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03701 Influence of wetting heat in water to coals slurry-ability
02 Fundamental investigation of non-Newtonian beha97103699 vior of coal-water slurry on atomization Ohene. F. et al. Proc. Int. Tech, Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 607617. Coal-water slurries (CWS) and other viscous fluids were subjected to studies to determine their rheological characteristics. Atomization was also carried out. Atomized drop size and size distributions were measured using a laser diffraction technique, revealing the droplet size of the Newtonian fluids to show a linear dependence of air/fuel ratio. On the other hand, the droplet size of the CWS seem to be affected by changes in the CWS properties as the fuel/air ratio varies. Hydropyrolysis: a versatile technique for solid fuel 97103700 liquefaction, sulfur speciation and biomarker release Rocha, .I. D. et al. J. Anal. Appl. @o&s, 1997, 40, 41, 91-103. It is possible to obtain high oil yields with relatively low hydrocarbon gas yields for coals and oil shales in fixed-bed pyrolysis at high hydrogen pressure with relatively fast heating and a suitable dispersed catalyst. This article reviews the application of hydropyrolysis to biomass and its adaptation as an analysis technique to specify organic sulfur forms and to release covalently-bound biomarker hydrocarbons for coals and petroleum source rocks. Results for cellulose, eucalyptus wood and sugar cane bagasse demonstrate the potential of hydropyrolysis for producing bio-oils with much lower oxygen contents than by traditional pyrolysis processes. The application of high pressure temperature programmed reduction (TPR) to pyrite-free bituminous coal and a type-IIS kerogen is described. To illustrate the ability of hydropyrolysis to release covalently-bound biomarker hydrocarbons from sedimentary organic matter, the yields and conformations of the hopanes and steranes released from a type I kerogen are presented. Influence of wetting heat in water to coals slurry97103701 ability Zhu, S. et 01. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1997, 22, 923-928. A SET-ARAM C80D calorimeter was used to measure the wetting heat of varied-rank coals in water. The data were correlated to the coal slurryability. characterized by the solid load at the viscosity of 1000 mPa s and 25’C, The heat of wetting by water decreases as coal rank increases in the range of brown coal to bituminous coal with Carbon content of 89c)O%(daf). It then increases a little for the anthracite. This trend fitted well to the relationship of slurryability to coal rank. Investigation of dynamic surface tension of coal 97103702 water slurry (CWS) fuels for application to atomization characteristics Kihm, K. D. el al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coul Util. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 63764X.
To measure dynamic surface tension for various CWS fuel samples. experiments were undertaken. A maximum air bubble pressure technique was used for measure dynamic surface tension. The tested coal powder had 50 ,rm VMD mined from Upper Elkhorn Seam in Virginia. Five surfactants were selected for the study: Witconol NP-100. ammonium DDBS hard and soft, Witconate 1223H and Witconate 1840X. In order to determine CMC, static surface tension was also measured using a Du-Nouy ring tensiometer. Detailed and comprehensive data for dynamic surface tension for SO% CWS mixture has been documented and presented. Kinetic model development for single-stage coal 97103703 coprocessing with petroleum waste Ramdoss, P. K. and Tarrer, A. R. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 51, (1,2), 83-100. Economical upgrading of both the coal and the waste materials is possible by coprocessing them. The kinetics of coal coprocessing with petroleum waste has been experimentally studied and a mathematical model has been developed. A combined parallel and series reaction scheme was assumed for the coal liquefaction. A tubing bomb microreactor was used for the experiments at temperature of 375 to 425°C. reaction times of 15-120 min. with 10% coal loading and with 1250 psig pressure. Coal conversions as high as 98% were obtained. More than 70% conversion to oil is achieved at high temperature and grease loadings. The effect of temperature and grease loading on coal liquefaction were also studied. A rigorous parameter estimation technique was employed to determine the parameters involved in the model. The model predictions are good for experimental conditions. Higher conversion and higher rate of liquefaction obtained during coprocessing were explained from the obtained kinetic rate parameter values. 97103704 recycling Wang, H. P. Hazard.
Liquefaction
et al. .I. Environ.
Suhrt. Control,
of
autofluffs
with
Sci. Health, Part A: Enriron. 1997, A32. (6), 1655-1663.
product Sci. Erg.
