study the agglomeration of aqueous suspensions of Pittsburgh No. X coal particles with isooctane. The progress of agglomeration was monitored by observing changes in agitator torque and was confirmed hy examining. sampler of the suspension with an optical microscope. The results ohtained indicate that agglomeration time decreases with increasing power input per unit volume and with increasing gas concentration.
97102666 Preparation, sions. Review Ruschevz. D. D. Koks K/h., The preparation, stabilization, suspensions as fuels.
stabilization,
and use of fuel suspen-
1996. (IO), 9-I?. (In Russian) and properties of aqueous
or
oil
coal
97102667 Role of mineral matter in coal in the preparation highly loaded coal-water slurry fuels Sun, S. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (4). I l-17. (In Chinese)
of
97102668 Self-ignition of S.I. engine model fuels: a shock tube investigation at high pressure Fieweger, K. el ul. Combustion and Flame, 1997. lOY, (4), SYY-010. The shock tube technique was used to investigate the self-ignition of several methanol, methyl terl-butyl spark-ignition (Sl) engine fuels (iso-octane, ether and three different mixtures of iso-octane and o-heptane), mixed with air. Typical modes of the self-ignition process were registered cinematographtcally.
97102669 TLC-FID in quantitative hydrocarbon group type analysis of asphaltenes and other heavy fossil fuels Cebolla. V. L. et al. Prep. Pap. Am. Chew. Sot., Dii,. Fuel Cltcr?~., I Y97. 42. (2). 431-43s. Thin layer chomatography with flame ionization detection (TLCFID) was employed ttr analyse asphaltenes and petroleum residues after careful calibration with standards.
Transport,
Refining,
Quality,
Storage
97102670 preparation
Biomass-oil slurry fuels: an investigation into their and formulation 1997, 12, (4), 253-261. I. A. ct al. Biomass und Bioener~,
Benter, This project aimed to investigate the production of a slurry fuel made from a mixture of oil and finely-ground biomass. The types of oil investigated were diesel and kerosene. Biomass was represented by radiata pine. The wood was prepared with the Convertech process, which is being developed to continuously wash, auto-hydrolyse and dry wood chips. Finely-ground wood particles settle in fuels such as diesel or kerosene due to their greater density and, thus, need to be stabilized if long-term storage is desired. It was found that auto-hydrolysed wood particles can be prevented from settling by emulsifying the oil-particle mixture with a polar liquid. In this context, it was discovered that certain mixtures of kerosene, ethanol, water and wood form a stable emulsion without any additives. Various additives for the stabilization of pure wood powder-oil mixtures were also tested, Whereas no suitable additive of the surfactant type could be identified, a castor oil-based thickener was found to successfully stabilize the slurry. The apparent viscosities of some of the slurries that were stable for at least 30 days were also measured. All slurries showed pseudoplastic properties. The thickener stabilized slurry was found to have the lowest viscosity at shear rates above 50 ss’.
97102671 improvers
Diesel
light
oil
compositions
containing
flow
Uchida, K. and Hirano, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP OY 67,583 [97 67,583] (CI.ClOLl/O4), II Mar 1997, Appl. 951222,820, 31 Aug 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The compositions contain surfactant-type flow improvers and have stable fluidity at low temperature even in the conditions with low kerosene fraction.
