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04642 Effect of content and particle size distribution of high-calcium fly ash on the rheological properties of cement pastes
04
By-productsrelatedto fuels
Coal ash for mortar and concrete 97104636 concrete using the same
and mortar and
Tanosaki, T. er ul. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 02,X48 [97 02,848] (Cl. CO4B7126). 7 Jan 1997. Appl. 9S/l7S.421. 19 Jun 1905, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The title ash comprises particl$s having BET specific surface ari+a and particle size as follows: (1) <4 m-/g and ~45 ,rm ~40 wt%, (2) 4-h m-/g and >4S ,,m ~20 wt% or (3) h-10 m’ig and >4S I’m45 ,rm In.4 wt% produced a concrete with very high freeze-thaw resistance and compressive strength.
Coal ash- and cement-based 97104637 and their manufacture without firing
artificial
aggregates
Matsunaga, Y. and Iwamoto, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 12,349 [97 12.3491 (Cl. CO4818108). 14 Jan 1997 Appl. 951182.1 I I, 26 Jun 1995. 5 pp. (In Japanese) In order to maufacture these aggregates, water is added to coal ash- and cement-based compositions, the mixures are moulded and aged, and the coal ashes made to satisfy average grain size < I2 rrm, preferably
Coal waste-containing magnesia 97104638 compositions for energy-saving heat exchange
series cement materials
Takamiya, Y. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,249,444 [97,249,444] (Cl. C04B28/30), 22 Sep 1997. Appl. 96158,024, 14 Mar 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese). MgO series cement and >30 wt%a coal waste such as fly ash are found in these compositions.
97104639 manufacture
Dimensional
control
in flat
stone-quality
brick
Deabener. J. and Schaefer, C. Ger. DE 19,hO1.131 (Cl. C04B33113). 20 Feb l9Y7, Appl. 19,601,131, I3 Jan 1996, 3 pp. (In German) In this process a moist composition is prepared containing slaked brown coal fly ashes (particle size ~500 I’m) that swell before melting upon firing 30-60, milled brick-rich rubble (particle size c 1 mm) containing 220 wt% tempered clay mineral 30-6.5, whereby the fly ash/rubble flour ratio is selected such that the swelling of the brown coal fly ashes is compensated for by the shrinkage of the rubble flour, and clay 5-10 wt%, then the mixture is pressed at 15-30 N/mm’, and drying and firing the greenware. Firing is carried out at 1080-l IhO”, below the melting point of the brown coal fly ashes. It is not necessary to machine these bricks. 97104640
stabilized
Durability of base course construction using lime fly ash and flue gas desulfuriration sludge byproduct
Beeghy, J. H. and Amaya, P. J. P. E. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Cod Conf., 1996, 13th, (I), 73.5-742. The magnesium-enhanced lime flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing process is used by fourteen coal-fired power plants in the Ohio Valley totalling 13,500 MW’s use The discharge of these scrubbers is an aqueous slurry of water containing magnesium and calcium sulfites, and solid particles of calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate. Most of these plants dewater the FGD sludge and mix the 35-45s solids cake with coal fly ash and/ or bottom ash and pulverized quicklime to cause a cementitious chemical reaction. This type of pozzolanic and hydration reaction can be described as lime reacting with alumina from the fly ash which in turn react with the calcium sulfite and sulfate FGD waste to form ettringite minerals. With a proper mix design and compaction, the resulting material can be used in a beneficial application as a roller compacted FGD base course (RCFGD) for pavement construction. The mix design procedure for RCFGD includes extra fly ash and lime materials than that used for landfill disposal to yield additional strength and durability. Mix design criteria and factors affecting strength and durability are discussed and the results of unconfined compression tests as well as of durability tests are reviewed in this paper.
Effect of anodic oxidation of coal tar pitch-based carbon fiber on adhesion in epoxy matrix. Part 2. Comparative study of three alkaline solutions
97104641
Yumitori, S. and Nakanishi, Y. Composites, Part A, 1996, 27A, (1 I). lO591066. In order to examine the effect of various kinds of electrolytes on the surface chemical of treated fibres and the adhesive strength between treated fibres and epoxy resin, anodic oxidation of coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre was performed in various alkali solutions, such as NaOH, NaHCOa and NazCOs. Evaluation of the oxygen concentration and surface functional groups of the carbon fibre surface was conducted by XPS. A fragmentation test was adopted for evaluation of the adhesive strength between the carbon fibre and the epoxy matrix. As a result, the highest Ols/Cls value was obtained in NaOH aqueous solution, and the highest interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was also obtained from the carbon fibre oxidized in NaOH solution. SEM analysis indicates that fibres treated in NaOH solution show grooves on the surface which become deeper at currents over 1.0 x 10-s Ci mm’. Presumably, the amorphous part of the carbon fibres could be oxidized intensively, and the remaining graphite layer could become thin and easy to break when under shear stress load on its interface.
