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03368 Relationship between the hydrogen content of coal and the lithological characteristics of rocks overlying the coal seam
76
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
Organic geochemical studies by laser pyrolysis 97m3359 mass-spectrometry and how they compare with flash pyrolysis mass-spectrometry studies: a review Greenwood, P. F. and Sherwood, N. APEA J. 1995, 35, (l), 633-645 Various methods of laser pyrolysis were used by researchers to investigate the chemical of dispersed organtc matter at a molecular level. Laser-based pyrolysis-mass spectrometry studies as applied to petroleum source rocks and coals are reviewed. Experiments undertaken to date involve three main techniques: (1) laser ionization-mass spectrometry; (2) laser pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; and (3) laser desorption electron impact-mass spectrometry. The advantages of each test are assessed through comparison with conventional flash pyrolysis data. The emergence of the laser pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometty technique offers enormous potential for various geochemical applications. Photoacoustic measurement of unburned carbon in 97103360 fly ash Wailer, D. and Brown, R. C. U.S. US 5,596,146 (Cl. 73-590; GOlN29/00), 21 Jan 1997, Appl. 254,153, 6 Jun 1994, 12 pp. A method and an apparatus for measuring the amount of unburned carbon in a sample of fly ash using IR photoacoustic absorption form the basis of this new procedure. According to the present invention, a preferred method involves directing modulated IR radiation at a sample of fly ash and measuring the acoustic signal produced when the unburned carbon in the sample absorbs the radiation. This produces a thermal wave which propagates through the sample to generate a minute acoustic wave at interfaces between the carbon particles and gas surrounding the particles. A favoured apparatus comprises a source of modulated IR radiation, a chamber for containing the sample, a microphone to detect the acoustic signals, a lock-in amplifier to separate the desired photoacoustic signal from noise at other frequencies, and a PC computer to provide output from the amplifier. This apparatus identifies the acoustic signal to determine the amount of unburned carbon in the sample. Pore structure optimization of calcium carbonate 97103361 sorbents for enhanced SOP capture Mahuli, S. et al. Proc. Anrr~c. Inf. Pirtshurgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (2). 11511156. In the reactivity of calcium-based sorbents for high temperature SO> removal, a crucial role is played by surface area and pore size distribution. Calcium carbonate sorhent with an open initial pore structure can result in CaO of optimum pore sizes and high surface area, leading to very high SO2 reactivities. Calcium carbonate sorbents are developed by optimizing two measurable physical properties; maximizing the surface area, and maximizing the surface area to pore volume ratio. A comparison is made between the results for these porous sorhents and other commercial and high surface area sorhents. In addition, the pore structural properties that lead to their high reactivity are discussed. 97103362 Predicting removal of coal ash deposits in convective heat exchangers Senior, C. L. Energy Fuels, 1997, 11, (2). 416-420. A method is presented for estimating the maximum flue gas inlet temperature for a specific coal that allows the convective heat exchanger to he cleaned using conventional means. The calculation was carried out for conditions that represent the steam superheater section of a conventional pulverized coal-fired power plant, and the results are consistent with observations from existing plants. The method was then applied to the design of a novel air heater being designed for the Combustion 2000 HIPPS programme. 97103363 The preparation of advanced catalytic materials by aerosol processes Moser, W. R. et al. Adu. Catul. Nanostruct. Mater., 1996, 535-562. Edited by Moser, W. R., Academic, San Diego, Calif. Catalyst preparation using aerosol techniques, particularly for industrially important catalysts, are presented. Issues addressed include: (1) historical background, (2) advanced catalyst synthesis by high-temperature aerosol decomposition, (3) representative catalysts prepared by this method and (4) the potential for processing of aerosols in the manufacture of commercial catalysts. 97103364 Raw-material resources and main methods preparation of carbon sorbents. Review. Part 1. Drozdnik, I. D. et al. Koks Khim., 1995, (h), 16-19. (In Russian)
for
97103365 Reaction of hydrogen atom with coal model compounds Kamo, T. Shigen to Kankyo, 1996, 5, (6), 409-417. (In Japanese) A fast flow discharge reactor was used to conduct reactions of a hydrogen atom with diphenylmethane, di-Ph ether, and di-Ph sulfide. The reactor operated at 25-580°C under 530 Pa of helium as a balance gas. The yields of products from hydrogenolysis increased with reaction temperature hydrogenated di-Ph ether, phenol, cyclohexanol, and hydrogenated di-Ph sulfide, henzenethiol, cyclohexanethiol were produced from di-Ph ether and di-Ph sulfide, respectively. The total yield of products for hydrogenolysis of di-Ph sulfide was higher than that for diphenylmethane and di-Ph ether,
