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04068 Method and apparatus for direct reduction of particulate iron-containing material
71
Process heating, power and incineration
(energy applications in industry)
97104058 Characterization of atomic scale structural features in carbonaceous particles Farrell, K. and Sahrjwalla, V. Process. Handl. Powders Dusts. Proc. Im. Symp. 1997, 213-224. Edited by Battle, T. P. and Henein, H., Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. Metallurgical industry developments involve the reaction of carbonaceous particles under extremely vigorous process conditions. A series of graphite samples were investigated to provide a model system for the development of advanced structural characterization techniques. The characterization techniques applied included X-ray diffraction. field-emission SEM, and TEM. These were also used to establish the influence of ash content on atomic structural ordering in the investigated carbonaceous materials. Coal particle injection and devolatilization under 97104059 rapid heating conditions Beeson, .I. et al. Process. Handl. Powders Dusts, Proc. Int. Symp., 1997, 179-188. Edited by Battle, T. P. and Henein, H., Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. Metallurgical industry developments, such as iron bath smelting processes and pulverized coal injection into blast furnaces, involve coal injection and devolatilization under rapid heating conditions. These new technologies employ coal particle heating rates of around 104”C/s Under these conditions the volatile matter released cannot be established from standard analysis, which can have a significant effect on the process. The volatile matter released, for example, which is in excess of that from standard analysis, may lead to excess gas in the top space of the bath smelter. When the efficiency of the reactor relies upon a fine balance of post-combustion reactions, the increase in release of volatile matter may lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the reactor. In this study, the injection and devolatilization of three size fractions of various coals into a drop tube furnace was investigated. 97104080 Cobalt recovery from molten ferrous slag by injection treatment with smelting Floyd, J. M. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 20,958 (Cl. C22B23/02C), I2 Jun 1997, AU Appl. 9517,014, 7 Dee 1995, 25 pp. The process for smelting molten ferrous slag in a furnace. Combustion and gasification of coal. Improved 97104081 amenity for industrial appliances British Coal Corporation Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.] EUR, 1997. (EUR I7375), 150 pp. Research was carried out with the intention of efficiency improvement and increased operation of coal-fired industrial plants. The results of this study and their applications in industry are discussed. Combustion measurements in an industrial gas97104082 fired flat-glass furnace Newbold, J. ef a[. J. oflnsfiute of Energy, June 1997, 19, (2), 71-81. Velocity, species concentration (02, CO, and CO& wall incident radiative heat flux and temperature profiles are reported in the combustion space of a regenerative, side-port, 550 t/day, gas-fired flat-glass furnace. A region exists of fast-moving gases near the glass, with axial velocity components exceeding 20 m s-l, and a large recirculation zone near the crown. Temperatures as high as 1985 K in the flame and as low as 1750 K in the recirculation zone are reported. A region of intense reaction is observed near the glass, with large concentration gradients and incomplete combustion even in the tail of the flame. Local incident radiant fluxes on the crown were nearly uniform spatially at a level of 680 kW mm2. In the portnecks, flat inlet velocity profiles were measured with a magnitude of approximately 11 m s-l. Significant variations were observed in the exhaust profiles of most measured variables. Large errors in exhaust mass balance suggest a complex, three-dimensional flow with recirculation zones along the side walls of the portnecks. A nominal preheat air temperature of 1420 K and a variation of exhaust temperatures between 1630 K and 1835 K were noted, 02 concentrations as high as 8.4% were measured at the exit, suggesting a bypass of oxygen-rich flow around the flame. CO? concentrations were the highest near the batch, where the glass reactions are the most intense. Development of metal melting system using oxy97104063 coal combustion Kobayashi, N. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Ml. Fuel Sysf., 1995, 20, 291297. The design of an oxy-coal burner with oxygen preheater for use in scrap melting and its testing in a l-ton steel scrap melting furnace.
97104064 Evaluation of sulfur distribution in the process of coal-based smelting reduction ironmaking Zhancheng, G. et al. Energy Cowers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (10-13). 1413-1419. The developing ironmaking process of smelting reduction based on using coal directly instead of coke will be a promising process in the 21st century. The present paper describes the thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfur behaviour in the process of coal gasification in liquid iron bath with the coal-oxygen bottom-blowing. The sulfur content in off gas is of particular interest and some comparisons with preliminary experimental results are included.