02
Effect of coatinqs resistant to sulfur compounds in 97ltl2672 an oil refinery Hs. Noegroho Hadi Lem baron Puhl. Lemi~as, 1996, 30, (l), 41-44 (In Indonesian) Due to retained contaminants in metals pores, coatings systems consisting of vinyls, epoxy and coal tarepoxy combination used on steel may not be successful on steel previously subjected to sulfide attack. The attack in sewers is mostly the result of biological reduction of sulfates to sulfuric acid by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). Many problems occur in coating concrete, including cracks, joints and surface contamination. PVC lining of concrete is a possible solution. Inorganic zinc gives good results and helps overcome the sulfide reactions on steel. Effect of modifier Pd metal on hydrocracking of 97102673 polyaromatic compounds over Ni-loaded Y-type zeolite and its application as hydrodesulfurization catalyst Wada. T. er nl. Catal. Today, 1996, 31, (l-2), 113-120. The paper describes the hydrocracking of polycyclic aromatics was conducted at 325-350” and 30-70 kg/cm’ HL for O-l h in the presence of nickel-loaded, palladium-loaded, and nickel- and palladium-co-loaded Ytype zeolite catalysts. Pd-Ni-Y catalyst had the highest activity toward hydrocracking of phenanthrene and pyrene. Modification of NiY catalyst by addition of Pd was effective in enhancing activity. Due to its high hydrocracking ability, the PdNiY catalyst was also applied to hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene at 300°C which resulted in complete conversion of dibenzothiophene. The catalysts can be applied in the refining or processing of coal tar. Evaluation of MO catalyst precursors 97102674 treating coal derived liquids Anderson, R. K. el al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Dil;. Fuel 42, (I), 132-136. Catalysts with similar activities for hydrotreatment of coal given by three molybdenum precursors. Presulfiding was not high catalytic activity. Simulated recycle experiments showed sion was reduced. Fischer-Tropsch comes back 97102675 Parkinson. G. Chrm. Eug., 1997, 104. (4). 39-41,
for
hydro-
Chew.,
1997,
liquids were necessary for that conver-
170.
Liquid
fuels
(economics,
business,
marketing,
policyl
97102679 Processing of coal based benzol by hydrorefining and extractive distillation route to meet the emerging challenge from petrobased benzene-an overview Basu, D. K. and Bhattacharya, C. Fuel Sci. Techwl., 1995, 14, (2),47-S3. Unrestricted import of benzene following the liberalization of economic policy has resulted in stiff competition for the coal-based benzene produced in SAIL steel plants, through conventional acid washing route, from the imported petroleum grade benzene as well as existing domestic competition. This is mainly due to inferior quality of coal-based benzene compared to the petroleum grade. State-of-the-art hydrorefining and extractive distillation technique is therefore essential to improve the quality of the product comparable to petroleum grade product to sustain the market requirement. This will also improve the existing plant performance with respect to product yield, process control, plant maintenance, abatement of pollution problem, etc. The salient features of hydrorefining and extractive distillation process and its inherent advantages over acid washing route are discussed. This is supported by the operating experience in the first and only such unit in operation at Visakhapatnam. 97102680 Slurry Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in China., Zhao. Y. ef al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2). 616-622.
Economics,
Business,
Marketing,
Policy
97102681 Demand for oil products in the GCC countries Al-faris, A.-r. F. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (1), 55-61. This study was undertaken with the objective of estimating the price and income elasticities of oil products demand in the GCC countries. Annual data spanning the period 1970-1991 were fitted to a partial adjustment model to obtain the estimates. The main finding of the study is that both price and income are relatively inelastic in the short-run, and there has been a great variation in these elasticities among fuels and cross-country. DOE indirect coal liquefaction-and opportunities 97102682 for its early commercialization Shen, J.el al. Prepr. Pap.-m. Chem. Sot., Dir,. Facl Chem. 1997, 42. (2). 583-585.
Heat treatment of heavy oils with waste plastics for 9?/026?6 production of light products Takada, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP G&337,782 [96,337,782] (Cl. ClOG47/34), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951167,041, 9 Jun 1995, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The process comprises mixing petroleum and/or coal-based heavy oils and waste plastics and heating them under non-oxidizing atmospheres at 350460 C. The atmospheres may contain 2 I gases selected from N, Ar, He, and hydrocarbons. Low cost and high safety are combined in this process and it is especially suitable for recycling waste plastics. Microbial production of surfactants and their com97102677 mercial potential Desai, J. D. rl al. Mim-ohiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997, 61, (l), 47-64. Biosurfactants are more effective, selective, environmentally friendly, and stable than many synthetic surfactants. Rapid and reliable methods for screening and selection of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and evaluation of their activity have been developed. Commercialization of biosurfactants in the cosmetic, food, health care, pulp and paper processing, coal, ceramic, and metal industries has been proposed. However, the most promising applications are cleaning of oil-contaminated tankers, oil spill management, transportation of heavy crude oil, enhanced oil recovery, recovery of crude oil from sludge, and bioremediation of sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals. and other pollutants. Future research and potential applications are discussed. Prediction 97102678 derived liquids Marano, J. J. and Holder,
of bulk properties G. D.