402
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
97104642
high-calcium pastes
Effect of content and particle size distribution of fly ash on the rheological properties of cement
Grzeszczyk, S. and Lipowski. G. Gem. Conc,r. Res., lYY7. 27, (h), 907-Y 16. An investigation into the rheological properties of high-calcium fly ash cement pastes found an increase both in yield value and plastic viscosity with fly ash content. It was also observed that the pastes became more fluid with the higher fly ash fineness. A more important relation was shown between the fine fractions (~24 mm) content and the degree of fluidity rather than that of specific surface area vs fluidity. 97104643
unsaturated
Effect of filler on the polyester resin mortar
mechanical
properties
of
Soh, Y. S. et 01. Po[vm. Concr., Proc. East Asia Swp., _711t/..1997, (>7-74. Edited by Ohama, Y. et ul., E & FN Spon, London, UK. Ground calcium carbonate, silica powder and fly ash are fillers used to extend polymeric binders and to supplement the very fine particles for aggregates. The unsaturated polyester (UP) matrixes and mortars are prepared with various contents of the calcium carbonate and fly ash as fillers, and tested for compressive, flexural, direct tensile and splitting tensile strengths. From the test results. the strengths of UP matrices and mortars decrease with increasing filler content. This tendency i\ markedly shown with the filler contents of 60-704. The strengths of UP matrices and mortars using fly ash as a filler are a little higher than those using ground calcium carbonate.
Electron microscopic 97104644 and its fractal description.
analyses
of char
structure
Ren, Y. et al. Ranshao Kexue Yu Jishu., 1996. 2. (I), X-14. (In Chinese) A scanning electron microscope was used to analyse the coal char obtained from a free fall furnace and that from a coal fired boiler of a power plant. The self-similar property of char pore structure is found and a fractal model for describing char pore structure is proposed. The results of the explorative investigation shows that the fractal features are concerned with the conditions of the char combustion. The pore volume from the model and the practical measurement agreed well.
97104645
Evaluation
97104646 pitches
Evaluation
of carbonaceous
fibres
Kaloc, M. et al. Carbon Carbonaccou.s Compos. Mater.: S/ruc~/.-Prop. Relut.. [Conf.], 1995 (Pub. 1996) 155-157. Edited by Palmer. K. R. er ul., World Scientific, Singapore. A review with no refs. It is necessary to consider the methods that are employed in the evaluation of materials with similar characteristics when evaluating carbonaceous fibres. Based on this concept. the methods of evaluation used in the fields of coal matter and coke can be applied to other carbonaceous materials. Ordinary reflected light is used primarily in assessing the homogeneity of fibres, contents of impurities, surface quality, and the occurrences of fissures, cavities, and fragments. It is possible to evaluate the shape in the longitudinal and transversal sections under ordinary reflected light. Polarized light enables the origin of optical anisotropy, its shape, size, and pattern to be assessed. Using knowledge acquired in this manner. the quality of fibres can he evaluated and appropriate improvements can he pursued.
of
hydrogen
transfer
properties
of
Machnikowski, J. et al. DGMK Tugungsber.. lY97, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2). 733-736. Experiments conducted at a temperature of 38o’C investigated hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donor properties of coal and petroleum dertved pitches in reaction with tetralin and anthracene, respectively. The basic discrimination between the pitches in terms of hydrogen transfer ability occurred during the initial period of treatment. The hehaviour could largely be correlated to the heteroatom content and the proportion of naphthentc and aliphatic substituents in pitch. Upon the soaking for 8 h. some minor differences in the kinetics of hydrogen transfer were observed. appearing to he attributable to the peculiarities of the aromatic system of a given pitch. Both hydrogen acceptor and donor ability arc importatant when estimating the coprocessing efficiency of a pitch.
Fire retardant 97104647 plastic materials
formulation
for lignocellulosic
and
Chow, S. and Casilla, R. C. Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,lhl,315 (Cl. COYlK211 02), 25 Apr 1997, Appl. 2,161,315, 24 Ott 1995, 32 pp. A combustible substrate, such as lignocellulosic materials or a thermoplastic resin, in combination with wood fly ash comprise this fire retardant. The composition can be applied to combustible substrate and comprises a settable resin containing wood fly ash. The invention also provides a method of imparting fire retardancy to a composition that comprise incorporating fly ash.
Fly ash beneficiation 97104648 opportunities in the market-place Kruger, R. Utilization to obtain described.
in South Africa:
creating
new
A. Fuel, 1997, 76, (8) 777-779. of air classification, electrostatic recovery and density separation specific fractions of fly ash with different characteristics is Possible markets for these products are discussed.
