- Email: [email protected]
03012 Renewable energy technologies in the Caribbean
07 25-30 cents/(kWh) to 7-X centsl(kWh). This is comparable with the present cost of electricity generated by traditional energy sources such as fossil and petroleum fuels. The PV energy costs could be reduced to a value lower than 7-8 cents/(kWh) by developing SODL technology and the author makes suggestions with regard to ways of achieving this.
97103003 Domestic Zimbabwe-part A
biomass
burning
in rural
and
urban
Marufu, L. er al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (I), 53-68. During March and April, 1995, a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate biofuel consumption rates in rural and urban households in Zimbabwe. The survey formed part of an integrated campaign aimed at establishing the extent to which domestic biofuel burning in Africa contributes to the atmospheric trace gas budget. The forms of biofuels used in rural areas were found to be wood, agricultural residues and cow dung, with wood being predominant. Cow dung was only used in situations of severe fuel shortages. On average, rural consumption rates of wood, agricultural residues and cow dung for this time of the year were found to be 3.2. 1.5 and 0.2 kg/capita/day, respectively. Wood and agricultural residues were the only biofuels used by urban households and were consumed at rates of I.6 and > 0.1 kg/capita/day, respectively. Across the study areas, consumption rates were found to be a function of fuel availability. Within study areas, family size was the major factor influencing the consumption rates per capita.
97103004 wastes and bed firings
Experimental results of thermal utilization of renewable raw materials in circulating fluidized-
Bernstein, W. Ber. Dtsch. Wiss. Ges. Erdoel, Erdgas Kohle, Tagungsher., 1996, 9603, (Beitraege zur DGMK-Fachhereichstagung ‘Energetische und Stoffliche Nutzung von Abfaellen und Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen’, 1996) 203-210. (In German) A pilot combustion reactor equipped with a circulating fluidized-bed system was used for these experiments. On-line measurement of temperature, pressure, mass flow, and two flue gas analysers were also implemented. Comhustion materials were lignite and lignite mixtures with sewage sludge and hagasse. In all experiments CO emissions were below the legal limits, while NO, emission approached the limit. The SOz emission was above the limit value hv use of lignite alone. Low SOz emission was experienced with the cornbust& of mixtures, however, due to the high lime content in sewage sludge.
97103005 Hofcr, B. Renewable and power of Swissair tonnes of Swissair’s the energy combustion return on
97103006
Focus on Papyron &r/z. Tech. Rev., 1996, 78, (4) 31-33. energy is made use of by Papyron, a small-scale combined heat station, to supply electricity, heat and cold to the headquarters in Zurich-Kloten. Briquettes are manufactured from some 4.500 and wood collected from non-recyclable paper, cardboard operational buildings and are used as fuel. A simplified form of system is illustrated. Eighty tonnes of fuel oil by COz-neutral is replaced with this renewable fuel giving a favourable 24% investment. Combustion products are disposed of easily.
Fuelwood
utilization
in Brazil
Brito. J. 0. Biomaw and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (I), 69-74. Fuelwood consumption in Brazil is greater than the use of wood for industrial use. Fuelwood taken from existing forest has been a very common activity in Brazil. As fuelwood consumption in the country is expected to increase in the future, it is important to increase the supply of wood by sustainable use of the existing natural forests. Even if they are far from the centres of consumption. these are the only available reserves capable of supporting the Brazilian future fuelwood requirements. For this reason it is necessary to use advanced technology to convert the energy of wood efficiently into a form (such as electricity) to carry it to the centres of consumption.
97103007
Greenhouse
gas emissions
from hydropower
Gagnon, L. and van de Vate, ;. F. Enerp Policy, 1997, 25, (1) 7-13. The findings of a recent IAEA expert meeting on the assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the full ‘lifecycle’ of hydropower are presented. The different categories of hydropower plants are discussed in view of the two main sources of GHG emissions: first, direct and indirect emissions associated with the construction of the plants; second, emissions from decaying biomass from land flooded by hydro reservoirs. In terms of GHG emissions, this paper shows that, in most cases, hydropower is a good alternative to fossil fuelled power generation. For hydropower plants in cold climate, a typical GHG emission factor is 15 g CO? equivalent/kWh, which is 30-60 times less than the factors of usual fossil fuel generation. For some hydropower plants in tropical climates, theoretical calculations have shown that reservoir emissions could be very high. However, no measurements of emissions were taken from tropical reservoirs and the current level of research does not allow for a reliable evaluation. Research is urgently needed in humid tropical climates.