Ind.
of Fischer-Tropsch
DOE indirect coal liquefaction programs are reviewed, i.e. slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, liquid-phase di-Me ether synthesis, and the production of oxygenates and chemicals based on coal-derived synthesis gas. 97102683 An economic study for the co-generation of liquid fuel and hydrogen from coal and municipal solid waste Warren, A. and El-Halwagi, M. Fuel Process. Tech&., 1996. 49, (I-3). 157-166. Based on the incorporation recent experimental data on plastic/coal liquefaction within a conceptual process framework, the technical and economic feasibility of a new process for co-liquefaction of coal and plastic wastes was reported. A preliminary design was developed for two process configurations. The configurations use different sources of hydrogen: one uses coal the other cellulosic waste. Plastic waste amounting to 720 tons per day was co-liquefied with an equivalent amount of coal weight, producing hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. Material and energy balances along with plant-wide simulation were conducted. In addition, data on plastic waste availability, disposal, and economics were compiled. The results from the economic analysis identified profitability criteria for gross profit and return on investment based on variable conversion, yield. and tipping fee for plastic waste processed. 97102684 Future prospects Avidan, A. A. Circ. Fluid. Beds, 1997, 568-577. Edited by Grace, J. R. (‘I al., Glasgow, UK. This paper discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and ultra-short contact time fluid-particle reactors are discussed with respect to future prospects of circulating fluidized beds.
Eng. Chem. Res., 1997, 36, (6).
2409-2420.
To predict the bulk properties of liquid mixtures derived from the FischerTropsch synthesis, asymptotic behaviour correlations based on the properties of pure n-paraffins are used. Comparisons are made with literature data for congealing point, density.specific heat, viscosity, thermal condition. and surface tension. Mixture property predictions are based on appropriate average carbon numbers. and on a general property mixing rule. Both ideal and non-ideal solution behaviour are exhibited. For the non-ideal propermixing rules are proposed and ties, viscosity and surface tension, parameters regressed to obtain reasonable agreement with mixture data. Property estimates based on the appropriate average carbon number are probably sufficient for most engineering applications. Methods are outlined for estimating different carbon-number averages based on congealing- and melting-point, density, and the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution when the carbon number distribution of the mixture is not available.
97102685 The international petroleum industry-competition, structural change and allocation of oil surplus Baddour, J. W. Energy Poiic)?, 25, (2), 143-157. This paper aims to show that the world oil industry has gone through three successive stages in the evolution of marginal production costs over the last 30 years. This corresponds to three different organizations of the market: the majors order (1929-73), the OPEC order (1974-86) and the consumercountries order (1986 to the present). These orders all differ as far as organization of ccjmpetition or the conditions of oil surplus distribution are concerned. By provoking a break with industrial structure and the established balance of power between actors, it seems that each successive reversal in the evolution of the production costs’ trend results in an oil crisis, and subsequent backlash. In turn, these appear to change the organizational dynamics of the industry.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
221
Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage)
97102658 Compositional studies of high-temperature by g.c.-FT4.r. analysis of middle oil fractions
coal tar
Zhang, M. CI ul. Ftrel, 1907, 76, (S), 415-423. The compositions of middle oil fractions in high-temperature coal tar can hc determined through a combination of capillary gas chromatographyFourier transform infrared spectrometry-gas chromatography retention and slope factors for the relations between indices (g.c.-FT-i.r.-RI). retention indices and boiling points for homologous series. Over 41, 53, 64 and 60 compounds were isolated and identified in middle oil fractions F?, Fi, F5 and F,, respectively. This approach can be applied in tar distillation processing and pollution monitoring where these compounds exist.