342
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
97104065 Manufacture of hollow graphite electrodes useful in steelmaking Yamaguchi, A. and Nakagawa, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,115,662 [97,115,662] (Cl. HOSB7/085), 2 May 1997. Appl. 951294,724. I8 Ott 199.5, 8 pp. (In Japanese) A mixture of raw coke material and binder is extruded through a cylindrical nozzle having a shaft-core mandrel, firing and graphitizing in the manufacture of hollow graphite electrodes. The electrodes have a d/D of 0.05-0.35 and uniform physical properties between the centre and the peripheral part. 97104066 Mathematical simulation of delayed coking furnace. I. Direct exchanging area calculation for radiative heat transfer in a vertical trapezoid cross-section furnace Yu, Z. et al. Shiyou Xuebao, Shiyou Jiagong, 1997, 13, (I). X2-87. (In Chinese) A delayed coking furnace design method is proposed in this paper. Based on Hottel’s idea, the zone method is adopted for calculating radiative heat transfer. The whole system is divided into surface zones and gas zones. By solving a series of simultaneous energy balance equations in each zone, the temperature profiles in a furnace can thus be obtained. The direct exchanging area is essential for zone method to calculate radiative heat transfer. The direct exchanging was limited to cubes and squares. The derivation of the direct exchanging area equations are extended between any two zones in the vertical furnace. These equations are adaptable to any ladder-shaped surface or space of different sizes. 97104067 Melting of iron-base scrap in electric submergedarc furnace to obtain cast iron feed 3 Jun 1997. Appl. Cowx, P. U.S. US 5,634,960 (Cl. 75-10.42; C21Bll/lOC), 389,359, 16 Feb 1995, 5 pp. In a submerged-arc furnace, the melting charge contains Fe-rich scrap 8099, quartzite flux l-20, carbonaceous material (esp. coke or coal) 5-15. and wood chips O-10%, resulting in the molten slag layer on the top and pig iron melt on the bottom for refining to cast iron. The charge mixture is positioned above the molten slag layer, and protects the electrode periphery from oxidation The electrical efficiency of a small furnace is ho-65%, and can be upgraded to nominally 80-90% in a large furnace. The melting furnace is suitable for manufacture of the Fe-(2-5) C-(0.5-4%) Si base for cast iron. 97104068 Method and apparatus for direct reduction of particulate iron-containing material Cip, G. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 13,879 (Cl. C21B13/00), 17 Apr 1997, AT Appl. 96/1,507, 21 Aug 1996, 25 pp. (In German) The direct reduction of a particulate Fe-containing material is possible via the following method. A reformed gas, at least partly freed of CO>_ is fed as the reducing gas to a fluidized-bed reduction zone and is drawn off from the zone as top gas. A portion of the top gas is mixed with reformed gas and used again in the direct reduction To decrease the number of plant components which come into contact with the reducing gas and to decrease heating costs, COz and at least portion of CHI and Nz are removed from 50-100% reformed gas and 5 100% top gas by adsorption. The tail gas removed by adsorption from the reformed gas and top gas is used for heating purposes. 97104089 Method and apparatus for production of molten pig iron Kepplinger, L. W. elal. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 13,880 (Cl. C21813/14), I7 Apr 1997, AT Appl. 9511,681, 10 Ott 1995, 22 pp. (In German) The paper introduces a method molten pig iron production from a particulate material containing Fe oxide using a fluidized bed. First of all, the Fe oxide-containing material is reduced in one preliminary-reduction stage using a reducing gas. It is subsequently reduced to Fe sponge in a final-reduction stage. The Fe sponge is melted in a smelting gasification zone into which C carriers and an O-containing gas are fed and a reducing gas containing CO and Hz is produced. The gas is used in the finalreduction stage where it reacts, is drawn of, and is then used in the preliminary-reduction stage where it reacts, is drawn off, is scrubbed, and is finally discharged as export gas. Some of the converted reducing gas is freed of COz, heated, and used as a recycled reducing gas for reduction of the Fe oxide-containing material.
97104070
Method for charging coke and ore into bell-less blast furnace with improved permeability Takeda, K. and Nouchi, Ya. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,125,112 [97,125,112] (Cl. CZlBSiOO), 13 May 1997, Appl. 951282,076, 30 Ott 1995, 8 pp. (In Japanese) The method is detailed. It comprises forming a packed coke layer inclined at 5-25” and charging a mixture of coke and ore through a rotary chute to form segregated rings of coke and ore on the inclined coke layer.
