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03692 Economics of coal water slurry
02
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
97103665 Cocurrent clownflow circulating fluidized bed for catalytic cracking of dimethyl ether Luo. E.
et al.
.%!I. Pap. Eng. Chem. Metal/.,
1996, (Pub
97103666 Combination of once-through with base-load IGCC technology Tam, S. S. et al.
1997),“,4>
Fischer-Tropsch
97103693 Effect of cofiring coal-water slurry fuel formulated from waste coal fines with pulverized coal on NO. emissions Miller, S. F. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst. 1996, 21, 4995 IO. The article states that coal slurries, made from pond coal fines, co-fired with pulverized coal reduced NO, emissions, likely due to the slurries’ role as a reburn fuel.
Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 21 l-
222.
Once-through Fischer-Tropsch process with a slurry reactor design was found to be an attractive alternative to the methanol synthesis process for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) co-production plant. The Fischer-Tropsch process incorporating a hydrocracker produces storable and transportable distillate fuels from coal. Acceptable gasoline can be produced from the lighter products, but only after extensive processing. In co-production facility, the naphtha and LPG cuts are used as environmentally superior, storable liquid fuels to improve the reliability and availability of the base load IGCC power plant.
97103667 emulsions
Concentrated
emulsion fuel materials and fuel
Minamidate, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,111,267 [97,1 II,2671 (Cl. ClOLl/32), 28 Apr 1997, Appl. 951273,110, 20 Ott 1995, S pp. (In Japanese) In the manufacture of concentrated emulsion fuels petroleum-derived liquid fuels are mixed with an emulsifier mass prepared by homogeneously mixing-stirring anionic surfactants of Na alkyl ether sulfates and Na alkylbenzenesulfonates with distilled water. The fuel emulsions are prepared by mixing concentrated emulsion fuel material with l-1.5 (vol. ratio) times of water.
97103666 Continuous production of motor fuels and vegetable oil substitutes from waste fats Haupt, I. and Radig, W. Ger. DE 19,620,523 (Cl. ClOLl/lE), 10 Apr 1997, Appl. 19,620,523, 22 May 1996, 10 pp. (In German) Acid-catalysis is used to produce fatty acid monoester-based motor fuels. A recirculating glycerol phase containing a mineral acid catalyst and waste fats is converted to a vegetable oil substitute (VOS) containing mono-, di-. and triglycerides. Water from the raw materials and reaction water is then removed either by vacuum distillation or by stripping with MeOH or EtOH. The resulting VOS contains ~0.5%. Subsequently, a mixture of the VOS and triglyceridic vegetable oils are charged into two successive reactorseparator units and trans-esterified with lo-80% excess MeOH or EtOH in the presence of 0.38-1.82% conventional catalyst (preferably HaSOd) at 3085°C. The glycerol- and catalyst-containing phase is separated, passed through an evaporator to remove the remaining alcohol, and recycled to the first process step, completing the continuous cycle.
97103669 process
Development and scale-up of CWM preparation
Takahashi, Y. and Shoji, K. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1994, 19, 485-495. The Hitachi group has developed a preparation process using a twocompartment ball mill with a multi-stage additive and water injection technique. This process is based on research and commercial development work for preparation-utilization technology of CWM. Successful scale-up from a laboratory mill to 100 kg/h, 5 t/h and 15 t/h mills has been achieved. Furthermore, a 50 t/h unit has been in commercial operation since June 1993. The CWM preparation and utilization technology is now ready for larger scale commercial applications.
97103690 Development for production technology of coalwater mixture (CWM) from low-rank coals Yui, M. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conj Coal Ufil. Fuel Syst., 1995, 20, 125-137. Five low-rank coals (LRC) were used in continuous upgrading tests by a small scale system. It was found that CWM concentration of each coal increased remarkably through the hot water drying (HWD) treatment. A 8.4 t/d pilot plant designed through the results of continuous small-scale test was completed in November 1994. Since December, experimental operation for a series of tests were carried out with one brand of subbituminous coal. An outline of the pilot plant system and demonstration test plan are presented.