Evolution of volatile products 97102659 key) oil shales by temperature-programmed Ballicea, L. cf ul. Fuel, 1997, 76, (5), 375-380.
from Gliyniik pyrolysis
(Tur-
Small samples of oil shale particles were pyrolised in a fluidized-bed reactor under an inert gas flow (argon). Organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperatures and time intervals were collected by a special sampling technique. Capillary gas chromatography was implemented to analyse the products. The aliphatic hydrocarbon content of the pyrolysis products was characterized and classified by carbon number. The performance of the experimental system was assessed by a carbon balance and the recovery of total organic carbon as organic volatile products CO? and coke was determined.
97102660 Geochemical study of hydrocarbon resources northwestern Taiwan Kuo, C. L. et al. Sh@! Jikan, 1996, 32, (4), l-17. (In Chinese)
in
The hydrocarbon source potential and the problems of hydrocarbon generation and migration in north-western Taiwan are the focus of this paper. Source rock evaluation, activation energy analysis, hydrouspyrolysis and geological history reconstruction were implemented for the investigation. The result shows that the coaly shale of the Mushan and Wuchihsban Formations are the best source rock for gas and condensate in northwestern Taiwan and the coaly shale of the Shihti Formation is a subordinate gas-generating source rock. It is suggested that, according to hydrocarbon maturation and scmrce rock potential around the Tiehchenshan area, the hydrocarbons of Tiehchenshan gas field are mainly generated and migrated from the Mushan and Wuchihshan Formation.
97102661 In-situ ‘H NMR study of fluidity enhancement by hydrogen-donor and non-door pitches for a bituminous coal Maroto-Valer, M. et al. Prcpr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Cltem., 1997, 42, (I), 227-231. One of the factors responsible for the stabilization of the plastic phase during coal carbonization has been cited as hydrogen-donor ability. In-situ high temperature ‘H NMR has been used here to quantify the interactions between a low-volatile bituminous coal and both a normal coal tar pitch (CTP) and a hydrogen-donor pitch (HDP) obtained from a coal liquefaction process. When the CTP was added to the coal the amount of fluid material increased by nearly 20% more than that predicted at maximum fluidity close to 450°C. Moreover, a larger synergistic effect was observed with the HDP. By 4OO”C, 90% of the fluid phase concentration observed at 450°C had already been generated, corresponding to an enhancement of 50% over that predicted. However, particle size appears to be a dominant factor under the slow heating regime used.
97102662 slurries
Manufacture
of
high-concentration
coal-water
Kubo, Y. er al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 20,897 [97 20,897] (Cl. CltJL1/32), 21 Jan 1997, Appl. 951392,468, 5 Jul 1995, 8 pp. (In Japanese) Introduces a method for manufacture of high-concentration coal-water slurries comprising the stages of mixing coal, water and dispersant and wettype pulverization. It involves adding pH-adjusting agents and/or viscosifying aids to the coal-water slurry such that the product slurry has a rheological viscosity index of 0.6-0.9.
Organic petrological characteristics 97102663 source rocks and their hydrocarbon-generating Tarim Basin Xiao, X. Diqu Huaxue, 1997. 26, (I), 64-71. (In Chinese)
of Triassic potential in
The paper presents organic petrological and geochemical studies of Triassic source rocks in the Tarim Basin. A particular source rock was found, which mainly consisted of biodegraded amorphinite or its thermally altered product micrinite B. This source rock was characterized not only by obvious suppression of measured vitrinite reflectance, but early hydrocarbon generation. The rock had an oil window in the range of vitrinite reflectance O.40-0.95% and was found to have attained mature to oil peak stages in most part of the Lunnan area and Manjiaer Depression. This study has given same new evidence for a re-evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of Triassic source rocks in the Tarim Basin.
220
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
97102664 [Australia]:
Origin of petroleum in the Bowen and Surat Basins geochemistry revisited C. J. APEAJ.. 1995. 35, (Pt. I), 5799612.