Alternative energy sources (others, including development, 97103008
Power production
economics)
based on biofuels
Nielson, L. and Nielsen, C. Proc. Biomass Conf. Am.: Energy, Environ., Agric. Ind., 2nd, 1995, 533-542. The paper presents the Danish Biomass Program. relating ELSAM incentives to burn biofuels in power plants and ELSAM activities to that end. ELSAM is one of the two power pools dividing Denmark into east and west. Due to government demands, ELSAM has to burn approx. 600,000 tonnes of straw and 100,000 tonnes of wood chips by the year 2000. To achieve the national goal for CO:! emissions-a 20% reduction by the year 2005-ELSAM plans to utilize biofuels to the equivalent of approximately 25 PJ or 15% of ELSAM’s power production. The aims and plans of ELSAM are detailed
97103009
Price trends in the Swedish
wood-fuel
market
Hillring, B. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (I), 41-51. The Swedish wood fuel market. mainly for district heating, has been surveyed, enabling trends in market prices to he established. This market has grown significantly during the past 1.5 years to around 3643 PJ per annum. Short-term prices are failing, reflecting the fact that high energy taxes on fossil fuels cause wood fuels to be highly competitive in the district heating market. The increase in the use of wood fuels during recent years has not increased the market price as supplies have also increased. In the future, the use of wood fuels is expected to continue to grow to include the use of short-rotation energy forests. At the same time there has been a significant increase in the use of wood fuels which have been mechanically processed to improve their quality. These include briquettes, pellets and powders which command higher prices in new markets. This increasing use of wood as fuel has not increased market prices. which are expected to remain stable in real terms, reflecting the ample supply of wood fuels and a forecasted stability in the competing prices of fossil fuels.
97/03010 Tanzania
Promotion
of renewable
energy
technologies
in
Kassenga. G. R. Resources, Comervation and Recycling, 1997, 19, (4), 257263. To solve its energy problems, the United Republic of Tanzania is striving to exploit its renewable energy potential. The prevailing energy situation in Tanzania is highlighted and the paper gives a short review of potential energy resources. It then discusses current institutional efforts and capabilities in research, development, diffusion and commercialisation of renewable energy technologies. The paper also identifies some barriers to promotion of renewable energy technologies. Finally, it outlines the energy policy of Tanzania and actions taken by the government to oromote renewable energy technologies.
Regional income effects and renewable fuels97/03011 increased usage of renewable energy sources in Danish rural areas and its impact on regional incomes Bentzen, J. and Smith, V. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (2) 1X5-191. In the attempt to reduce CO: emissions, renewable energy sources may be considered as serious alternatives to the present usage of fossil fuels. As part of a research programme financed by the Danish Energy Agency, data concerning the different heating technologies based on oil and wood fuels have been collected. Private and social costs are estimated and these economic data are used when analysing regional income effects of increased consumption of locally-produced fuels (e.g. wood). The impacts on income and tax revenues are calculated from multiplier expressions, constructed with rights to the measurement of local effects.
97103012
Renewable
energy technologies
in the Caribbean
Headley, 0. Sob Energy, 1997, 59, (l-3). 1-9. The author proposes the possibility of using renewable energy systems ,which have been applied in the island and coastal states of the Caribbean area, to meet the energy needs of small island states. Successes are detailed, such as the 23,000 solar water heaters installed on homes in Barbados, and ways of extending these to other areas of the economy where renewable energy has vet to make an impact are proposed. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming cheaper and PV-powered vapour compression coolers may he the preferred technology of the immediate future. In isolated islands, it is necessary to consider the full environmental cost of any technologv since normal economic analyses often ignore these when the; recommend fossil fuelled systems.
97103013
Renewables-a
major contribution
Loram, G. Energy Wld.. January 1997, 245, 17-19. This report focuses on the main points from wind, wastes and solar energy papers presented at an IBC conference held on renewable energy in London, November 1996.
97103014
Renewables-about
to make a major contribution?
Loram, G. Energy Wld., December 1996, 244, 14-15. Reports on a conference on renewable energy, London, examining planning matters and policy.
