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03713 Recent developments in slurry reactor technology at the LaPorte alternative fuels development unit
02
Liquidfuels(derivedliquidfuels)
facilities used by Bitor and its clients. More than 4 million metric tons per year of Orimulsion are being used world-wide for power generation with excellent results, not only in economic aspects but also in environmental matters. Furthermore, Orimulsion has been tested successfully with most existing combustion technologies, as well as with sulfur abatement and recovery equipment. Orimulsion represents an excellent cost-effective alternative for clean power generation. The paper describes Orimulsion performance in different combustion technologies, like conventional boilers, diesel engines, gasification, and cement kilns. Preparation of coal-water slurry fuels from impound97103712 ed bituminous coal fines Morrison, J. L. et al. Proc. tnl. Tech. Conf. Coal Ufil. Fuel Sysr., 1996, 21, 481-497. Discusses the preparation and use of low-solids, low-viscosity coal slurries prepared from cleaned coal fines recovered from ponds in western Pennsylvania.
97103713 Recent developments in slurry reactor technology at the LaPorte alternative fuels development unit Bhatt, B. L. et al. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Ufil. Fuel Sysf., 1993, 18. 197208 Over the past two years, several new process technologies that convert coalderived syngas to liquid fuels were demonstrated at DOE’s Alternative Fuels Development Unit (AFDU), located at LaPorte, Texas. The demonstrations required a scale-up of different technologies derived from bench-scale investigations of slurry-phase processes to a 22.5’ (ID) diameter slurry bubble column. A single-step slurry-phase process for co-production of dimethyl-ether (DME) and methanol, important fuels and chemical building-blocks, was demonstrated at the AFDU in 1991. Substantial increase in syngas conversion was demonstrated by mixing a small amount of dehydration catalyst with a methanol catalyst. A new slurry-phase, water gas shift process was demonstrated at the AFDU in the spring of 1992. Many catalysts, such as copper-based methanol catalyst and iron-based Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) catalysts possess shift activity in addition to their primary fuel producing activity. Others, such as cobalt-based F-T catalyst, do not. Slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch technology was demonstrated at the AFDU in the summer of 1992. This run was sponsored by a number of industrial participants, in addition to DOE. The 19-day run addressed scale-up issues such as catalyst activation, reactor performance and hydrodynamics. Stable catalyst productivity, expected hydrodynamic behaviour and isothermal reactor operation were obtained, and correlation between laboratory autoclave and AFDU bubble column data was excellent. Regulatlng action of inorganic electrolytes on 97103714 properties of coal water slurry Sun, C. et al. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997,25, (2). 130-134. (In Chinese) A detailed investigation was carried out to study the regulating action of several inorganic electrolytes on properties of coal water slurries with different coals. The results indicated that electrolytes are of great importance in regulating the rheological behaviour of the slurry. However, their regulating behaviour upon coal water slurry is strongly dependent on both electrolyte compositions, especially its contained cations, and the properties of coals. It was also observed that some electrolytes are effective in improving the slurry rheological behaviour even at low critical concentrations but detrimental to slurry stability, while some electrolytes favour the slurry stability but harm the rheological behaviour. 97103715 Rheological properties of coal-water highly concentrated suspensions Hamieh, T. and Siffert, B. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Uil. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 809-820. Based on penetration, the stability, viscosity, and homogeneity of highly concentrated coal-water slurries are measured. Simulation of partial oxidation of natural gas to 97103716 synthesis gas using ASPEN PLUS Khoshnoodi, M. and Lim, Y. S. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 50, (2,3), 215-289. Natural gas conversion to liquid fuels is a challenging issue. In SMDS process natural gas is first partially oxidized with pure oxygen to synthesis gas (a mixture of H2 and CO) which is then converted to high quality liquid transportation fuels by utilizing a modernized version of the FischerTropsch reaction. A computer simulation of the first stage of the process is introduced. ASPEN PLUS equipped with a combustion databank was used for calculations. Concentrations of over 30 combustion species and radicals expected in the synthesis gas have been calculated at equilibrium and several non-equilibrium conditions. Using a sensitivity analysis tool, the relative feed flow rates and reactor parameters have been varied, aiming to maximize the CO/O2 yield as well as to minimize the undesired nitrogen compounds in the product stream. The optimum reactor temperature for maximizing the CO mole fraction in the synthesis gas was also calculated.