Boreham, The paper describes a detailed regional geochemical study of over 70 oils and condensates, 1I natural gases and over 100 core samples from potential source rocks. This study allows a resolution of the generation and migration history of petroleum in the Bowen and Surat basins to be constructed. The origin of the petroleum is presented in detail.
97102665 Preliminary agglomeration process.
characterization
of a gas-promoted
oil
C‘orrl C‘WI[,. Drzymala. J. and Wheelock, T. D. Proc.--A~~tlu. Inr. Pittthuy$ 199f1, I.ith(Vol. 2) 898-902. A scale model mixing system measuring both agitator speed and torque wa\ used to study the agglomeration of aqueous suspensions of Pittsburgh No. X coal particles with isooctane. The progress of agglomeration was monitored by observing changes in agitator torque and was confirmed hy examining. sampler of the suspension with an optical microscope. The results ohtained indicate that agglomeration time decreases with increasing power input per unit volume and with increasing gas concentration.
97102666 Preparation, sions. Review Ruschevz. D. D. Koks K/h., The preparation, stabilization, suspensions as fuels.
stabilization,
and use of fuel suspen-
1996. (IO), 9-I?. (In Russian) and properties of aqueous
or
oil
coal
97102667 Role of mineral matter in coal in the preparation highly loaded coal-water slurry fuels Sun, S. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1996, 19, (4). I l-17. (In Chinese)
of
97102668 Self-ignition of S.I. engine model fuels: a shock tube investigation at high pressure Fieweger, K. el ul. Combustion and Flame, 1997. lOY, (4), SYY-010. The shock tube technique was used to investigate the self-ignition of several methanol, methyl terl-butyl spark-ignition (Sl) engine fuels (iso-octane, ether and three different mixtures of iso-octane and o-heptane), mixed with air. Typical modes of the self-ignition process were registered cinematographtcally.
97102669 TLC-FID in quantitative hydrocarbon group type analysis of asphaltenes and other heavy fossil fuels Cebolla. V. L. et al. Prep. Pap. Am. Chew. Sot., Dii,. Fuel Cltcr?~., I Y97. 42. (2). 431-43s. Thin layer chomatography with flame ionization detection (TLCFID) was employed ttr analyse asphaltenes and petroleum residues after careful calibration with standards.
Transport,
Refining,
Quality,
Storage
97102670 preparation
Biomass-oil slurry fuels: an investigation into their and formulation 1997, 12, (4), 253-261. I. A. ct al. Biomass und Bioener~,
Benter, This project aimed to investigate the production of a slurry fuel made from a mixture of oil and finely-ground biomass. The types of oil investigated were diesel and kerosene. Biomass was represented by radiata pine. The wood was prepared with the Convertech process, which is being developed to continuously wash, auto-hydrolyse and dry wood chips. Finely-ground wood particles settle in fuels such as diesel or kerosene due to their greater density and, thus, need to be stabilized if long-term storage is desired. It was found that auto-hydrolysed wood particles can be prevented from settling by emulsifying the oil-particle mixture with a polar liquid. In this context, it was discovered that certain mixtures of kerosene, ethanol, water and wood form a stable emulsion without any additives. Various additives for the stabilization of pure wood powder-oil mixtures were also tested, Whereas no suitable additive of the surfactant type could be identified, a castor oil-based thickener was found to successfully stabilize the slurry. The apparent viscosities of some of the slurries that were stable for at least 30 days were also measured. All slurries showed pseudoplastic properties. The thickener stabilized slurry was found to have the lowest viscosity at shear rates above 50 ss’.
97102671 improvers
Diesel
light
oil
compositions
containing
flow
Uchida, K. and Hirano, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP OY 67,583 [97 67,583] (CI.ClOLl/O4), II Mar 1997, Appl. 951222,820, 31 Aug 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The compositions contain surfactant-type flow improvers and have stable fluidity at low temperature even in the conditions with low kerosene fraction.