97103015
The status of renewable
energies
November
1996,
in Denmark
Elvang A G. TFWS Danvak, October 1996, 32, 13, 6-X. (In Danish) The connection between the current status of renewable energy utilization and CO? emissions in Denmark is the subject of this review.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
247
97103003 Domestic Zimbabwe-part A
biomass
burning
in rural
and
urban
Marufu, L. er al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (I), 53-68. During March and April, 1995, a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate biofuel consumption rates in rural and urban households in Zimbabwe. The survey formed part of an integrated campaign aimed at establishing the extent to which domestic biofuel burning in Africa contributes to the atmospheric trace gas budget. The forms of biofuels used in rural areas were found to be wood, agricultural residues and cow dung, with wood being predominant. Cow dung was only used in situations of severe fuel shortages. On average, rural consumption rates of wood, agricultural residues and cow dung for this time of the year were found to be 3.2. 1.5 and 0.2 kg/capita/day, respectively. Wood and agricultural residues were the only biofuels used by urban households and were consumed at rates of I.6 and > 0.1 kg/capita/day, respectively. Across the study areas, consumption rates were found to be a function of fuel availability. Within study areas, family size was the major factor influencing the consumption rates per capita.
97103004 wastes and bed firings
Experimental results of thermal utilization of renewable raw materials in circulating fluidized-
Bernstein, W. Ber. Dtsch. Wiss. Ges. Erdoel, Erdgas Kohle, Tagungsher., 1996, 9603, (Beitraege zur DGMK-Fachhereichstagung ‘Energetische und Stoffliche Nutzung von Abfaellen und Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen’, 1996) 203-210. (In German) A pilot combustion reactor equipped with a circulating fluidized-bed system was used for these experiments. On-line measurement of temperature, pressure, mass flow, and two flue gas analysers were also implemented. Comhustion materials were lignite and lignite mixtures with sewage sludge and hagasse. In all experiments CO emissions were below the legal limits, while NO, emission approached the limit. The SOz emission was above the limit value hv use of lignite alone. Low SOz emission was experienced with the cornbust& of mixtures, however, due to the high lime content in sewage sludge.
97103005 Hofcr, B. Renewable and power of Swissair tonnes of Swissair’s the energy combustion return on
97103006
Focus on Papyron &r/z. Tech. Rev., 1996, 78, (4) 31-33. energy is made use of by Papyron, a small-scale combined heat station, to supply electricity, heat and cold to the headquarters in Zurich-Kloten. Briquettes are manufactured from some 4.500 and wood collected from non-recyclable paper, cardboard operational buildings and are used as fuel. A simplified form of system is illustrated. Eighty tonnes of fuel oil by COz-neutral is replaced with this renewable fuel giving a favourable 24% investment. Combustion products are disposed of easily.
Fuelwood
utilization
in Brazil
Brito. J. 0. Biomaw and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (I), 69-74. Fuelwood consumption in Brazil is greater than the use of wood for industrial use. Fuelwood taken from existing forest has been a very common activity in Brazil. As fuelwood consumption in the country is expected to increase in the future, it is important to increase the supply of wood by sustainable use of the existing natural forests. Even if they are far from the centres of consumption. these are the only available reserves capable of supporting the Brazilian future fuelwood requirements. For this reason it is necessary to use advanced technology to convert the energy of wood efficiently into a form (such as electricity) to carry it to the centres of consumption.
97103007
Greenhouse
gas emissions
from hydropower
Gagnon, L. and van de Vate, ;. F. Enerp Policy, 1997, 25, (1) 7-13. The findings of a recent IAEA expert meeting on the assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the full ‘lifecycle’ of hydropower are presented. The different categories of hydropower plants are discussed in view of the two main sources of GHG emissions: first, direct and indirect emissions associated with the construction of the plants; second, emissions from decaying biomass from land flooded by hydro reservoirs. In terms of GHG emissions, this paper shows that, in most cases, hydropower is a good alternative to fossil fuelled power generation. For hydropower plants in cold climate, a typical GHG emission factor is 15 g CO? equivalent/kWh, which is 30-60 times less than the factors of usual fossil fuel generation. For some hydropower plants in tropical climates, theoretical calculations have shown that reservoir emissions could be very high. However, no measurements of emissions were taken from tropical reservoirs and the current level of research does not allow for a reliable evaluation. Research is urgently needed in humid tropical climates.