By-productsrelatedto fuels
Coal ash for mortar and concrete 97104636 concrete using the same
and mortar and
Tanosaki, T. er ul. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 02,X48 [97 02,848] (Cl. CO4B7126). 7 Jan 1997. Appl. 9S/l7S.421. 19 Jun 1905, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The title ash comprises particl$s having BET specific surface ari+a and particle size as follows: (1) <4 m-/g and ~45 ,rm ~40 wt%, (2) 4-h m-/g and >4S ,,m ~20 wt% or (3) h-10 m’ig and >4S I’m
Coal ash- and cement-based 97104637 and their manufacture without firing
artificial
aggregates
Matsunaga, Y. and Iwamoto, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 12,349 [97 12.3491 (Cl. CO4818108). 14 Jan 1997 Appl. 951182.1 I I, 26 Jun 1995. 5 pp. (In Japanese) In order to maufacture these aggregates, water is added to coal ash- and cement-based compositions, the mixures are moulded and aged, and the coal ashes made to satisfy average grain size < I2 rrm, preferably
Coal waste-containing magnesia 97104638 compositions for energy-saving heat exchange
series cement materials
Takamiya, Y. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,249,444 [97,249,444] (Cl. C04B28/30), 22 Sep 1997. Appl. 96158,024, 14 Mar 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese). MgO series cement and >30 wt%a coal waste such as fly ash are found in these compositions.
97104639 manufacture
Dimensional
control
in flat
stone-quality
brick
Deabener. J. and Schaefer, C. Ger. DE 19,hO1.131 (Cl. C04B33113). 20 Feb l9Y7, Appl. 19,601,131, I3 Jan 1996, 3 pp. (In German) In this process a moist composition is prepared containing slaked brown coal fly ashes (particle size ~500 I’m) that swell before melting upon firing 30-60, milled brick-rich rubble (particle size c 1 mm) containing 220 wt% tempered clay mineral 30-6.5, whereby the fly ash/rubble flour ratio is selected such that the swelling of the brown coal fly ashes is compensated for by the shrinkage of the rubble flour, and clay 5-10 wt%, then the mixture is pressed at 15-30 N/mm’, and drying and firing the greenware. Firing is carried out at 1080-l IhO”, below the melting point of the brown coal fly ashes. It is not necessary to machine these bricks. 97104640
stabilized
Durability of base course construction using lime fly ash and flue gas desulfuriration sludge byproduct
Beeghy, J. H. and Amaya, P. J. P. E. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Cod Conf., 1996, 13th, (I), 73.5-742. The magnesium-enhanced lime flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing process is used by fourteen coal-fired power plants in the Ohio Valley totalling 13,500 MW’s use The discharge of these scrubbers is an aqueous slurry of water containing magnesium and calcium sulfites, and solid particles of calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate. Most of these plants dewater the FGD sludge and mix the 35-45s solids cake with coal fly ash and/ or bottom ash and pulverized quicklime to cause a cementitious chemical reaction. This type of pozzolanic and hydration reaction can be described as lime reacting with alumina from the fly ash which in turn react with the calcium sulfite and sulfate FGD waste to form ettringite minerals. With a proper mix design and compaction, the resulting material can be used in a beneficial application as a roller compacted FGD base course (RCFGD) for pavement construction. The mix design procedure for RCFGD includes extra fly ash and lime materials than that used for landfill disposal to yield additional strength and durability. Mix design criteria and factors affecting strength and durability are discussed and the results of unconfined compression tests as well as of durability tests are reviewed in this paper.
Effect of anodic oxidation of coal tar pitch-based carbon fiber on adhesion in epoxy matrix. Part 2. Comparative study of three alkaline solutions
97104641
Yumitori, S. and Nakanishi, Y. Composites, Part A, 1996, 27A, (1 I). lO591066. In order to examine the effect of various kinds of electrolytes on the surface chemical of treated fibres and the adhesive strength between treated fibres and epoxy resin, anodic oxidation of coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre was performed in various alkali solutions, such as NaOH, NaHCOa and NazCOs. Evaluation of the oxygen concentration and surface functional groups of the carbon fibre surface was conducted by XPS. A fragmentation test was adopted for evaluation of the adhesive strength between the carbon fibre and the epoxy matrix. As a result, the highest Ols/Cls value was obtained in NaOH aqueous solution, and the highest interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was also obtained from the carbon fibre oxidized in NaOH solution. SEM analysis indicates that fibres treated in NaOH solution show grooves on the surface which become deeper at currents over 1.0 x 10-s Ci mm’. Presumably, the amorphous part of the carbon fibres could be oxidized intensively, and the remaining graphite layer could become thin and easy to break when under shear stress load on its interface.