97103691 Basin
Direct liquefaction of brown coal from the Dnieper
Osipov, A. M. et al. Ugol’ Ukr. 1996, (9), 20-22. (In Russian) The Dnieper Basin coals are a good material for manufacturing low-sulfur liquid fuels. Due to the presence of moisture, S, and Fe the coals liquefy easily in the atmosphere of less expensive gases than pure H of COcontaining gases. 97103692 Economics of coal water slurrv Battista, J. J. and Zawadzki, E. A. Proc. lnt. Teih. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 455-466.
310
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1997
97103694 Effects of reaction parameters on product yields during coal hydropyrolysis Chen, H. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997, 25, (I), 4%S4. (In Chinese) The paper describes the hydropyrolysis (HyPy) of Hongmiao lignite, performed at 450-650°C and pressure from 2 MPa to 5 MPa in a fixedbed reactor. Effects of various parameters including temperature, pressure, gas velocity, heating rate, resistance time on product yields were studied. The effects of mass transfer were also discussed. Increased conversions and tar yields were observed with increasing temperature, hydrogen pressure and gas velocity, but decreased with increasing heating rate. Adequate residence time in maximum reaction temperature could increase the conversions and tar yields, while too long residence time had little effect on tar yields. Below a definite temperature, the higher the temperature was. the more the water formed, while above this point the water yields almost remained constant. All these results suggest that apart from the reaction temperature, other dominant factors to affect the product yields during HyPy of coal are the secondary reactions of the primary volatiles before escaping from the coal particles as well as vapour phase. In addition, they also prove that HyPy in fixed-bed reactor is more subject to mass transfer limitation.
97103695 Experimental research on no-oil ignition technique of pulverized coal/coal-water slurry Zhou, Z. et al.
Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., lYY7, 22. Y3Y-
946
Describes the electrical thermal chamber ignition technique adapting pulverized coal and coal slurry. This has the advantage of precomhustion chamber technique and without any oil consumption.
Formation rates of characteristic carbon phases during coal-water slurry injection in a hot fluidized bed
97103696
Miccio, F. et ul. Powder Technol., 1997, 91,(3), 237-25 I. Examines the interaction of coal-water slurries (CWS) with a hot fluidized bed and the allocation of fixed carbon resulting after CWS dehydration and devolatilization. An experimental technique has been purposely set up. A pneumatic injector has been used to disperse CWS into an atmospheric fluidized bed reactor, with 140 mm ID. Silica sand as bed material. Experiments provide results in terms of relative formation rates of carbon aggregates (A-phase), tiny carbon deposits on individual sand particles (Sphase) and carbon fines (F-phase). Relative formation rates are controlled by injection conditions. A further operating parameter is the hydrodynamics of the bed. The nature of the parent fuel in CWS is also of great importance. A critical review of the experimental results is presented in the paper to determine the rates controlling carbon phase formation in an actual CWS-fired FBC unit.
Formulation and combustion characteristics coal-water slurry fuels from impounded coal fines
97103697
of
Miller, S. F. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1994, 19, 643650. Information is provided concerning the use of coal fines as feedstocks for coal slurries, the methodology being used, and some preliminary data.
97103696 Formulation of low solids coal water slurry from advanced coal cleaning waste fines Battista,
J. J. et al.
Proc. Int.
Tech. Conf.
Coal Util.
Fuel Syst., 1997, 22.
567-576.
Joint work is currently underway between GPU Genco, the New York State Electricity and Gas Corporation (NYSEG), Penn State University and the Homer City Coal Processing Corporation concerning characterization and formulation tests to determine the suitability of using minus 325 mesh coal waste fines as a low solids coal water slurry (CWS) co-firing fuel. The fine coal is contained in a centrifuge effluent stream at the recently modified Homer City Coal Preparation Plant. Recovering, thickening and then co firing this material with pulverized coal is one means of alleviating a disposal problem and increasing the Btu recovery for the adjacent power plant. The project team is currently proceeding with the design of a pilot scale system to formulate the effluent into a satisfactory co-firing fuel on a continuous basis for combustion testing at Seward Station. The ultimate goal is to burn the fuel at the pulverized coal units at the Homer City Generating Station. This paper presents the success to date of the slurry characterization and pilot scale design work. In addition, the paper will update GPU Genco’s current status for the low solids coal-water slurry cofiring technology and will outline the company’s future plans.