97104071
New electrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment: mathematical model Bus”, A. et al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 1997, .ih, (5), 41 l418. An assessment of the performance of a new electrochemical reactor by comparing the results of an experimental investigation in a pilot plant and theoretical values obtained from various mathematical models. The study
Process heating, power and incineration
(energy applications in industry)
97104058 Characterization of atomic scale structural features in carbonaceous particles Farrell, K. and Sahrjwalla, V. Process. Handl. Powders Dusts. Proc. Im. Symp. 1997, 213-224. Edited by Battle, T. P. and Henein, H., Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. Metallurgical industry developments involve the reaction of carbonaceous particles under extremely vigorous process conditions. A series of graphite samples were investigated to provide a model system for the development of advanced structural characterization techniques. The characterization techniques applied included X-ray diffraction. field-emission SEM, and TEM. These were also used to establish the influence of ash content on atomic structural ordering in the investigated carbonaceous materials. Coal particle injection and devolatilization under 97104059 rapid heating conditions Beeson, .I. et al. Process. Handl. Powders Dusts, Proc. Int. Symp., 1997, 179-188. Edited by Battle, T. P. and Henein, H., Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. Metallurgical industry developments, such as iron bath smelting processes and pulverized coal injection into blast furnaces, involve coal injection and devolatilization under rapid heating conditions. These new technologies employ coal particle heating rates of around 104”C/s Under these conditions the volatile matter released cannot be established from standard analysis, which can have a significant effect on the process. The volatile matter released, for example, which is in excess of that from standard analysis, may lead to excess gas in the top space of the bath smelter. When the efficiency of the reactor relies upon a fine balance of post-combustion reactions, the increase in release of volatile matter may lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the reactor. In this study, the injection and devolatilization of three size fractions of various coals into a drop tube furnace was investigated. 97104080 Cobalt recovery from molten ferrous slag by injection treatment with smelting Floyd, J. M. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 20,958 (Cl. C22B23/02C), I2 Jun 1997, AU Appl. 9517,014, 7 Dee 1995, 25 pp. The process for smelting molten ferrous slag in a furnace. Combustion and gasification of coal. Improved 97104081 amenity for industrial appliances British Coal Corporation Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.] EUR, 1997. (EUR I7375), 150 pp. Research was carried out with the intention of efficiency improvement and increased operation of coal-fired industrial plants. The results of this study and their applications in industry are discussed. Combustion measurements in an industrial gas97104082 fired flat-glass furnace Newbold, J. ef a[. J. oflnsfiute of Energy, June 1997, 19, (2), 71-81. Velocity, species concentration (02, CO, and CO& wall incident radiative heat flux and temperature profiles are reported in the combustion space of a regenerative, side-port, 550 t/day, gas-fired flat-glass furnace. A region exists of fast-moving gases near the glass, with axial velocity components exceeding 20 m s-l, and a large recirculation zone near the crown. Temperatures as high as 1985 K in the flame and as low as 1750 K in the recirculation zone are reported. A region of intense reaction is observed near the glass, with large concentration gradients and incomplete combustion even in the tail of the flame. Local incident radiant fluxes on the crown were nearly uniform spatially at a level of 680 kW mm2. In the portnecks, flat inlet velocity profiles were measured with a magnitude of approximately 11 m s-l. Significant variations were observed in the exhaust profiles of most measured variables. Large errors in exhaust mass balance suggest a complex, three-dimensional flow with recirculation zones along the side walls of the portnecks. A nominal preheat air temperature of 1420 K and a variation of exhaust temperatures between 1630 K and 1835 K were noted, 02 concentrations as high as 8.4% were measured at the exit, suggesting a bypass of oxygen-rich flow around the flame. CO? concentrations were the highest near the batch, where the glass reactions are the most intense. Development of metal melting system using oxy97104063 coal combustion Kobayashi, N. Proc. Inr. Tech. Conf. Coal Ml. Fuel Sysf., 1995, 20, 291297. The design of an oxy-coal burner with oxygen preheater for use in scrap melting and its testing in a l-ton steel scrap melting furnace.
97104064 Evaluation of sulfur distribution in the process of coal-based smelting reduction ironmaking Zhancheng, G. et al. Energy Cowers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (10-13). 1413-1419. The developing ironmaking process of smelting reduction based on using coal directly instead of coke will be a promising process in the 21st century. The present paper describes the thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfur behaviour in the process of coal gasification in liquid iron bath with the coal-oxygen bottom-blowing. The sulfur content in off gas is of particular interest and some comparisons with preliminary experimental results are included.