312
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
97103717 Start-up and initial operating experience of Port0 Jorres integrated plant for production and utilization of beneficiated coal-water fuels Ercolani, D. and Tibeflo, U. Proc. lnt. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Sysr.. 1994, 19, 9-20. The plant’s main technical features are described, along with the start-up activities. The paper also presents the initial operating experiences and results. 97103719 Statistical study of the liquefaction of used rubber tyre in supercritical water Park, S. and Gloyna, E. F. Fuel, 1997, 76,( 1 I). 999-1003. A statistical evaluation was completed for the feasibility of oil recovery from spent automobile rubber tyres in supercritical water (SCW). The study aimed to determine key process variables affecting the yield of oil recovery and to evaluate the destruction efficiency of rubber. Experiments were carried out using a two-level 24 factorial design. The qualitative variables were the initial gas phase composition and catalyst choice. The quantitative variables were temperature and contact time. The maximum conversion and oil yield of volatile matter for this rubber tyre were 89 and 68 wt%, respectively. Based on the F-test, the most significant variables for both oil yield and rubber conversion were temperature and gaseous atmosphere. 97103719 Strategies for advanced research in indirect liquefaction Stiegel, G. J. et rrl. Proc. 1~. Tech. Conf. Coal Uril. Fuel Sy~r.. 1993. 18, 173-184. The current programme comprises advanced Fischer-Tropsch technology oxygenates synthesis, and process engineering and development. This report examines the current work in these areas, identifies major issues. and charts the path towards the eventual commercialization of indirect liquefaction processes, 97103720 Study on reaction property of coprocessing of Yangcun bituminous coal with petroleum residue Ling, K. et al. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997, 25, (2). 139-143. (In Chinese) Studies the reaction process of co-processing Shandong Yanzhou Yangcun bituminous coal and petroleum residue from Beijing Yanshan Petroleum Chemical Corporation. A resonance agitation reactor was used. The effects of temperature and time on coal liquefaction conversion and products was also investigated. The possible reaction mechanism was discussed. The results showed that there is a optimum reaction temperature and time during co-processing. In this experimental system, the optimum temperature is 430°C and the optimum time 20 min. The reaction can be divided into three stages: rapid cracking hydrogenation, slow cracking hydrogenation and condense polymerization. 97103721 Sustained co-firing of coal water slurry Battista, J. J. and Bradish, T. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syrt., 1996, 21, 475-486.
Growing competition in the utility community demands the lowest possible cost of electrical power and as environmental regulations call for deeper coal cleaning, the utilization of coal fines will grow in significance as a low cost fuel option. These coal fines result from the various processes associated with the mining and cleaning of coal. They are available as fresh fines from active coal mines and coal processing plants and as reclaimed material from coal fines ponds which resulted from past coal cleaning operations. Recovering this valuable resource for use as a low solids coal water slurry co-firing fuel is one means of eliminating an environmental problem, reducing utility costs and increasing the Btu recovery for the coal producer. GPU Genco is currently combustion testing this concept on a sustained basis at a total boiler slurry combustion rate of 20% (Btu basis). In the tests, a 32 MWe front fired pulverized coal boiler is employed, utilizing a 50% solids coal water slurry by weight that is produced by an independent supplier. This paper presents the success to date. This sustained test burn is an essential step toward the commercialization of the technology. In addition to updating the status of low solids coal water slurry co-firing, this paper will outline GPU Genco’s current plans and future outlook for the technology. 97103722 Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production Berlowitz, P. J. ef al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 14,768 (Cl. ClOL1/02), 24 Apr 1997, US Appl. 544,345, 17 Ott 1995, 21 pp. Separation of Fischer-Tropsch wax into heavier and lighter fractions was followed by further separating the lighter fraction and hydroisomerizing the heavier fraction and that portion of the light fraction 2500°F. The isomerized product was then blended with the untreated portion of the lighter fraction. This process yielded clean distillate useful as a diesel fuel or diesel blending stack. 97103723 Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production Wittenbrink, R. J. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 14,769 (Cl. ClOLlIO2). 24 Apr 1997, US Appl. 544,343, 17 Ott 1995, 21 pp. Non-shifting Fischer-Tropsch processes are used to manufacture diesel fuels or blending stocks with excellent lubricity, oxidative stability and high cetane number. Such processes comprise separating the Fischer-Tropsch
Liquidfuels(derivedliquidfuels)
facilities used by Bitor and its clients. More than 4 million metric tons per year of Orimulsion are being used world-wide for power generation with excellent results, not only in economic aspects but also in environmental matters. Furthermore, Orimulsion has been tested successfully with most existing combustion technologies, as well as with sulfur abatement and recovery equipment. Orimulsion represents an excellent cost-effective alternative for clean power generation. The paper describes Orimulsion performance in different combustion technologies, like conventional boilers, diesel engines, gasification, and cement kilns. Preparation of coal-water slurry fuels from impound97103712 ed bituminous coal fines Morrison, J. L. et al. Proc. tnl. Tech. Conf. Coal Ufil. Fuel Sysr., 1996, 21, 481-497. Discusses the preparation and use of low-solids, low-viscosity coal slurries prepared from cleaned coal fines recovered from ponds in western Pennsylvania.