02
Effect of coatinqs resistant to sulfur compounds in 97ltl2672 an oil refinery Hs. Noegroho Hadi Lem baron Puhl. Lemi~as, 1996, 30, (l), 41-44 (In Indonesian) Due to retained contaminants in metals pores, coatings systems consisting of vinyls, epoxy and coal tarepoxy combination used on steel may not be successful on steel previously subjected to sulfide attack. The attack in sewers is mostly the result of biological reduction of sulfates to sulfuric acid by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). Many problems occur in coating concrete, including cracks, joints and surface contamination. PVC lining of concrete is a possible solution. Inorganic zinc gives good results and helps overcome the sulfide reactions on steel. Effect of modifier Pd metal on hydrocracking of 97102673 polyaromatic compounds over Ni-loaded Y-type zeolite and its application as hydrodesulfurization catalyst Wada. T. er nl. Catal. Today, 1996, 31, (l-2), 113-120. The paper describes the hydrocracking of polycyclic aromatics was conducted at 325-350” and 30-70 kg/cm’ HL for O-l h in the presence of nickel-loaded, palladium-loaded, and nickel- and palladium-co-loaded Ytype zeolite catalysts. Pd-Ni-Y catalyst had the highest activity toward hydrocracking of phenanthrene and pyrene. Modification of NiY catalyst by addition of Pd was effective in enhancing activity. Due to its high hydrocracking ability, the PdNiY catalyst was also applied to hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene at 300°C which resulted in complete conversion of dibenzothiophene. The catalysts can be applied in the refining or processing of coal tar. Evaluation of MO catalyst precursors 97102674 treating coal derived liquids Anderson, R. K. el al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Dil;. Fuel 42, (I), 132-136. Catalysts with similar activities for hydrotreatment of coal given by three molybdenum precursors. Presulfiding was not high catalytic activity. Simulated recycle experiments showed sion was reduced. Fischer-Tropsch comes back 97102675 Parkinson. G. Chrm. Eug., 1997, 104. (4). 39-41,
for
hydro-
Chew.,
1997,
liquids were necessary for that conver-
170.
Liquid
fuels
(economics,
business,
marketing,
policyl
97102679 Processing of coal based benzol by hydrorefining and extractive distillation route to meet the emerging challenge from petrobased benzene-an overview Basu, D. K. and Bhattacharya, C. Fuel Sci. Techwl., 1995, 14, (2),47-S3. Unrestricted import of benzene following the liberalization of economic policy has resulted in stiff competition for the coal-based benzene produced in SAIL steel plants, through conventional acid washing route, from the imported petroleum grade benzene as well as existing domestic competition. This is mainly due to inferior quality of coal-based benzene compared to the petroleum grade. State-of-the-art hydrorefining and extractive distillation technique is therefore essential to improve the quality of the product comparable to petroleum grade product to sustain the market requirement. This will also improve the existing plant performance with respect to product yield, process control, plant maintenance, abatement of pollution problem, etc. The salient features of hydrorefining and extractive distillation process and its inherent advantages over acid washing route are discussed. This is supported by the operating experience in the first and only such unit in operation at Visakhapatnam. 97102680 Slurry Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in China., Zhao. Y. ef al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (2). 616-622.
Economics,
Business,
Marketing,
Policy
97102681 Demand for oil products in the GCC countries Al-faris, A.-r. F. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (1), 55-61. This study was undertaken with the objective of estimating the price and income elasticities of oil products demand in the GCC countries. Annual data spanning the period 1970-1991 were fitted to a partial adjustment model to obtain the estimates. The main finding of the study is that both price and income are relatively inelastic in the short-run, and there has been a great variation in these elasticities among fuels and cross-country. DOE indirect coal liquefaction-and opportunities 97102682 for its early commercialization Shen, J.el al. Prepr. Pap.-m. Chem. Sot., Dir,. Facl Chem. 1997, 42. (2). 583-585.