oils Toxic
The paper highlights the increasing importance of auto fluff (auto shredder residue) resource recovery as incineration and land filling become much more expensive and the acceptance of these methods is decreasing. The main purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of the auto fluff liquefaction. The liquefaction process involves contacting the auto fluff wastes with hot motor oil to recover valuable oil products. Experimental liquefaction of auto fluff in hot used motor oil generated approximately
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
70.9% of oils, and 2.0% of non-condensable gases and 27.1% of nonliquefiable solid residues. Proton NMR and FTIR spectroscopic data reveal the structural changes of oils during auto fluff liquefaction. The Miller number-a review 97103705 Miller, .I. E. and Miller, J. D. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf Coal Util. Fuel Syu., 1994, 19, 135-146. Miller number-based testing of slurry abrasivity in pumping is reported. An accumulation of facts and effects observed during 25 years and over 700 Miller number tests by the procedure in ASTM G75-89 Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller No.) is presented. A discussion concerning 33 factors that could affect the Slurry Abrasivity Test results and their relative influence is also presented. Perhaps the most surprising anomaly was the discovery that particle size of segregated sand samples do not always exhibit the rule that fine or small particles are less abrasive. The description of an accepted shortened test time and a newly designed specimen holder which can be applied on older machines is included. 97103706 Model for predicting catalytic and non-catalytic liquefaction of coal Yan, Y. et al. Fuel Process. Technol. 1997, 50, (2,3), 215-224. Coal liquefaction is described by a mathematical model, comprising twostage liquefaction. Both stages consist of a series of parallel irreversible reactions, of which the activation energies obey normal distribution. When catalysts exist in the reaction system, they can decrease the activation energies of the second stage, but have little effect on the reactions of the first stage. This model improves the understanding of why some coal constituents are easy to liquefy while others are not. It successfully predicts that apparent activation energies increase with conversion. Comparison between the predicted conversion values, experimental data and data reported in the literature shows good agreement. 97103707 The nature of the synergistic effect of binaryTetralin-alcohol solvents in Kansk-Achinsk brown coal liquefaction Kuznetsov, P. N. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 50, (2,3), 139-152. A study was undertaken to investigate Kansk-Achinsk brown coal hydrogenation and swelling in Tetralin, in low molecule alcohols, in other solvents and in binary mixtures. Tetralin was the most effective liquefaction solvent, but methanol and ethanol were the active ones in coal swelling. Synergistic effects were observed when the mixtures of Tetralin and methanol or ethanol were used for liquefaction and swelling. The effect of binary solvents was shown to be due to the ability of alcohol components to cause brown coal to swell improving the availability of the fragments of coal matter for the reactive H-donor Tetralin molecules. 97103706 A new kind of fuel composed of waterlcoallhydrocarbon Fu, X.-A. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 259266.
A proposed clean fuel composed of coal powder-oil-water mixture was studied. The goal is to use the fuel in oil boiler without changes in boiler and nozzle design. Water based mixtures of powdered coal with light and heavy oil were prepared by adding suitable dispersants and emulsifiers. Electroconductivity measurements were made in order to compare the different mixtures. The influence of component ratio and the nature of surfactants on the rheological properties and stability of the mixtures were investigated. 97103709 Nuclear hydrogenation of coal liquids with high selectivity in the presence of ruthenium catalysts supported on metal oxides Kotanigawa, T. and Yamamoto, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,111.252 [97,11 I,2521 (Cl. ClOG4S/48), 28 Apr 1997, Appl. 951290,599, 13 Ott 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Nuclear hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic compounds, e.g. coal liquefied oils, was conducted in the presence of the Ru catalysts supported on metal oxides. Ru and the metal oxide supports, having no surface acidity, show good resistance against hydrogenated hetero compounds, which are formed from hetero compounds in the raw materials, attaining high catalytic activity. 97103710 Operation of a CWM relay station in the CWM chain from China to Japanese users Tanaka, M. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 691698. Discusses the manufacture and transportation of coal slurries in China for use in Japanese power plants. 97103711 Orimulsion, an alternative source of energy Marruffo, F. and Sarmionto, W. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf: Coal Util. Fuel Sy.st.. 1997, 22, 13-24. A brief summary of the Orimulsion, a fuel based on natural bitumen dispersed in water, capabilities, current applications and its potential as an alternative energy source are presented. The characteristics of Orimulsion permit its handling in a manner similar to that used for conventional liquid fuels. Orimulsion maintains its stability during long periods of time, as proved by the favourable experience over the past years in the storage
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
311
To measure dynamic surface tension for various CWS fuel samples. experiments were undertaken. A maximum air bubble pressure technique was used for measure dynamic surface tension. The tested coal powder had 50 ,rm VMD mined from Upper Elkhorn Seam in Virginia. Five surfactants were selected for the study: Witconol NP-100. ammonium DDBS hard and soft, Witconate 1223H and Witconate 1840X. In order to determine CMC, static surface tension was also measured using a Du-Nouy ring tensiometer. Detailed and comprehensive data for dynamic surface tension for SO% CWS mixture has been documented and presented. Kinetic model development for single-stage coal 97103703 coprocessing with petroleum waste Ramdoss, P. K. and Tarrer, A. R. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 51, (1,2), 83-100. Economical upgrading of both the coal and the waste materials is possible by coprocessing them. The kinetics of coal coprocessing with petroleum waste has been experimentally studied and a mathematical model has been developed. A combined parallel and series reaction scheme was assumed for the coal liquefaction. A tubing bomb microreactor was used for the experiments at temperature of 375 to 425°C. reaction times of 15-120 min. with 10% coal loading and with 1250 psig pressure. Coal conversions as high as 98% were obtained. More than 70% conversion to oil is achieved at high temperature and grease loadings. The effect of temperature and grease loading on coal liquefaction were also studied. A rigorous parameter estimation technique was employed to determine the parameters involved in the model. The model predictions are good for experimental conditions. Higher conversion and higher rate of liquefaction obtained during coprocessing were explained from the obtained kinetic rate parameter values. 97103704 recycling Wang, H. P. Hazard.