272
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
Recent advances in magnetic resonance micro97103366 scopy to the physical structure characterization of carbonaceous and inorganic Gregory, D. M. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., nil,. FLU>/Chwt., lY97, 42, (I), 283-288. In order to study the molecular architectures and properties of structural polymers, fossil fuels, microporous carbons and inorganic catalysts, magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) techniques have been implemented. 97103367 Relation among the structure, intermolecular interaction factors, and solubility of aromatic compounds. 6. Solubility of polycyclic oxygen-containing compounds in toluene Gagarin, S. G. and Chickos, J. S. Koks Khim.. IYYh, (11). 26-20. (In Russian) The correlation of the soluhility of aromatic heterocyclic oxygen compounds in toluene with their melting enthalpy is represented by two linear equations. Such aromatic heterocyclic oxygen compounds are present in coal tar. 97103366 Relationship between the hydrogen content of coal and the lithological characteristics of rocks overlying the coal seam Kozusnikova, A. Geol. Sot. Spec. Puhl., 1996, 109. (Coal-bed Methane and Coal Geology), 231-236. During exploration of the Frenstat-East and Frenstat-West coal fields. the Prokop and 38a seams were analysed. Analyses were designed to show possible relationships between the hydrogen content H (dry ash-free hasis) of coal and other parameters, especially the character of the strata overlying the coal seams. In areas where originally very porous sediments form the roof of seams, a pronounced influence on the elementary composition of coal may be observed. In contrast, where low porosity strata form the roof, the decrease in hydrogen in the coal seams was less pronounced. Retention of coal-bed methane in a coal seam was found to be influenced by the porosity of the roof rock. 97103369 Sample preparation techniques for filtration testing of fly ash with nonwoven geotextiles Gahr, M. A. and Akram, M. H. ASTM Spec. Tech. P&l.. 1996, STP 1282, (Sampling Environmental Media), 376-388. In order to evaluate the applicability of five preparation techniques of fly ashigeotextile specimens for the gradient ratio (GR) test. laboratory tests were carried out. These techniques included the current ASTM method, a modified ASTM method, a vihro-preparation technique, a dry preparation. and a slurry method. The results of these tests are reported. 97103370 Second law analysis and genetic algorithms for district heating network design Adamo L., Cammarata Cl. et al Termotecnica, January/February 1997, (I). 81-87. Second law analysis forms the basis of a procedure to optimize district heating networks. The optimum diameter and insulation thickness is determined through the establishment of a cost function and minimization with genetic algorithms. A section of the Brescia (Italy) district heating network was analysed using this method. The results show that significant energy and financial savings could he obtained with the proposed approach. 97103371 Second law analysis of the reheat-regenerative rankine cycle Acar, H. I. Energy Conver,s. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (7), 647-657. Each component in the system were subjected to energy and exergy analyses. The variations of availability difference, irreversibility and efficiency with several parameters were graphically investigated. The exergy method of analysis was shown to give a clearer definition of the real losses in the system. 97103372 Sintered metal filtration apparatus for treatment of high-temperature waste gases Funakoshi, A. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08.309.126 [96,300,126] (Cl. BOlD39120). 26 NOV 1996, Appl. 951115,903, I5 May 1995. 8 pp. (In Japanese) It comprises filter sections for removal and collection of dust from dustcontaining high temperature waste gases, obtained by hot isostatic pressing sintering of metal powders under hydrostatic pressure to form hot isostatic pressing sintered articles through holes between the surface and back sides. The filtration apparatus can be used in coal gasification combined with power generation, pressurized fluidized-bed boiler power generation, etc. 97103373 Solubilization of mesocarbon microbeads by potassium- or dibutylzinc-promoted butylatlon and structural analysis of the butylated products Zhang, Y. et al. Energy Fuel, 1997, 11, (2), 433-438. The butylation reaction of mesocarhon microbeads (MCMB), promoted by potassium or dibutylzinc, were studied to obtain an insight into their structural features. MCMB molecules were found to consist of highly condensed aromatic hydrocarbons with very minor amounts of alkyl suhstituents and oxygen-functional groups.