402
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
97104642
high-calcium pastes
Effect of content and particle size distribution of fly ash on the rheological properties of cement
Grzeszczyk, S. and Lipowski. G. Gem. Conc,r. Res., lYY7. 27, (h), 907-Y 16. An investigation into the rheological properties of high-calcium fly ash cement pastes found an increase both in yield value and plastic viscosity with fly ash content. It was also observed that the pastes became more fluid with the higher fly ash fineness. A more important relation was shown between the fine fractions (~24 mm) content and the degree of fluidity rather than that of specific surface area vs fluidity. 97104643
unsaturated
Effect of filler on the polyester resin mortar
mechanical
properties
of
Soh, Y. S. et 01. Po[vm. Concr., Proc. East Asia Swp., _711t/..1997, (>7-74. Edited by Ohama, Y. et ul., E & FN Spon, London, UK. Ground calcium carbonate, silica powder and fly ash are fillers used to extend polymeric binders and to supplement the very fine particles for aggregates. The unsaturated polyester (UP) matrixes and mortars are prepared with various contents of the calcium carbonate and fly ash as fillers, and tested for compressive, flexural, direct tensile and splitting tensile strengths. From the test results. the strengths of UP matrices and mortars decrease with increasing filler content. This tendency i\ markedly shown with the filler contents of 60-704. The strengths of UP matrices and mortars using fly ash as a filler are a little higher than those using ground calcium carbonate.
Electron microscopic 97104644 and its fractal description.
analyses
of char
structure
Ren, Y. et al. Ranshao Kexue Yu Jishu., 1996. 2. (I), X-14. (In Chinese) A scanning electron microscope was used to analyse the coal char obtained from a free fall furnace and that from a coal fired boiler of a power plant. The self-similar property of char pore structure is found and a fractal model for describing char pore structure is proposed. The results of the explorative investigation shows that the fractal features are concerned with the conditions of the char combustion. The pore volume from the model and the practical measurement agreed well.
97104645
Evaluation
97104646 pitches
Evaluation
of carbonaceous
fibres
Kaloc, M. et al. Carbon Carbonaccou.s Compos. Mater.: S/ruc~/.-Prop. Relut.. [Conf.], 1995 (Pub. 1996) 155-157. Edited by Palmer. K. R. er ul., World Scientific, Singapore. A review with no refs. It is necessary to consider the methods that are employed in the evaluation of materials with similar characteristics when evaluating carbonaceous fibres. Based on this concept. the methods of evaluation used in the fields of coal matter and coke can be applied to other carbonaceous materials. Ordinary reflected light is used primarily in assessing the homogeneity of fibres, contents of impurities, surface quality, and the occurrences of fissures, cavities, and fragments. It is possible to evaluate the shape in the longitudinal and transversal sections under ordinary reflected light. Polarized light enables the origin of optical anisotropy, its shape, size, and pattern to be assessed. Using knowledge acquired in this manner. the quality of fibres can he evaluated and appropriate improvements can he pursued.
of
hydrogen
transfer
properties
of
Machnikowski, J. et al. DGMK Tugungsber.. lY97, 9703, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 2). 733-736. Experiments conducted at a temperature of 38o’C investigated hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donor properties of coal and petroleum dertved pitches in reaction with tetralin and anthracene, respectively. The basic discrimination between the pitches in terms of hydrogen transfer ability occurred during the initial period of treatment. The hehaviour could largely be correlated to the heteroatom content and the proportion of naphthentc and aliphatic substituents in pitch. Upon the soaking for 8 h. some minor differences in the kinetics of hydrogen transfer were observed. appearing to he attributable to the peculiarities of the aromatic system of a given pitch. Both hydrogen acceptor and donor ability arc importatant when estimating the coprocessing efficiency of a pitch.
Fire retardant 97104647 plastic materials
formulation
for lignocellulosic
and
Chow, S. and Casilla, R. C. Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,lhl,315 (Cl. COYlK211 02), 25 Apr 1997, Appl. 2,161,315, 24 Ott 1995, 32 pp. A combustible substrate, such as lignocellulosic materials or a thermoplastic resin, in combination with wood fly ash comprise this fire retardant. The composition can be applied to combustible substrate and comprises a settable resin containing wood fly ash. The invention also provides a method of imparting fire retardancy to a composition that comprise incorporating fly ash.
Fly ash beneficiation 97104648 opportunities in the market-place Kruger, R. Utilization to obtain described.
in South Africa:
creating
new
A. Fuel, 1997, 76, (8) 777-779. of air classification, electrostatic recovery and density separation specific fractions of fly ash with different characteristics is Possible markets for these products are discussed.