Liquefaction
et al. .I. Environ.
Suhrt. Control,
of
autofluffs
with
Sci. Health, Part A: Enriron. 1997, A32. (6), 1655-1663.
product Sci. Erg.
oils Toxic
The paper highlights the increasing importance of auto fluff (auto shredder residue) resource recovery as incineration and land filling become much more expensive and the acceptance of these methods is decreasing. The main purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of the auto fluff liquefaction. The liquefaction process involves contacting the auto fluff wastes with hot motor oil to recover valuable oil products. Experimental liquefaction of auto fluff in hot used motor oil generated approximately
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
70.9% of oils, and 2.0% of non-condensable gases and 27.1% of nonliquefiable solid residues. Proton NMR and FTIR spectroscopic data reveal the structural changes of oils during auto fluff liquefaction. The Miller number-a review 97103705 Miller, .I. E. and Miller, J. D. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf Coal Util. Fuel Syu., 1994, 19, 135-146. Miller number-based testing of slurry abrasivity in pumping is reported. An accumulation of facts and effects observed during 25 years and over 700 Miller number tests by the procedure in ASTM G75-89 Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller No.) is presented. A discussion concerning 33 factors that could affect the Slurry Abrasivity Test results and their relative influence is also presented. Perhaps the most surprising anomaly was the discovery that particle size of segregated sand samples do not always exhibit the rule that fine or small particles are less abrasive. The description of an accepted shortened test time and a newly designed specimen holder which can be applied on older machines is included. 97103706 Model for predicting catalytic and non-catalytic liquefaction of coal Yan, Y. et al. Fuel Process. Technol. 1997, 50, (2,3), 215-224. Coal liquefaction is described by a mathematical model, comprising twostage liquefaction. Both stages consist of a series of parallel irreversible reactions, of which the activation energies obey normal distribution. When catalysts exist in the reaction system, they can decrease the activation energies of the second stage, but have little effect on the reactions of the first stage. This model improves the understanding of why some coal constituents are easy to liquefy while others are not. It successfully predicts that apparent activation energies increase with conversion. Comparison between the predicted conversion values, experimental data and data reported in the literature shows good agreement. 97103707 The nature of the synergistic effect of binaryTetralin-alcohol solvents in Kansk-Achinsk brown coal liquefaction Kuznetsov, P. N. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 50, (2,3), 139-152. A study was undertaken to investigate Kansk-Achinsk brown coal hydrogenation and swelling in Tetralin, in low molecule alcohols, in other solvents and in binary mixtures. Tetralin was the most effective liquefaction solvent, but methanol and ethanol were the active ones in coal swelling. Synergistic effects were observed when the mixtures of Tetralin and methanol or ethanol were used for liquefaction and swelling. The effect of binary solvents was shown to be due to the ability of alcohol components to cause brown coal to swell improving the availability of the fragments of coal matter for the reactive H-donor Tetralin molecules. 97103706 A new kind of fuel composed of waterlcoallhydrocarbon Fu, X.-A. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 259266.
A proposed clean fuel composed of coal powder-oil-water mixture was studied. The goal is to use the fuel in oil boiler without changes in boiler and nozzle design. Water based mixtures of powdered coal with light and heavy oil were prepared by adding suitable dispersants and emulsifiers. Electroconductivity measurements were made in order to compare the different mixtures. The influence of component ratio and the nature of surfactants on the rheological properties and stability of the mixtures were investigated. 97103709 Nuclear hydrogenation of coal liquids with high selectivity in the presence of ruthenium catalysts supported on metal oxides Kotanigawa, T. and Yamamoto, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,111.252 [97,11 I,2521 (Cl. ClOG4S/48), 28 Apr 1997, Appl. 951290,599, 13 Ott 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Nuclear hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic compounds, e.g. coal liquefied oils, was conducted in the presence of the Ru catalysts supported on metal oxides. Ru and the metal oxide supports, having no surface acidity, show good resistance against hydrogenated hetero compounds, which are formed from hetero compounds in the raw materials, attaining high catalytic activity. 97103710 Operation of a CWM relay station in the CWM chain from China to Japanese users Tanaka, M. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 691698. Discusses the manufacture and transportation of coal slurries in China for use in Japanese power plants. 97103711 Orimulsion, an alternative source of energy Marruffo, F. and Sarmionto, W. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf: Coal Util. Fuel Sy.st.. 1997, 22, 13-24. A brief summary of the Orimulsion, a fuel based on natural bitumen dispersed in water, capabilities, current applications and its potential as an alternative energy source are presented. The characteristics of Orimulsion permit its handling in a manner similar to that used for conventional liquid fuels. Orimulsion maintains its stability during long periods of time, as proved by the favourable experience over the past years in the storage
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
311