Alternative energy sources (others, including development, 97103008
Power production
economics)
based on biofuels
Nielson, L. and Nielsen, C. Proc. Biomass Conf. Am.: Energy, Environ., Agric. Ind., 2nd, 1995, 533-542. The paper presents the Danish Biomass Program. relating ELSAM incentives to burn biofuels in power plants and ELSAM activities to that end. ELSAM is one of the two power pools dividing Denmark into east and west. Due to government demands, ELSAM has to burn approx. 600,000 tonnes of straw and 100,000 tonnes of wood chips by the year 2000. To achieve the national goal for CO:! emissions-a 20% reduction by the year 2005-ELSAM plans to utilize biofuels to the equivalent of approximately 25 PJ or 15% of ELSAM’s power production. The aims and plans of ELSAM are detailed
97103009
Price trends in the Swedish
wood-fuel
market
Hillring, B. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 12, (I), 41-51. The Swedish wood fuel market. mainly for district heating, has been surveyed, enabling trends in market prices to he established. This market has grown significantly during the past 1.5 years to around 3643 PJ per annum. Short-term prices are failing, reflecting the fact that high energy taxes on fossil fuels cause wood fuels to be highly competitive in the district heating market. The increase in the use of wood fuels during recent years has not increased the market price as supplies have also increased. In the future, the use of wood fuels is expected to continue to grow to include the use of short-rotation energy forests. At the same time there has been a significant increase in the use of wood fuels which have been mechanically processed to improve their quality. These include briquettes, pellets and powders which command higher prices in new markets. This increasing use of wood as fuel has not increased market prices. which are expected to remain stable in real terms, reflecting the ample supply of wood fuels and a forecasted stability in the competing prices of fossil fuels.
97/03010 Tanzania
Promotion
of renewable
energy
technologies
in
Kassenga. G. R. Resources, Comervation and Recycling, 1997, 19, (4), 257263. To solve its energy problems, the United Republic of Tanzania is striving to exploit its renewable energy potential. The prevailing energy situation in Tanzania is highlighted and the paper gives a short review of potential energy resources. It then discusses current institutional efforts and capabilities in research, development, diffusion and commercialisation of renewable energy technologies. The paper also identifies some barriers to promotion of renewable energy technologies. Finally, it outlines the energy policy of Tanzania and actions taken by the government to oromote renewable energy technologies.
Regional income effects and renewable fuels97/03011 increased usage of renewable energy sources in Danish rural areas and its impact on regional incomes Bentzen, J. and Smith, V. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (2) 1X5-191. In the attempt to reduce CO: emissions, renewable energy sources may be considered as serious alternatives to the present usage of fossil fuels. As part of a research programme financed by the Danish Energy Agency, data concerning the different heating technologies based on oil and wood fuels have been collected. Private and social costs are estimated and these economic data are used when analysing regional income effects of increased consumption of locally-produced fuels (e.g. wood). The impacts on income and tax revenues are calculated from multiplier expressions, constructed with rights to the measurement of local effects.
97103012
Renewable
energy technologies
in the Caribbean
Headley, 0. Sob Energy, 1997, 59, (l-3). 1-9. The author proposes the possibility of using renewable energy systems ,which have been applied in the island and coastal states of the Caribbean area, to meet the energy needs of small island states. Successes are detailed, such as the 23,000 solar water heaters installed on homes in Barbados, and ways of extending these to other areas of the economy where renewable energy has vet to make an impact are proposed. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming cheaper and PV-powered vapour compression coolers may he the preferred technology of the immediate future. In isolated islands, it is necessary to consider the full environmental cost of any technologv since normal economic analyses often ignore these when the; recommend fossil fuelled systems.
97103013
Renewables-a
major contribution
Loram, G. Energy Wld.. January 1997, 245, 17-19. This report focuses on the main points from wind, wastes and solar energy papers presented at an IBC conference held on renewable energy in London, November 1996.
97103014
Renewables-about
to make a major contribution?
Loram, G. Energy Wld., December 1996, 244, 14-15. Reports on a conference on renewable energy, London, examining planning matters and policy.
97103015
The status of renewable
energies
November
1996,
in Denmark
Elvang A G. TFWS Danvak, October 1996, 32, 13, 6-X. (In Danish) The connection between the current status of renewable energy utilization and CO? emissions in Denmark is the subject of this review.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
247