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
97103665 Cocurrent clownflow circulating fluidized bed for catalytic cracking of dimethyl ether Luo. E.
et al.
.%!I. Pap. Eng. Chem. Metal/.,
1996, (Pub
97103666 Combination of once-through with base-load IGCC technology Tam, S. S. et al.
1997),“,4>
Fischer-Tropsch
97103693 Effect of cofiring coal-water slurry fuel formulated from waste coal fines with pulverized coal on NO. emissions Miller, S. F. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst. 1996, 21, 4995 IO. The article states that coal slurries, made from pond coal fines, co-fired with pulverized coal reduced NO, emissions, likely due to the slurries’ role as a reburn fuel.
Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 21 l-
222.
Once-through Fischer-Tropsch process with a slurry reactor design was found to be an attractive alternative to the methanol synthesis process for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) co-production plant. The Fischer-Tropsch process incorporating a hydrocracker produces storable and transportable distillate fuels from coal. Acceptable gasoline can be produced from the lighter products, but only after extensive processing. In co-production facility, the naphtha and LPG cuts are used as environmentally superior, storable liquid fuels to improve the reliability and availability of the base load IGCC power plant.
97103667 emulsions
Concentrated
emulsion fuel materials and fuel
Minamidate, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,111,267 [97,1 II,2671 (Cl. ClOLl/32), 28 Apr 1997, Appl. 951273,110, 20 Ott 1995, S pp. (In Japanese) In the manufacture of concentrated emulsion fuels petroleum-derived liquid fuels are mixed with an emulsifier mass prepared by homogeneously mixing-stirring anionic surfactants of Na alkyl ether sulfates and Na alkylbenzenesulfonates with distilled water. The fuel emulsions are prepared by mixing concentrated emulsion fuel material with l-1.5 (vol. ratio) times of water.
97103666 Continuous production of motor fuels and vegetable oil substitutes from waste fats Haupt, I. and Radig, W. Ger. DE 19,620,523 (Cl. ClOLl/lE), 10 Apr 1997, Appl. 19,620,523, 22 May 1996, 10 pp. (In German) Acid-catalysis is used to produce fatty acid monoester-based motor fuels. A recirculating glycerol phase containing a mineral acid catalyst and waste fats is converted to a vegetable oil substitute (VOS) containing mono-, di-. and triglycerides. Water from the raw materials and reaction water is then removed either by vacuum distillation or by stripping with MeOH or EtOH. The resulting VOS contains ~0.5%. Subsequently, a mixture of the VOS and triglyceridic vegetable oils are charged into two successive reactorseparator units and trans-esterified with lo-80% excess MeOH or EtOH in the presence of 0.38-1.82% conventional catalyst (preferably HaSOd) at 3085°C. The glycerol- and catalyst-containing phase is separated, passed through an evaporator to remove the remaining alcohol, and recycled to the first process step, completing the continuous cycle.
97103669 process
Development and scale-up of CWM preparation
Takahashi, Y. and Shoji, K. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1994, 19, 485-495. The Hitachi group has developed a preparation process using a twocompartment ball mill with a multi-stage additive and water injection technique. This process is based on research and commercial development work for preparation-utilization technology of CWM. Successful scale-up from a laboratory mill to 100 kg/h, 5 t/h and 15 t/h mills has been achieved. Furthermore, a 50 t/h unit has been in commercial operation since June 1993. The CWM preparation and utilization technology is now ready for larger scale commercial applications.
97103690 Development for production technology of coalwater mixture (CWM) from low-rank coals Yui, M. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conj Coal Ufil. Fuel Syst., 1995, 20, 125-137. Five low-rank coals (LRC) were used in continuous upgrading tests by a small scale system. It was found that CWM concentration of each coal increased remarkably through the hot water drying (HWD) treatment. A 8.4 t/d pilot plant designed through the results of continuous small-scale test was completed in November 1994. Since December, experimental operation for a series of tests were carried out with one brand of subbituminous coal. An outline of the pilot plant system and demonstration test plan are presented.