97103713 Recent developments in slurry reactor technology at the LaPorte alternative fuels development unit Bhatt, B. L. et al. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Ufil. Fuel Sysf., 1993, 18. 197208 Over the past two years, several new process technologies that convert coalderived syngas to liquid fuels were demonstrated at DOE’s Alternative Fuels Development Unit (AFDU), located at LaPorte, Texas. The demonstrations required a scale-up of different technologies derived from bench-scale investigations of slurry-phase processes to a 22.5’ (ID) diameter slurry bubble column. A single-step slurry-phase process for co-production of dimethyl-ether (DME) and methanol, important fuels and chemical building-blocks, was demonstrated at the AFDU in 1991. Substantial increase in syngas conversion was demonstrated by mixing a small amount of dehydration catalyst with a methanol catalyst. A new slurry-phase, water gas shift process was demonstrated at the AFDU in the spring of 1992. Many catalysts, such as copper-based methanol catalyst and iron-based Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) catalysts possess shift activity in addition to their primary fuel producing activity. Others, such as cobalt-based F-T catalyst, do not. Slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch technology was demonstrated at the AFDU in the summer of 1992. This run was sponsored by a number of industrial participants, in addition to DOE. The 19-day run addressed scale-up issues such as catalyst activation, reactor performance and hydrodynamics. Stable catalyst productivity, expected hydrodynamic behaviour and isothermal reactor operation were obtained, and correlation between laboratory autoclave and AFDU bubble column data was excellent. Regulatlng action of inorganic electrolytes on 97103714 properties of coal water slurry Sun, C. et al. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997,25, (2). 130-134. (In Chinese) A detailed investigation was carried out to study the regulating action of several inorganic electrolytes on properties of coal water slurries with different coals. The results indicated that electrolytes are of great importance in regulating the rheological behaviour of the slurry. However, their regulating behaviour upon coal water slurry is strongly dependent on both electrolyte compositions, especially its contained cations, and the properties of coals. It was also observed that some electrolytes are effective in improving the slurry rheological behaviour even at low critical concentrations but detrimental to slurry stability, while some electrolytes favour the slurry stability but harm the rheological behaviour. 97103715 Rheological properties of coal-water highly concentrated suspensions Hamieh, T. and Siffert, B. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Uil. Fuel Syst., 1993, 18, 809-820. Based on penetration, the stability, viscosity, and homogeneity of highly concentrated coal-water slurries are measured. Simulation of partial oxidation of natural gas to 97103716 synthesis gas using ASPEN PLUS Khoshnoodi, M. and Lim, Y. S. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 50, (2,3), 215-289. Natural gas conversion to liquid fuels is a challenging issue. In SMDS process natural gas is first partially oxidized with pure oxygen to synthesis gas (a mixture of H2 and CO) which is then converted to high quality liquid transportation fuels by utilizing a modernized version of the FischerTropsch reaction. A computer simulation of the first stage of the process is introduced. ASPEN PLUS equipped with a combustion databank was used for calculations. Concentrations of over 30 combustion species and radicals expected in the synthesis gas have been calculated at equilibrium and several non-equilibrium conditions. Using a sensitivity analysis tool, the relative feed flow rates and reactor parameters have been varied, aiming to maximize the CO/O2 yield as well as to minimize the undesired nitrogen compounds in the product stream. The optimum reactor temperature for maximizing the CO mole fraction in the synthesis gas was also calculated.