Fuel science and technology (fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
Organic geochemical studies by laser pyrolysis 97m3359 mass-spectrometry and how they compare with flash pyrolysis mass-spectrometry studies: a review Greenwood, P. F. and Sherwood, N. APEA J. 1995, 35, (l), 633-645 Various methods of laser pyrolysis were used by researchers to investigate the chemical of dispersed organtc matter at a molecular level. Laser-based pyrolysis-mass spectrometry studies as applied to petroleum source rocks and coals are reviewed. Experiments undertaken to date involve three main techniques: (1) laser ionization-mass spectrometry; (2) laser pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; and (3) laser desorption electron impact-mass spectrometry. The advantages of each test are assessed through comparison with conventional flash pyrolysis data. The emergence of the laser pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometty technique offers enormous potential for various geochemical applications. Photoacoustic measurement of unburned carbon in 97103360 fly ash Wailer, D. and Brown, R. C. U.S. US 5,596,146 (Cl. 73-590; GOlN29/00), 21 Jan 1997, Appl. 254,153, 6 Jun 1994, 12 pp. A method and an apparatus for measuring the amount of unburned carbon in a sample of fly ash using IR photoacoustic absorption form the basis of this new procedure. According to the present invention, a preferred method involves directing modulated IR radiation at a sample of fly ash and measuring the acoustic signal produced when the unburned carbon in the sample absorbs the radiation. This produces a thermal wave which propagates through the sample to generate a minute acoustic wave at interfaces between the carbon particles and gas surrounding the particles. A favoured apparatus comprises a source of modulated IR radiation, a chamber for containing the sample, a microphone to detect the acoustic signals, a lock-in amplifier to separate the desired photoacoustic signal from noise at other frequencies, and a PC computer to provide output from the amplifier. This apparatus identifies the acoustic signal to determine the amount of unburned carbon in the sample. Pore structure optimization of calcium carbonate 97103361 sorbents for enhanced SOP capture Mahuli, S. et al. Proc. Anrr~c. Inf. Pirtshurgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (2). 11511156. In the reactivity of calcium-based sorbents for high temperature SO> removal, a crucial role is played by surface area and pore size distribution. Calcium carbonate sorhent with an open initial pore structure can result in CaO of optimum pore sizes and high surface area, leading to very high SO2 reactivities. Calcium carbonate sorbents are developed by optimizing two measurable physical properties; maximizing the surface area, and maximizing the surface area to pore volume ratio. A comparison is made between the results for these porous sorhents and other commercial and high surface area sorhents. In addition, the pore structural properties that lead to their high reactivity are discussed. 97103362 Predicting removal of coal ash deposits in convective heat exchangers Senior, C. L. Energy Fuels, 1997, 11, (2). 416-420. A method is presented for estimating the maximum flue gas inlet temperature for a specific coal that allows the convective heat exchanger to he cleaned using conventional means. The calculation was carried out for conditions that represent the steam superheater section of a conventional pulverized coal-fired power plant, and the results are consistent with observations from existing plants. The method was then applied to the design of a novel air heater being designed for the Combustion 2000 HIPPS programme. 97103363 The preparation of advanced catalytic materials by aerosol processes Moser, W. R. et al. Adu. Catul. Nanostruct. Mater., 1996, 535-562. Edited by Moser, W. R., Academic, San Diego, Calif. Catalyst preparation using aerosol techniques, particularly for industrially important catalysts, are presented. Issues addressed include: (1) historical background, (2) advanced catalyst synthesis by high-temperature aerosol decomposition, (3) representative catalysts prepared by this method and (4) the potential for processing of aerosols in the manufacture of commercial catalysts. 97103364 Raw-material resources and main methods preparation of carbon sorbents. Review. Part 1. Drozdnik, I. D. et al. Koks Khim., 1995, (h), 16-19. (In Russian)
for
97103365 Reaction of hydrogen atom with coal model compounds Kamo, T. Shigen to Kankyo, 1996, 5, (6), 409-417. (In Japanese) A fast flow discharge reactor was used to conduct reactions of a hydrogen atom with diphenylmethane, di-Ph ether, and di-Ph sulfide. The reactor operated at 25-580°C under 530 Pa of helium as a balance gas. The yields of products from hydrogenolysis increased with reaction temperature hydrogenated di-Ph ether, phenol, cyclohexanol, and hydrogenated di-Ph sulfide, henzenethiol, cyclohexanethiol were produced from di-Ph ether and di-Ph sulfide, respectively. The total yield of products for hydrogenolysis of di-Ph sulfide was higher than that for diphenylmethane and di-Ph ether,