342
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
97104065 Manufacture of hollow graphite electrodes useful in steelmaking Yamaguchi, A. and Nakagawa, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,115,662 [97,115,662] (Cl. HOSB7/085), 2 May 1997. Appl. 951294,724. I8 Ott 199.5, 8 pp. (In Japanese) A mixture of raw coke material and binder is extruded through a cylindrical nozzle having a shaft-core mandrel, firing and graphitizing in the manufacture of hollow graphite electrodes. The electrodes have a d/D of 0.05-0.35 and uniform physical properties between the centre and the peripheral part. 97104066 Mathematical simulation of delayed coking furnace. I. Direct exchanging area calculation for radiative heat transfer in a vertical trapezoid cross-section furnace Yu, Z. et al. Shiyou Xuebao, Shiyou Jiagong, 1997, 13, (I). X2-87. (In Chinese) A delayed coking furnace design method is proposed in this paper. Based on Hottel’s idea, the zone method is adopted for calculating radiative heat transfer. The whole system is divided into surface zones and gas zones. By solving a series of simultaneous energy balance equations in each zone, the temperature profiles in a furnace can thus be obtained. The direct exchanging area is essential for zone method to calculate radiative heat transfer. The direct exchanging was limited to cubes and squares. The derivation of the direct exchanging area equations are extended between any two zones in the vertical furnace. These equations are adaptable to any ladder-shaped surface or space of different sizes. 97104067 Melting of iron-base scrap in electric submergedarc furnace to obtain cast iron feed 3 Jun 1997. Appl. Cowx, P. U.S. US 5,634,960 (Cl. 75-10.42; C21Bll/lOC), 389,359, 16 Feb 1995, 5 pp. In a submerged-arc furnace, the melting charge contains Fe-rich scrap 8099, quartzite flux l-20, carbonaceous material (esp. coke or coal) 5-15. and wood chips O-10%, resulting in the molten slag layer on the top and pig iron melt on the bottom for refining to cast iron. The charge mixture is positioned above the molten slag layer, and protects the electrode periphery from oxidation The electrical efficiency of a small furnace is ho-65%, and can be upgraded to nominally 80-90% in a large furnace. The melting furnace is suitable for manufacture of the Fe-(2-5) C-(0.5-4%) Si base for cast iron. 97104068 Method and apparatus for direct reduction of particulate iron-containing material Cip, G. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 13,879 (Cl. C21B13/00), 17 Apr 1997, AT Appl. 96/1,507, 21 Aug 1996, 25 pp. (In German) The direct reduction of a particulate Fe-containing material is possible via the following method. A reformed gas, at least partly freed of CO>_ is fed as the reducing gas to a fluidized-bed reduction zone and is drawn off from the zone as top gas. A portion of the top gas is mixed with reformed gas and used again in the direct reduction To decrease the number of plant components which come into contact with the reducing gas and to decrease heating costs, COz and at least portion of CHI and Nz are removed from 50-100% reformed gas and 5 100% top gas by adsorption. The tail gas removed by adsorption from the reformed gas and top gas is used for heating purposes. 97104089 Method and apparatus for production of molten pig iron Kepplinger, L. W. elal. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 13,880 (Cl. C21813/14), I7 Apr 1997, AT Appl. 9511,681, 10 Ott 1995, 22 pp. (In German) The paper introduces a method molten pig iron production from a particulate material containing Fe oxide using a fluidized bed. First of all, the Fe oxide-containing material is reduced in one preliminary-reduction stage using a reducing gas. It is subsequently reduced to Fe sponge in a final-reduction stage. The Fe sponge is melted in a smelting gasification zone into which C carriers and an O-containing gas are fed and a reducing gas containing CO and Hz is produced. The gas is used in the finalreduction stage where it reacts, is drawn of, and is then used in the preliminary-reduction stage where it reacts, is drawn off, is scrubbed, and is finally discharged as export gas. Some of the converted reducing gas is freed of COz, heated, and used as a recycled reducing gas for reduction of the Fe oxide-containing material.
97104070
Method for charging coke and ore into bell-less blast furnace with improved permeability Takeda, K. and Nouchi, Ya. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,125,112 [97,125,112] (Cl. CZlBSiOO), 13 May 1997, Appl. 951282,076, 30 Ott 1995, 8 pp. (In Japanese) The method is detailed. It comprises forming a packed coke layer inclined at 5-25” and charging a mixture of coke and ore through a rotary chute to form segregated rings of coke and ore on the inclined coke layer.
97104071
New electrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment: mathematical model Bus”, A. et al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 1997, .ih, (5), 41 l418. An assessment of the performance of a new electrochemical reactor by comparing the results of an experimental investigation in a pilot plant and theoretical values obtained from various mathematical models. The study