Heat treatment of heavy oils with waste plastics for 9?/026?6 production of light products Takada, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP G&337,782 [96,337,782] (Cl. ClOG47/34), 24 Dee 1996, Appl. 951167,041, 9 Jun 1995, 5 pp. (In Japanese) The process comprises mixing petroleum and/or coal-based heavy oils and waste plastics and heating them under non-oxidizing atmospheres at 350460 C. The atmospheres may contain 2 I gases selected from N, Ar, He, and hydrocarbons. Low cost and high safety are combined in this process and it is especially suitable for recycling waste plastics. Microbial production of surfactants and their com97102677 mercial potential Desai, J. D. rl al. Mim-ohiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997, 61, (l), 47-64. Biosurfactants are more effective, selective, environmentally friendly, and stable than many synthetic surfactants. Rapid and reliable methods for screening and selection of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and evaluation of their activity have been developed. Commercialization of biosurfactants in the cosmetic, food, health care, pulp and paper processing, coal, ceramic, and metal industries has been proposed. However, the most promising applications are cleaning of oil-contaminated tankers, oil spill management, transportation of heavy crude oil, enhanced oil recovery, recovery of crude oil from sludge, and bioremediation of sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals. and other pollutants. Future research and potential applications are discussed. Prediction 97102678 derived liquids Marano, J. J. and Holder,
of bulk properties G. D.
Ind.
of Fischer-Tropsch
DOE indirect coal liquefaction programs are reviewed, i.e. slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, liquid-phase di-Me ether synthesis, and the production of oxygenates and chemicals based on coal-derived synthesis gas. 97102683 An economic study for the co-generation of liquid fuel and hydrogen from coal and municipal solid waste Warren, A. and El-Halwagi, M. Fuel Process. Tech&., 1996. 49, (I-3). 157-166. Based on the incorporation recent experimental data on plastic/coal liquefaction within a conceptual process framework, the technical and economic feasibility of a new process for co-liquefaction of coal and plastic wastes was reported. A preliminary design was developed for two process configurations. The configurations use different sources of hydrogen: one uses coal the other cellulosic waste. Plastic waste amounting to 720 tons per day was co-liquefied with an equivalent amount of coal weight, producing hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. Material and energy balances along with plant-wide simulation were conducted. In addition, data on plastic waste availability, disposal, and economics were compiled. The results from the economic analysis identified profitability criteria for gross profit and return on investment based on variable conversion, yield. and tipping fee for plastic waste processed. 97102684 Future prospects Avidan, A. A. Circ. Fluid. Beds, 1997, 568-577. Edited by Grace, J. R. (‘I al., Glasgow, UK. This paper discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and ultra-short contact time fluid-particle reactors are discussed with respect to future prospects of circulating fluidized beds.
Eng. Chem. Res., 1997, 36, (6).
2409-2420.
To predict the bulk properties of liquid mixtures derived from the FischerTropsch synthesis, asymptotic behaviour correlations based on the properties of pure n-paraffins are used. Comparisons are made with literature data for congealing point, density.specific heat, viscosity, thermal condition. and surface tension. Mixture property predictions are based on appropriate average carbon numbers. and on a general property mixing rule. Both ideal and non-ideal solution behaviour are exhibited. For the non-ideal propermixing rules are proposed and ties, viscosity and surface tension, parameters regressed to obtain reasonable agreement with mixture data. Property estimates based on the appropriate average carbon number are probably sufficient for most engineering applications. Methods are outlined for estimating different carbon-number averages based on congealing- and melting-point, density, and the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution when the carbon number distribution of the mixture is not available.
97102685 The international petroleum industry-competition, structural change and allocation of oil surplus Baddour, J. W. Energy Poiic)?, 25, (2), 143-157. This paper aims to show that the world oil industry has gone through three successive stages in the evolution of marginal production costs over the last 30 years. This corresponds to three different organizations of the market: the majors order (1929-73), the OPEC order (1974-86) and the consumercountries order (1986 to the present). These orders all differ as far as organization of ccjmpetition or the conditions of oil surplus distribution are concerned. By provoking a break with industrial structure and the established balance of power between actors, it seems that each successive reversal in the evolution of the production costs’ trend results in an oil crisis, and subsequent backlash. In turn, these appear to change the organizational dynamics of the industry.
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