97103691 Basin
Direct liquefaction of brown coal from the Dnieper
Osipov, A. M. et al. Ugol’ Ukr. 1996, (9), 20-22. (In Russian) The Dnieper Basin coals are a good material for manufacturing low-sulfur liquid fuels. Due to the presence of moisture, S, and Fe the coals liquefy easily in the atmosphere of less expensive gases than pure H of COcontaining gases. 97103692 Economics of coal water slurrv Battista, J. J. and Zawadzki, E. A. Proc. lnt. Teih. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 455-466.
310
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1997
97103694 Effects of reaction parameters on product yields during coal hydropyrolysis Chen, H. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997, 25, (I), 4%S4. (In Chinese) The paper describes the hydropyrolysis (HyPy) of Hongmiao lignite, performed at 450-650°C and pressure from 2 MPa to 5 MPa in a fixedbed reactor. Effects of various parameters including temperature, pressure, gas velocity, heating rate, resistance time on product yields were studied. The effects of mass transfer were also discussed. Increased conversions and tar yields were observed with increasing temperature, hydrogen pressure and gas velocity, but decreased with increasing heating rate. Adequate residence time in maximum reaction temperature could increase the conversions and tar yields, while too long residence time had little effect on tar yields. Below a definite temperature, the higher the temperature was. the more the water formed, while above this point the water yields almost remained constant. All these results suggest that apart from the reaction temperature, other dominant factors to affect the product yields during HyPy of coal are the secondary reactions of the primary volatiles before escaping from the coal particles as well as vapour phase. In addition, they also prove that HyPy in fixed-bed reactor is more subject to mass transfer limitation.
97103695 Experimental research on no-oil ignition technique of pulverized coal/coal-water slurry Zhou, Z. et al.
Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., lYY7, 22. Y3Y-
946
Describes the electrical thermal chamber ignition technique adapting pulverized coal and coal slurry. This has the advantage of precomhustion chamber technique and without any oil consumption.
Formation rates of characteristic carbon phases during coal-water slurry injection in a hot fluidized bed
97103696
Miccio, F. et ul. Powder Technol., 1997, 91,(3), 237-25 I. Examines the interaction of coal-water slurries (CWS) with a hot fluidized bed and the allocation of fixed carbon resulting after CWS dehydration and devolatilization. An experimental technique has been purposely set up. A pneumatic injector has been used to disperse CWS into an atmospheric fluidized bed reactor, with 140 mm ID. Silica sand as bed material. Experiments provide results in terms of relative formation rates of carbon aggregates (A-phase), tiny carbon deposits on individual sand particles (Sphase) and carbon fines (F-phase). Relative formation rates are controlled by injection conditions. A further operating parameter is the hydrodynamics of the bed. The nature of the parent fuel in CWS is also of great importance. A critical review of the experimental results is presented in the paper to determine the rates controlling carbon phase formation in an actual CWS-fired FBC unit.
Formulation and combustion characteristics coal-water slurry fuels from impounded coal fines
97103697
of
Miller, S. F. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1994, 19, 643650. Information is provided concerning the use of coal fines as feedstocks for coal slurries, the methodology being used, and some preliminary data.
97103696 Formulation of low solids coal water slurry from advanced coal cleaning waste fines Battista,
J. J. et al.
Proc. Int.
Tech. Conf.
Coal Util.
Fuel Syst., 1997, 22.
567-576.
Joint work is currently underway between GPU Genco, the New York State Electricity and Gas Corporation (NYSEG), Penn State University and the Homer City Coal Processing Corporation concerning characterization and formulation tests to determine the suitability of using minus 325 mesh coal waste fines as a low solids coal water slurry (CWS) co-firing fuel. The fine coal is contained in a centrifuge effluent stream at the recently modified Homer City Coal Preparation Plant. Recovering, thickening and then co firing this material with pulverized coal is one means of alleviating a disposal problem and increasing the Btu recovery for the adjacent power plant. The project team is currently proceeding with the design of a pilot scale system to formulate the effluent into a satisfactory co-firing fuel on a continuous basis for combustion testing at Seward Station. The ultimate goal is to burn the fuel at the pulverized coal units at the Homer City Generating Station. This paper presents the success to date of the slurry characterization and pilot scale design work. In addition, the paper will update GPU Genco’s current status for the low solids coal-water slurry cofiring technology and will outline the company’s future plans.