312
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
97103717 Start-up and initial operating experience of Port0 Jorres integrated plant for production and utilization of beneficiated coal-water fuels Ercolani, D. and Tibeflo, U. Proc. lnt. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Sysr.. 1994, 19, 9-20. The plant’s main technical features are described, along with the start-up activities. The paper also presents the initial operating experiences and results. 97103719 Statistical study of the liquefaction of used rubber tyre in supercritical water Park, S. and Gloyna, E. F. Fuel, 1997, 76,( 1 I). 999-1003. A statistical evaluation was completed for the feasibility of oil recovery from spent automobile rubber tyres in supercritical water (SCW). The study aimed to determine key process variables affecting the yield of oil recovery and to evaluate the destruction efficiency of rubber. Experiments were carried out using a two-level 24 factorial design. The qualitative variables were the initial gas phase composition and catalyst choice. The quantitative variables were temperature and contact time. The maximum conversion and oil yield of volatile matter for this rubber tyre were 89 and 68 wt%, respectively. Based on the F-test, the most significant variables for both oil yield and rubber conversion were temperature and gaseous atmosphere. 97103719 Strategies for advanced research in indirect liquefaction Stiegel, G. J. et rrl. Proc. 1~. Tech. Conf. Coal Uril. Fuel Sy~r.. 1993. 18, 173-184. The current programme comprises advanced Fischer-Tropsch technology oxygenates synthesis, and process engineering and development. This report examines the current work in these areas, identifies major issues. and charts the path towards the eventual commercialization of indirect liquefaction processes, 97103720 Study on reaction property of coprocessing of Yangcun bituminous coal with petroleum residue Ling, K. et al. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997, 25, (2). 139-143. (In Chinese) Studies the reaction process of co-processing Shandong Yanzhou Yangcun bituminous coal and petroleum residue from Beijing Yanshan Petroleum Chemical Corporation. A resonance agitation reactor was used. The effects of temperature and time on coal liquefaction conversion and products was also investigated. The possible reaction mechanism was discussed. The results showed that there is a optimum reaction temperature and time during co-processing. In this experimental system, the optimum temperature is 430°C and the optimum time 20 min. The reaction can be divided into three stages: rapid cracking hydrogenation, slow cracking hydrogenation and condense polymerization. 97103721 Sustained co-firing of coal water slurry Battista, J. J. and Bradish, T. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syrt., 1996, 21, 475-486.
Growing competition in the utility community demands the lowest possible cost of electrical power and as environmental regulations call for deeper coal cleaning, the utilization of coal fines will grow in significance as a low cost fuel option. These coal fines result from the various processes associated with the mining and cleaning of coal. They are available as fresh fines from active coal mines and coal processing plants and as reclaimed material from coal fines ponds which resulted from past coal cleaning operations. Recovering this valuable resource for use as a low solids coal water slurry co-firing fuel is one means of eliminating an environmental problem, reducing utility costs and increasing the Btu recovery for the coal producer. GPU Genco is currently combustion testing this concept on a sustained basis at a total boiler slurry combustion rate of 20% (Btu basis). In the tests, a 32 MWe front fired pulverized coal boiler is employed, utilizing a 50% solids coal water slurry by weight that is produced by an independent supplier. This paper presents the success to date. This sustained test burn is an essential step toward the commercialization of the technology. In addition to updating the status of low solids coal water slurry co-firing, this paper will outline GPU Genco’s current plans and future outlook for the technology. 97103722 Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production Berlowitz, P. J. ef al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 14,768 (Cl. ClOL1/02), 24 Apr 1997, US Appl. 544,345, 17 Ott 1995, 21 pp. Separation of Fischer-Tropsch wax into heavier and lighter fractions was followed by further separating the lighter fraction and hydroisomerizing the heavier fraction and that portion of the light fraction 2500°F. The isomerized product was then blended with the untreated portion of the lighter fraction. This process yielded clean distillate useful as a diesel fuel or diesel blending stack. 97103723 Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production Wittenbrink, R. J. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 14,769 (Cl. ClOLlIO2). 24 Apr 1997, US Appl. 544,343, 17 Ott 1995, 21 pp. Non-shifting Fischer-Tropsch processes are used to manufacture diesel fuels or blending stocks with excellent lubricity, oxidative stability and high cetane number. Such processes comprise separating the Fischer-Tropsch