272
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1997
Recent advances in magnetic resonance micro97103366 scopy to the physical structure characterization of carbonaceous and inorganic Gregory, D. M. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., nil,. FLU>/Chwt., lY97, 42, (I), 283-288. In order to study the molecular architectures and properties of structural polymers, fossil fuels, microporous carbons and inorganic catalysts, magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) techniques have been implemented. 97103367 Relation among the structure, intermolecular interaction factors, and solubility of aromatic compounds. 6. Solubility of polycyclic oxygen-containing compounds in toluene Gagarin, S. G. and Chickos, J. S. Koks Khim.. IYYh, (11). 26-20. (In Russian) The correlation of the soluhility of aromatic heterocyclic oxygen compounds in toluene with their melting enthalpy is represented by two linear equations. Such aromatic heterocyclic oxygen compounds are present in coal tar. 97103366 Relationship between the hydrogen content of coal and the lithological characteristics of rocks overlying the coal seam Kozusnikova, A. Geol. Sot. Spec. Puhl., 1996, 109. (Coal-bed Methane and Coal Geology), 231-236. During exploration of the Frenstat-East and Frenstat-West coal fields. the Prokop and 38a seams were analysed. Analyses were designed to show possible relationships between the hydrogen content H (dry ash-free hasis) of coal and other parameters, especially the character of the strata overlying the coal seams. In areas where originally very porous sediments form the roof of seams, a pronounced influence on the elementary composition of coal may be observed. In contrast, where low porosity strata form the roof, the decrease in hydrogen in the coal seams was less pronounced. Retention of coal-bed methane in a coal seam was found to be influenced by the porosity of the roof rock. 97103369 Sample preparation techniques for filtration testing of fly ash with nonwoven geotextiles Gahr, M. A. and Akram, M. H. ASTM Spec. Tech. P&l.. 1996, STP 1282, (Sampling Environmental Media), 376-388. In order to evaluate the applicability of five preparation techniques of fly ashigeotextile specimens for the gradient ratio (GR) test. laboratory tests were carried out. These techniques included the current ASTM method, a modified ASTM method, a vihro-preparation technique, a dry preparation. and a slurry method. The results of these tests are reported. 97103370 Second law analysis and genetic algorithms for district heating network design Adamo L., Cammarata Cl. et al Termotecnica, January/February 1997, (I). 81-87. Second law analysis forms the basis of a procedure to optimize district heating networks. The optimum diameter and insulation thickness is determined through the establishment of a cost function and minimization with genetic algorithms. A section of the Brescia (Italy) district heating network was analysed using this method. The results show that significant energy and financial savings could he obtained with the proposed approach. 97103371 Second law analysis of the reheat-regenerative rankine cycle Acar, H. I. Energy Conver,s. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (7), 647-657. Each component in the system were subjected to energy and exergy analyses. The variations of availability difference, irreversibility and efficiency with several parameters were graphically investigated. The exergy method of analysis was shown to give a clearer definition of the real losses in the system. 97103372 Sintered metal filtration apparatus for treatment of high-temperature waste gases Funakoshi, A. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08.309.126 [96,300,126] (Cl. BOlD39120). 26 NOV 1996, Appl. 951115,903, I5 May 1995. 8 pp. (In Japanese) It comprises filter sections for removal and collection of dust from dustcontaining high temperature waste gases, obtained by hot isostatic pressing sintering of metal powders under hydrostatic pressure to form hot isostatic pressing sintered articles through holes between the surface and back sides. The filtration apparatus can be used in coal gasification combined with power generation, pressurized fluidized-bed boiler power generation, etc. 97103373 Solubilization of mesocarbon microbeads by potassium- or dibutylzinc-promoted butylatlon and structural analysis of the butylated products Zhang, Y. et al. Energy Fuel, 1997, 11, (2), 433-438. The butylation reaction of mesocarhon microbeads (MCMB), promoted by potassium or dibutylzinc, were studied to obtain an insight into their structural features. MCMB molecules were found to consist of highly condensed aromatic hydrocarbons with very minor amounts of alkyl suhstituents and oxygen-functional groups.